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Manggarai language

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Flores, Indonesia}}

{{About|the Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia|the Australian language|Mangarrayi language}}

{{Infobox language

|name = Manggarai

|region = Flores

|state=Indonesia

|ethnicity = Manggarai

|speakers = 900,000

|date=no date

|ref=e17

|familycolor = Austronesian

|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian

|fam3=Central–Eastern MP

|fam4=Sumba–Flores

|fam5=Ende–Manggarai

|script = Latin

|iso3=mqy

|lc1=

|ld1=

|glotto=mang1405

|glottoname=Manggarai

}}

Image:Location East Nusa Tenggara Greater Manggarai.png, which consists of three regencies: Manggarai Regency, West Manggarai Regency and East Manggarai Regency, on Flores island, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia]]

The Manggarai language ({{lang|mqy|tombo Manggarai}}, {{langx|id|bahasa Manggarai}}) is the language of the Manggarai people from the western parts of the island of Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.

Background

Manggarai is the native language of the Manggarai people of Flores island in East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Based on statistical data reported by the Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) in 2009, it is the native language of more than 730,000 people in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.{{refn|This data include statistics for the population of the Regency of Greater Manggarai on Flores island, which consists of three districts: Manggarai district, West Manggarai district, and East Manggarai district.}}

Outside Flores, there was once a small minority of Manggarai-speaking people in the village of Manggarai located in the eastern part of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Formerly a neighbourhood in the capital with a large concentration of transmigrant workers from the Greater Manggarai region of Nusa Tenggara Timur, the neighbourhood's populace today from the said area has been decreasing (due to factors such as return to their ancestral village, intermarriage with different ethnic groups, etc.) for it is now populated by the majority native Betawi ethnic group.

The Manggarai language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Most speakers of Manggarai also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to communicate with non-Manggarai Indonesians (including citizens of the same province from different diverse ethnic groups). Riung is often considered a dialect of Maranggai or a separate language.

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Consonant phonemes{{harvp|Verheijen|Grimes|1995|page=586}}

! colspan="2" |

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

rowspan="4" |Plosive/
Affricate

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|ʔ}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d}}

|{{IPA link|dʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

prenasal vl.

|{{IPA link|ᵐp}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿt}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿtʃ}}

|{{IPA link|ᵑk}}

|

prenasal vd.

|{{IPA link|ᵐb}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿd}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}

|

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

colspan="2" |Fricative

|{{IPA link|v}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

|

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Vowel phonemes{{harvp|Verheijen|Grimes|1995|page=587}}

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

Mid

|{{IPA link|e}}

|{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|o}}

Open

|

|{{IPA link|a}}

|

Citations

{{reflist}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book |last1=Verheijen |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Grimes |first2=C. E. |date=1995 |chapter=Manggarai |editor-last=Tryon |editor-first=D.T. |title=Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austroneasian Studies |location=Berlin |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |pages=585–592}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Burger |first=P. Adolf |date=1946 |title=Voorlopige Manggaraise Spraakkunst |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië |language=Dutch |volume=103 |issue=1/2 |pages=15–265 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90001214 |jstor=20770777 |doi-access=free}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Semiun |first=Agustinus |date=2019 |title=A Study on the Address and Kinship Terms in Kempo Speech of Manggarai Language in West Flores Indonesia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333323626 |volume=4 |pages=108–117}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Verheijen |first=J.A.J. |title=Dictionary of Manggarai Plant Names |date=1982 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=978-0-85883-273-2 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-d43 |hdl=1885/144388 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}

{{refend}}

{{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{Languages of Indonesia}}

Category:Sumba languages

Category:Languages of Indonesia

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