Manhattanization

{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Frankfurt}}

File:Frankfurt Am Main-Stadtansicht von der Deutschherrnbruecke am fruehen Abend-20110808.jpg, known as "Mainhattan"]]

"Mainhattan" is a term referring to Frankfurt's skyline, especially that of its central business district, the Bankenviertel. The word is a portmanteau of Main, the river on which Frankfurt lies, and Manhattan, a reference to the inner city area's visually impressive high rises and skyscrapers, a special feature for a European city.

The first tall buildings were built in the 1960s. Originally, the expression was sometimes used derisively, but the connotation has changed to a positive one.Der Spiegel: [http://www.spiegel.de/reise/staedte/mainhattan-frankfurt-feiert-seine-wolkenkratzer-a-481941.html Mainhattan: Frankfurt feiert seine Wolkenkratzer]. Retrieved June 25, 2016.Evening Standard: [https://www.standard.co.uk/business/an-expanding-europe-welcomes-mainhattan-10250008.html Business. An expanding Europe welcomes 'Mainhattan']. Retrieved June 25, 2016

{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Miami}}

File:Brickell construction 2015 from elevated perspective.jpg district of Miami in 2015. Taken from one of the under construction Brickell City Center towers.]]

The term "Manhattanization" has been used to describe the 2003–2008 boom of real estate developments in Miami that brought the construction of more than 50 high-rise buildings throughout the city. As conditions in Latin America destabilized, many of Latin America's elites sought refuge in the city, especially in the Brickell area where Latin American money poured into the development of many of the urban center's condos.{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816153839/http://thinkmiami.com/articles/articles_show.php?idart=&idprod=79 |archive-date=August 16, 2009 |url=http://www.thinkmiami.com/articles/articles_show.php?idart=&idprod=79 |title=The Manhattanization of Miami |accessdate=June 28, 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.drsre.com/manhattanization_of_miami.htm |title=Miami's Manhattanization |accessdate=June 28, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828040513/http://drsre.com/manhattanization_of_miami.htm |archivedate=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead }} A second housing market boom took place in Miami from 2012 to present ({{as of|March 2024}}).{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21600172-could-miami-skyline-one-day-resemble-manhattans-erectile-resumption |title=Erectile resumption |newspaper=The Economist |date=April 5, 2014|accessdate=November 16, 2015}} Along with the over ten thousand residential units added, the downtown area saw a revitalization and an increased prevalence of walking and public transport usage,{{cite web|url=http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/ridership-technical-reports.asp |title=Ridership Technical Reports |publisher=Miami-Dade County|accessdate=November 16, 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/RidershipArchives.aspx |title=Ridership Report Archives |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |date= |accessdate=November 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213031926/http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/RidershipArchives.aspx |archive-date=December 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }} similar to Manhattan. Miami is sometimes likened to a "southern Manhattan" not only for its high rises, but for its large financial district.{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/miami-is-the-new-manhattan-2014-2 |title=Miami Is Wall Street South — Here's Why |date=February 24, 2014 |first1=Amanda |first2=Linette |last1=Macias |last2= Lopez |work=Business Insider |accessdate=November 16, 2015}} Miami is now the US city with the third most skyscrapers (behind New York City and Chicago).

{{see also|List of tallest buildings in San Francisco}}

File:Montgomery Street from Telegraph Hill, San Francisco.jpg in Financial District, San Francisco]]

The term "Manhattanization" was initially used to describe the construction of large skyscrapers in San Francisco's Financial District in the 1970s. Since then, tall buildings have proliferated in San Francisco. This has expanded to the South of Market neighborhood. From 2000 to 2018, more than 15 buildings taller than 30 stories were built.{{Cite web | url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/san-francisco-tallest-buildings-skyscrapers-height-13532960.php | title=The Manhattanization of SF: How the city's skyline has changed in the last two decades| date=22 January 2019}} There are now over 160 buildings taller than {{convert|73|m|ft|0}}.

In the context of the California housing shortage, fears of "Manhattanization" have been used by NIMBYs to oppose housing construction. In response, YIMBYs in other states have warned of a "California-style housing crisis" to promote zoning reform.{{Cite web |title=The YIMBY Answer to America’s Housing Crunch |url=https://www.city-journal.org/multimedia/the-yimby-answer-to-americas-housing-crunch/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=City Journal |language=en}}

File:Santiago landscape (cropped).jpg", in Santiago, Chile]]

"Sanhattan" has been used as a portmanteau to describe the developed cluster of skyscrapers in Santiago, Chile.{{cite web|author=Antonio Skarmeta|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/02/27/the-cinderella-of-latin-america.html |title=Antonio Skármeta Reflects on Santiago |publisher=IBT Media |work=Newsweek |date=2011-02-27 |accessdate=2011-02-28}}{{cite web|url=http://www.millwardbrown.com/mb-global/brand-strategy/brand-equity/brandz/top-latin-american-brands/2012/chile/sanhattan|title="Sanhattan" Symbolizes New Chile|publisher=Millward Brown|accessdate=June 28, 2015}}

{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Toronto}}

File:Toronto August 2017.jpg]]

Downtown Toronto has experienced a construction boom since 2007, primarily in its development of condominiums and other high rise residential towers. In one week of 2014, Toronto's city council approved 755 stories of new development in the city's downtown core.{{Cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto-experiencing-manhattanization-of-downtown-core/article20229182/ |title = Toronto is experiencing a 'Manhattanization' of its downtown core}} The city's construction boom has continued since then into the 2020s, with many skyscrapers being approved on a weekly basis thanks to relaxed planning laws.

The capital city of Colombia has seen skyscraper growth primarily concentrated in the Centro Internacional de Bogotá and Chapinero areas. Bogotá has undergone a revitalization plan that aims to position the Colombian capital as a major hub for international business in Latin America. Bogotá's El Dorado International Airport already handles the largest cargo volume in Latin America with daily cargo and passenger flights from large cities in the region such as Lima, Santiago de Chile, Miami, Mexico City, etc.{{cite web | url=https://www.colombia.co/en/trade-with-colombia/innovation/five-mega-developments-will-transform-bogota/ | title=Five mega developments that will transform Bogota | date=16 October 2015 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/colombias-crowdfunded-sky7scr7ap7er-becomes-its/ | title=Colombia's crowdfunded skyscraper becomes its tallest building | date=7 September 2015 }}{{cite web | url=https://restofworld.org/2022/latin-america-newsletter-colombia-elections-startups/ | title=A political overhaul can't shake Colombia's tech boom | date=16 March 2022 }}

• Urban canyon
• Vancouverism

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK04RplqdkoC&q=dubai+manhattanization&pg=PR20 |title=Urban Megaprojects: A Worldwide View |ref= {{harvid|Emerald Group Publishing|2013}} |page=xx |author=Gerardo del Cerro Santamaría| publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |year=2013 |accessdate=November 16, 2015|via=Google Books|isbn=9781781905937}}

{{City Verbs}}

Category:History of San Francisco

Category:Urban studies and planning terminology

Category:Culture of Miami

Category:History of Manhattan