Manila paper

File:Fashion students 2016-7 (26395112985).jpg

It is just as strong as kraft paper but has better printing qualities, such as stronger pigment retention.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Manila paper is buff-colored and the fibers of the paper are usually visible to the naked eye.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Some fashion schools and people in the fashion industry use large rolls of Manila to create finalised clothing patterns.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Because the paper is generally inexpensive, it is commonly given to children for making art.{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATs9AAAAQBAJ |title=Children and Their Art: Art Education for Elementary and Middle Schools |last2=Hurwitz |first2=Al |date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-133-42151-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ATs9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 101] |language=en |access-date=10 April 2022}}

In the 1830s, a cotton and linen rag shortage occurred in the United States.{{Cite journal |last=Wynne |first=Deborah |date=2015-01-02 |title=Reading Victorian Rags: Recycling, Redemption, and Dickens's Ragged Children |url=https://academic.oup.com/jvc/article/20/1/34-49/4095574 |journal=Journal of Victorian Culture |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=34–49 |doi=10.1080/13555502.2014.991747 |issn=1355-5502|hdl=10034/338205 |hdl-access=free }} This caused papermakers to seek out additional production materials.{{Cite web |title=A Manila Envelope: The Inspiration behind an Exhibition's Graphic Identity |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/articles/checklist/a-manila-envelope-the-inspiration-behind-an-exhibitions-graphic-identity |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation |language=en-US}} This paper shortage "only abated in the 1870s, when rag paper was gradually replaced by paper made from wood pulp".

In 1843, papermaker Mark Hollingsworth and his sons John and Lyman obtained a patent "to manufacture paper from manila fibers".{{Cite web |title=Hollingsworth & Vose {{!}} Asbestos Products & Mesothelioma |url=https://www.mesothelioma.com/asbestos-exposure/companies/hollingsworth-vose-company/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Mesothelioma.com |language=en-US}} This family company became Hollingsworth & Vose. The Guggenheim claims that this creation of manila paper was a way "of recycling manila rope, previously used on ships." The resulting paper was strong, water-resistant, and flexible.

Manila paper was originally made out of old Manila hemp ropes which were extensively used on ships, having replaced true hemp.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} The ropes were made from abacá or Musa textilis, which is grown in the Philippines.{{cite book |last1=Sumner |first1=Judith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fSaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title=Plants Go to War: A Botanical History of World War II |date=30 May 2019 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3540-8 |page=201 |language=en |access-date=21 May 2021}} Abacá is an exceptionally strong fibre, nowadays used for special papers like tea bag tissue.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} It is also very expensive, being several times more expensive than woodpulp, hence the change to that fiber for what is still called Manilla—usually with two L's.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} More recently{{When|date=October 2023}} new wood pulp has often been replaced with a high proportion of recycled fibers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} True Manila hemp folders would have been much tougher and longer lasting than modern folders.{{cite news |date=12 April 2013 |title=Word of the Week: Manila envelope, a holdover from Philippine fiber |language=en |work=Bozeman Daily Chronicle |url=https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/go/word-of-the-week-manila-envelope-a-holdover-from-philippine-fiber/article_857e349a-a305-11e2-b116-001a4bcf887a.html |access-date=21 May 2021}}

By 1873, the United States Department of Agriculture quoted Thomas H. Dunham, who described Manila paper as "nine-tenths jute" when praising jute production.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzczAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22manila+paper%22&pg=RA10-PA19 |title=Pamphlets on Cotton, Wool, Etc |year=1873 |pages=19 |language=en}}

In 1906, over 2,000,000 piculs of manila fibers were produced, making approximately 66% of the country's export profits.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4mezrdXEbgC&q=%22abaca,+or+Manila+hemp%22 |title=The Far-Eastern Review: Engineering, Commerce, Finance |date=1906 |publisher=G.B. Rea |language=en}}

From 1898 to 1946, the United States colonized the Philippines following the Spanish-American War. The Guggenheim claims the "colonial government found ways to prevent Filipinos from profiting off of the abaca crops, instead favoring the businesses of American expats and Japanese immigrants, as well as ensuring that the bulk of the abaca harvests were exported to the United States" for use in military initiatives.

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{{Main| Manila folder}}

A manila folder is a file folder designed to contain documents, often within a filing cabinet. It is generally formed by folding a large sheet of stiff card stock in half, sized so that full sheets of printer paper can fit inside without folding. Like manila envelopes, folders are traditionally buff, but other colors are occasionally used to differentiate categories of files.

File:Envelope, postage (AM 2016.35.5-3).jpg of a WWI soldier who died in battle; Tāneatua, New Zealand]]

The manila envelope, a close relative of the folder, often has a mechanism on the closing flap that allows it to be opened without damaging the envelope so that it can be reused. There are two main methods to achieve this. The first incorporates a metal clasp with two prongs, which are put through a reinforced eyelet in the flap and then bent apart to hold, while the other has a cardboard button secured tightly on the flap and a piece of string fastened on the envelope body (or the reverse arrangement) is wound around it to form a closure. In a more general sense, similar envelopes made of brown, unbleached paper, used for cheapness, are also described as manila envelopes.

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• Card stock
• Manila folder
• Kraft paper

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Category:Visual arts materials

Category:Children's art

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