Mannequin#Use by artists

File:Durero---Maniquí-20181002.jpg in the Prado Museum]]

Shop mannequins are derived from dress forms used by fashion houses for dress making. The use of mannequins originated in the 15th century, when miniature "milliners' mannequins" were used to demonstrate fashions for customers.Steele, Valerie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 377 Full-scale, wickerwork mannequins came into use in the mid-18th century. Wirework mannequins were manufactured in Paris from 1835.

The first female mannequins, made of papier-mâché, were made in France in the mid-19th century. Mannequins were later made of wax to produce a more lifelike appearance. In the 1920s, wax was supplanted by a more durable composite made with plaster.Steele, Valerie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 379

Modern day mannequins are made from a variety of materials, the primary ones being fiberglass and plastic. The fiberglass mannequins are usually more expensive than the plastic ones, tend to be not as durable, but are significantly more realistic. Plastic mannequins, on the other hand, are a relatively new innovation in the mannequin field and are built to withstand the hustle of customer foot traffic usually witnessed in the store they are placed in.[http://theshopcompany.com/blog/mannequin_guide/ The Mannequin Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002092823/http://theshopcompany.com/blog/mannequin_guide/ |date=2013-10-02 }} and [http://theshopcompany.com/blog/the_ultimate_guide_to_choosing_the_right_mannequin/ The Ultimate Visual Guide to Choosing the Right Mannequin] by The Shop Company

Mannequins are used primarily by retail stores as in-store displays or window decoration. However, many online sellers also use them to display their products for their product photos (as opposed to using a live model).

Renaissance artist Fra Bartolomeo invented the full-scale articulated mannequin (more properly known as lay figure){{Cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/lay-figure_n?tab=meaning_and_use#39517536|title=lay figure, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary}} as an aid in drawing and painting draped figures. In 18th-century England, lay-figures are known to have been owned by portrait painters such as Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, and Arthur Devis for the arrangement of conversation pieces.Polite Society by Arthur Devis, Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, 1983, p.67{{Cite web |title=lay figure |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100055391 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}

Anatomical models such as ivory manikins were used by doctors in the 17th century to study medical anatomy and as a teaching aid for pregnancy and childbirth. Each figure could be opened up to reveal internal organs and sometimes fetuses. There are only 180 known surviving ancient medical manikins worldwide.{{cite web|title=CT scans confirm 17th-century medical manikins are mostly made of ivory|author=Jennifer Ouellette|language=en|date=27 Nov 2019|website=ars Technica|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/micro-ct-scans-reveal-the-secrets-of-17th-century-anatomical-manikins/|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130211440/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/micro-ct-scans-reveal-the-secrets-of-17th-century-anatomical-manikins/|url-status=live}}

File:A medical student performs eye examination.jpg]]

Today, medical simulation manikins, models or related artefacts such as SimMan,{{cite web | url = http://www.laerdal.com/document.asp?docid=1022609 | title = SimMan | work = Laerdal | access-date = 2007-01-13 | archive-date = 2006-12-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230095929/http://www.laerdal.com/document.asp?docid=1022609 | url-status = live }} the Transparent Anatomical Manikin or Harvey{{cite web|url=http://www.crme.med.miami.edu/harvey_findings.html |work=Gordon Center for Research in Medical Education |title=Harvey: Major Changes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328200316/http://www.crme.med.miami.edu/harvey_findings.html |archive-date=2007-03-28 }} are widely used in medical education.{{cite journal |author=Cooper Jeffery B, Taqueti VR |date=December 2008 |title=A brief history of the development of mannequin simulators for clinical education and training |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=84 |issue=997 |pages=563–570 |pmid=19103813 |doi=10.1136/qshc.2004.009886 |doi-access=free |pmc=1765785 }} The term manikin refers exclusively to these types of models, though mannequin is often also used.

In first aid courses, manikins may be used to demonstrate methods of giving first aid (e.g., resuscitation). Fire and coastguard services use manikins to practice life-saving procedures. The manikins have similar weight distribution to a human. Special obese manikins and horse manikins have also been made for similar purposes.

Over-reliance on mass-produced manikins has been criticized for teaching medical students a hypothetical "average" that does not help them identify or understand the significant amount of normal variation seen in the real world.{{Cite web|url=https://reallifemag.com/too-human/|title=Too Human|last=Jacobson|first=Ella|date=20 May 2019|website=Real Life|access-date=2019-05-27|archive-date=2019-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527022016/https://reallifemag.com/too-human/|url-status=live}}

File:SavvyCouple.jpg and anatomically correct lay figures form a contrasting tableau vivant]] Mannequins were a frequent motif in the works of many early 20th-century artists, notably the metaphysical painters Giorgio de Chirico, Alberto Savinio and Carlo Carrà.Holzhey, Magdalena. 2005. Giorgio de Chirico 1888–1978 the modern myth. Koln: Taschen. pp. 42–43. {{ISBN|3-8228-4152-8}}*Cowling, Elizabeth; Mundy, Jennifer. 1990. On Classic Ground: Picasso, Léger, de Chirico and the New Classicism 1910-1930. London: Tate Gallery. p. 54. {{ISBN|1-85437-043-X}}

Shop windows displaying mannequins were a frequent photographic subject for Eugène Atget.

Mannequins have been used in horror and science fiction. The Twilight Zone episode "The After Hours" (1960) involves mannequins taking turns living in the real world as people. In the Doctor Who serial Spearhead from Space (1970), an alien intelligence attempts to take over Earth with killer plastic mannequins called Autons.{{cite web |title=Spearhead from Space |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/spearheadfromspace/detail.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502214554/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/spearheadfromspace/detail.shtml |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015 |work=BBC}}{{cite web | url=http://www.radiotimes.com/blog/2009-09-14/spearhead-from-space | title=Spearhead from Space | work=Radio Times | first=Patrick | last=Mulkern | date=14 September 2009 | access-date=21 April 2015 | archive-date=27 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427142928/http://www.radiotimes.com/blog/2009-09-14/spearhead-from-space | url-status=live }}

The romantic comedy film Mannequin (1987) is a story of a window dresser who falls in love with a mannequin that comes to life.{{cite news | url=http://www.phillymag.com/news/2013/12/04/mannequin-best-movie-ever-made-about-philadelphia-kim-cattrall-andrew-mccarthy/ | title=Why Mannequin Is the Best Movie Ever Made About Philadelphia | work=Philadelphia | first=Dan | last=McQuade | date=4 December 2013 | access-date=21 April 2015 | archive-date=7 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307013306/https://www.phillymag.com/news/2013/12/04/mannequin-best-movie-ever-made-about-philadelphia-kim-cattrall-andrew-mccarthy/ | url-status=live }} The romantic thriller film Bommai (2023) is the story of a person who works in a mannequin factory and falls in love with one of the mannequins, imagining it as his childhood crush.{{cite web |title=Bommai Movie Review: Another psycho act by SJ Suryah in a film that's a treasure trove of cliches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bommai-movie-review-another-psycho-act-by-sj-suryah-in-a-film-thats-a-treasure-trove-of-cliches-radha-mohan-2393871-2023-06-16 |website=India Today |date=16 June 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |language=en}}

Military use of mannequins is recorded amongst the ancient Chinese, such as at the siege of Yongqiu. The besieged Tang army lowered scarecrows down the walls of their castles to lure the fire of the enemy arrows. In this way, they renewed their supplies of arrows. Dummies were also used in the trenches in World War I to lure enemy snipers away from the soldiers.{{cite web |url=http://www.chinastrategies.com/list.htm |title=List of strategies |access-date=2012-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027011714/http://www.chinastrategies.com/List.htm |archive-date=2012-10-27 }}

A Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report describes the use of a mannequin ("Jack-in-the-Box") as a countersurveillance measure, intended to make it more difficult for the host country's counterintelligence to track the movement of CIA agents posing as diplomats. A "Jack-in-the-Box"{{Mdash}}mannequin representing the upper half of a human{{Mdash}}would quickly replace a CIA agent after he left the car driven by another agent and walked away, such that any counterintelligence officers monitoring the car would believe, at least briefly, that they were still in it.{{citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no3/article02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111603/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no3/article02.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 | title=Tolkachev, A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky. An Exceptional Espionage Operation|first=Barry G.|last= Royden|journal=Studies in Intelligence|volume=47|issue=3 |year=2003}}

• Agalmatophilia, sexual attraction to mannequins
• Crash test dummy
• Ivan Ivanovich - dummy used in Vostok spacecraft test flights
• Resusci Anne

{{Reflist}}

{{wiktionary}}

• The Recycling and Reuse of Mannequins - [https://mannakin.com/recycling/ See 'Mannakin']
• Gross, Kenneth - The Dream of the Moving Statue (Penn State Press 1992, {{ISBN|0-271-02900-5}})
• Verstappen, Stefan. The Thirty-six Strategies of Ancient China. 1999.

{{Commons category|Mannequins}}

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Category:Visual arts materials