Mao language (India)
{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Distinguish|Mao languages|Southern Mao language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mao
| nativename = Sopvoma, Emela, Mao' La
| image = "Mao" written in Meitei script.jpg
| imagecaption = Mao written in Meitei script
| states = India
| ethnicity = Mao Naga, Poumai Naga
| speakers = 240,205
| date = 2011 census
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = Angami–Pochuri
| lc1 = nbi
| ld1 = Mao
| lc2 = pmx
| ld2 = Poumai
| glotto = naga1397
| glottorefname = Naga Maoic
| dia1 = Paomata
| fam1 = Sino-Tibetian
| minority = India
| pronunciation = mau
}}
{{Naga people}}
Mao, also known as Sopvoma, is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Angami–Pochuri linguistic sub-branch.{{Cite web |title=Mao (Naga) language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mao.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=omniglot.com}} It is spoken primarily in Senapati district, northwestern Manipur and in Nagaland, India. It is similar to Angami.{{Cite web |title=Mao (Naga) language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mao.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=omniglot.com}}
The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}
Phonology
= Consonants =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
rowspan="3" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t̪}} |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} | |
---|
aspirated
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} |({{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}) |{{IPA link|tʰ}} | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} | |
voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d̪}} | | |({{IPA link|ɡ}}) | |
rowspan="3" |Affricate
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p͡f}} | |{{IPA link|t͡s}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | | |
aspirated
|({{IPA link|p͡fʰ}}) | | |{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} | | |
voiced
|{{IPA link|b͡v}} | |{{IPA link|d͡z}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | | |
rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless |{{IPA link|f}} | |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|h}} |
voiced
|{{IPA link|v}} | |{{IPA link|z}} |{{IPA link|ʒ}} | | |
colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} | |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
rowspan="2" |Trill
!voiced | | |{{IPA link|r}} | | | |
voiceless
| | |{{IPA link|r̥|ʰr̥}} | | | |
colspan="2" |Lateral
| | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |
colspan="2" |Approximant
|({{IPA link|w}}) | | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
- /t͡ʃʰ/ and /w/ only rarely occur, and with /t͡ʃʰ/ only occurring in word-initial position.
- The pre-aspirated voiceless /ʰr̥/, may have a word-initial allophone of {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, [ʂ] rarely occurs phonemically.
- [ɡ] only occurs marginally from loanwords.
- /t̪, p͡f/ in word-initial position may be heard as [t̪ʰ, p͡fʰ] in free variation, rarely as phonemic.
- /h/ may have an allophone of {{IPAblink|x}} word-initially, word medially in free variation. [x] rarely occurs as a phoneme.
- /m/ before a central vowel /ɨ/ can have an allophone of a labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}}.
- /n/ before high vowel sounds can have an allophone of a palatalized {{IPAblink|nʲ}}.
= Vowels =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !Back |
Close
|{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|ɨ}} |{{IPA link|u}} |
---|
Mid
|{{IPA link|e}} |({{IPA link|ə}}) |{{IPA link|o}} |
Open
| |{{IPA link|a}} | |
- [ə] only occurs inter-morphemically.
- /ɨ/ can be heard as rounded [ʉ] in free variation.
- In word-initial position, /i, u/ can be lowered to [ɪ, ʊ].
- /e, o/ can be lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] in word-final position.{{Cite book|last=Giridhar|first=P. P.|title=Mao Naga Grammar|publisher=Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1994}}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
__FORCETOC__
Category:Angami–Pochuri languages
Category:Languages of Nagaland
Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages
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{{India-culture-stub}}