Mao language (India)

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Distinguish|Mao languages|Southern Mao language}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Mao

| nativename = Sopvoma, Emela, Mao' La

| image = "Mao" written in Meitei script.jpg

| imagecaption = Mao written in Meitei script

| states = India

| region = Nagaland, Manipur

| ethnicity = Mao Naga, Poumai Naga

| speakers = 240,205

| date = 2011 census

| ref = {{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}

| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan

| fam2 = Angami–Pochuri

| lc1 = nbi

| ld1 = Mao

| lc2 = pmx

| ld2 = Poumai

| glotto = naga1397

| glottorefname = Naga Maoic

| dia1 = Paomata

| fam1 = Sino-Tibetian

| minority = India

| pronunciation = mau

}}

{{Naga people}}

Mao, also known as Sopvoma, is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Angami–Pochuri linguistic sub-branch.{{Cite web |title=Mao (Naga) language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mao.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=omniglot.com}} It is spoken primarily in Senapati district, northwestern Manipur and in Nagaland, India. It is similar to Angami.{{Cite web |title=Mao (Naga) language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mao.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=omniglot.com}}

The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

!Labial

!Dental

!Alveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

rowspan="3" |Plosive

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t̪}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|

|{{IPA link|k}}

|

aspirated

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|({{IPA link|t̪ʰ}})

|{{IPA link|tʰ}}

|

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

|

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d̪}}

|

|

|({{IPA link|ɡ}})

|

rowspan="3" |Affricate

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p͡f}}

|

|{{IPA link|t͡s}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

|

|

aspirated

|({{IPA link|p͡fʰ}})

|

|

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}

|

|

voiced

|{{IPA link|b͡v}}

|

|{{IPA link|d͡z}}

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}

|

|

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|f}}

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|v}}

|

|{{IPA link|z}}

|{{IPA link|ʒ}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Trill

!voiced

|

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

voiceless

|

|

|{{IPA link|r̥|ʰr̥}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|({{IPA link|w}})

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

|

  • /t͡ʃʰ/ and /w/ only rarely occur, and with /t͡ʃʰ/ only occurring in word-initial position.
  • The pre-aspirated voiceless /ʰr̥/, may have a word-initial allophone of {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, [ʂ] rarely occurs phonemically.
  • [ɡ] only occurs marginally from loanwords.
  • /t̪, p͡f/ in word-initial position may be heard as [t̪ʰ, p͡fʰ] in free variation, rarely as phonemic.
  • /h/ may have an allophone of {{IPAblink|x}} word-initially, word medially in free variation. [x] rarely occurs as a phoneme.
  • /m/ before a central vowel /ɨ/ can have an allophone of a labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}}.
  • /n/ before high vowel sounds can have an allophone of a palatalized {{IPAblink|nʲ}}.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA link|ɨ}}

|{{IPA link|u}}

Mid

|{{IPA link|e}}

|({{IPA link|ə}})

|{{IPA link|o}}

Open

|

|{{IPA link|a}}

|

  • [ə] only occurs inter-morphemically.
  • /ɨ/ can be heard as rounded [ʉ] in free variation.
  • In word-initial position, /i, u/ can be lowered to [ɪ, ʊ].
  • /e, o/ can be lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] in word-final position.{{Cite book|last=Giridhar|first=P. P.|title=Mao Naga Grammar|publisher=Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1994}}

References

{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}

{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}

{{Languages of Northeast India}}

__FORCETOC__

Category:Angami–Pochuri languages

Category:Languages of Manipur

Category:Languages of Nagaland

Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages

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{{India-culture-stub}}