Marguerite Frick-Cramer

File:LouisMicheli ICRC-AV-Archives V-P-HIST-E-05475.jpg)]]

Cramer's family on the paternal side likely originated from what is now Germany and acquired the citizenship of the Republic of Geneva in 1668. Her father Louis Cramer was a theatre director, who also became the president of the Calvinist ecclesiastical court of the Protestant Church of Geneva.{{Cite journal|date=1944-08-15|title=Trente ans au service de la Croix-Rouge internationale|url=https://www.letempsarchives.ch/page/JDG_1944_08_15/5/article/7209854/marguerite%2520cramer|journal=Journal de Genève|pages=5|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423190327/https://www.letempsarchives.ch/page/JDG_1944_08_15/5/article/7209854/marguerite%2520cramer|url-status=live}} Her mother, Eugénie Léonie Micheli, hailed from another Patrician family which established itself in Geneva shortly before the Cramer family.{{Cite book|last=Fiscalini|first=Diego|title=Des élites au service d'une cause humanitaire: le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge|publisher=Université de Genève, faculté des lettres, département d’histoire|year=1985|location=Geneva|pages=18, 142, 211}} Cramer's maternal grandfather Louis Micheli (1836-1888), who was a rich agronomist and a gentleman farmer, became a member of the ICRC in 1869, just six years after its founding, and served as its vice-president from 1876 until his death.{{Cite journal|last=Durand|first=Roger|date=2018|title=LOUIS APPIA ACCUEILLE LE BARON RUDOLPH VON SYDOW|url=http://louis-appia.ch/wp-content/uploads/SHD_Bulletin_27_2e_impression_14-septembre-2018_VL-compressed.pdf|journal=Bulletin de la Société Henry Dunant|language=fr|volume=27|pages=8|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423190337/http://louis-appia.ch/wp-content/uploads/SHD_Bulletin_27_2e_impression_14-septembre-2018_VL-compressed.pdf|url-status=live}} After losing control of the major public offices in Geneva, his Patrician class{{Clarify|date=September 2021}} turned to banking and philanthropic activities at the end of the 19th century,

Cramer studied law in Geneva and Paris, graduating from the University of Geneva in 1910.{{Cite journal|date=28 July 1910|title=Grades universitaires|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=TDG19100728-04.2.10.2&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|journal=La Tribune de Genève|language=fr|volume=32|issue=176|pages=4|via=e-newspaperarchives.ch|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905211704/https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=TDG19100728-04.2.10.2&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|url-status=live}} In the mid-1910s, she became the third woman in Switzerland to obtain the license for working as an advocate.{{Cite journal|date=3 August 1910|title=Genf. Weibliche Fürsprecher|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=GBL19100803-01.2.4&srpos=7&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|journal=Geschäftsblatt für den oberen Teil des Kantons Bern|language=de|volume=57|issue=Nummer 62|pages=2|via=e-newspaperarchives.ch|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905202739/https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=GBL19100803-01.2.4&srpos=7&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last=Morf|first=Marta|date=10 February 1945|title=Marguerite Frick-Cramer|journal=Meyers Schweizer Frauen- und Modeblatt|volume=6}} However, she did not practise the profession and instead turned her interest on researching constitutional law and the history of Switzerland, earning her doctorate in that field. Cramer published a number of works on the principal of nationality, the prosecution of juveniles, and various aspects of Genevan history, for which she was awarded the prestigious Prix Ador in 1911 and 1913.{{Cite journal|date=6 June 1913|title=Prix universitaires|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=TDG19130606-04.2.35.1&srpos=5&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|journal=La Tribune de Genève|language=fr|volume=35|issue=130|pages=5|via=e-newspaperarchives.ch|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905213650/https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=TDG19130606-04.2.35.1&srpos=5&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|url-status=live}} Her best known book became Genève et les Suisses which she published in 1914 to commemorate the centenary of Geneva joining the Swiss Confederation. It was supervised by Professor Charles Borgeaud, who was one of her relatives.

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Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, in 1914, the ICRC, under its president Gustave Ador, established the International Prisoners-of-War Agency (IPWA) to trace prisoners of war (POWs) and to re-establish communications with their respective families.

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By the end of that same year, the Agency had some 1,200 volunteers who worked in the Musée Rath, most of whom were women. Cramer had been involved from the creation of the Agency and thus pursued the family tradition established by her maternal grandfather Louis Micheli who was one of the first members of the ICRC: her uncle Horace Micheli, and three of her cousins – Lucien Cramer, Maurice-Alexandre "Alec" Cramer, and Jacques-Barthélémy Micheli – served likewise at the IWPA. The same is true for a step-relative, Guillaume Pictet, who hailed from Geneva's oldest family. Soon she shared the direction of the Entente department with the writer Jacques Chenevière, who wrote in his memoirs that Cramer's "organizational ability wrought miracles."{{Cite journal|last=Cheneviere|first=Jacques|date=1967|title=SOME REMINISCENCES - The First "Prisoners of War Agency" Geneva 1914-1918|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RC_Jun-1967.pdf|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|volume=75|pages=294|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217190542/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RC_Jun-1967.pdf|url-status=live}}

According to ICRC historian Daniel Palmieri, it was Cramer's idea to cope with the big data about individual fates by introducing a system of index cards linked to catalogues.{{Cite journal|last=Pache|first=Nicolas|date=16 July 2014|title=Bern/Genf: Das IKRK erlebt seine Feuertaufe - Tag für Tag bis zu 30 000 Briefe und Pakete|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=WAB20140716-01&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|journal=Walliser Bote|language=de|volume=174|issue=162|pages=15|via=e-newspaperarchives.ch|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905202731/https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=WAB20140716-01&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|url-status=live}}{{Clarify|reason=Confusing|date=September 2021}}

Cramer also fundraised for the under-financed agency: in spring of 1916 she performed a play with a number of colleagues titled Le Château historique! ("the historical palace!"), a comedy in three acts by Alexandre Bisson and Julien Berr de Turique. Cramer played the heroine Marguerite Baudoin.{{Cite journal|date=13 April 1916|title=Au bénéfice de l'Agence des prisonniers de guerre|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=TDG19160413-05.2.21&srpos=2&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|journal=La Tribune de Genève|volume=38|issue=88|pages=5|via=e-nespaperarchives.ch|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905210448/https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=TDG19160413-05.2.21&srpos=2&e=-------de-20--1--img-txIN-%22marguerite+cramer%22-------0-----|url-status=live}} The performance raised some 3,000 Swiss francs.

In December 1916, Cramer and her colleague Marguerite van Berchem went to Frankfurt to convince the local Red Cross there to stop doing work that was already done in Geneva.{{Cite book|last=Cotter|first=Cédric|title=(S') aider pour survivre : action humanitaire et neutralité Suisse pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale|publisher=Georg éditeur|year=2017|isbn=978-3034014762|location=Chêne-Bourg|pages=482}}{{Clarify|reason=Why did they want them to stop?|date=September 2021}}

Between March and April 1917, Cramer officially became the first female delegate of the ICRC when she was sent on a mission to Berlin, Copenhagen, and Stockholm. In October of the same year, she went on another mission to Paris and in December, she took part in the Franco-German conferences which the ICRC organised in Bern upon the request of the Swiss government in order to negotiate the repatriation of POWs. Still in the same year, the ICRC was awarded its first Nobel Peace Prize – the only prize awarded during the war years – to which Cramer arguably made her own contribution as well.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} At this time, Cramer was unhappy with some of the internal ICRC structures:

"In March 1918, Renée-Marguerite announced she would resign from the Agency. When she eventually changed her mind, she insisted that the ICRC set up permanent delegations in the different belligerent countries and allowed the Agency's heads of departments to sit in the Committee's meetings."

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In June 1918, the Egyptologist Edouard Naville - who was the ICRC President ad interim, since Gustave Ador was elected to the Swiss Federal Council in 1917{{Cite web|last=Vuilleumier|first=Sandrine|date=2019-10-25|title=Naville, Edouard|url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/042707/2019-10-25/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz|language=de|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123224530/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/042707/2019-10-25/}} - recommended the appointment of Cramer as a member of the committee,{{Cite book|last=Palmieri|first=Daniel|url=https://library.icrc.org/library/multimedialinks/link?url=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.icrc.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2FDOC%2Ficrc-001-4220.pdf¬iceId=42788|title=Les procès-verbaux de l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre (AIPG)|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|year=2014|location=Geneva|pages=13, 210, 241, 243|language=fr|format=PDF|access-date=8 April 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215714/https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/icrc-001-4220.pdf|url-status=live}} which at the time was made up exclusively of men.{{cite web|date=11 February 2015|title=Le CICR, 150 ans d'histoire et une capacité à se renouveller|trans-title=ICRC, 150 years and a renewal capacity|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/societe/20130211.AFP3398/le-cicr-150-ans-d-histoire-et-une-capacite-a-se-renouveller.html|access-date=4 November 2017|publisher=L'Obs|language=fr|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032332/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/societe/20130211.AFP3398/le-cicr-150-ans-d-histoire-et-une-capacite-a-se-renouveller.html|url-status=live}} Naville, who hailed from Geneva's second-oldest family, pointed to "her qualifications and service", but also emphasized that a woman's presence "would only serve to honor and strengthen" the committee.

However, her candidacy was delayed due to tensions between the ICRC and some national Red Cross societies: firstly, about the ICRC policy of only recruiting Swiss nationals – and mainly from Geneva's Patrician families. Secondly, specific tensions had arisen between Cramer and representatives from the United States of America in 1917. They revolved around the issue that the American Red Cross set up an agency for US-POWs in Bern, which made Cramer worry about crucial information becoming dispersed.{{Clarify|reason=What information/ why was she worried?|date=September 2021}}

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Still, in 1918, the University of Geneva offered Cramer a deputy professorship to substitute for her former supervisor Charles Borgeaud and to teach the history of Geneva. He was busy working on a memorandum concerning Swiss neutrality, which the Swiss government presented to the conference{{Clarify|reason=I presume you mean the Paris Peace Conference?|date=September 2021}} about the Treaty of Versailles.{{Cite web|last=de Senarclens|first=Jean|date=2004-10-12|title=Borgeaud, Charles|url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/032260/2004-10-12/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS)|language=de|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425111049/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/032260/2004-10-12/}} Her career as an academic was short-lived, and she took up new responsibilities at the ICRC before finishing her first semester as a lecturer.

On 27 November 1918, two and a half weeks after the end of the War, Cramer was co-opted as a member of the ICRC. She was related to seven other committee members.{{cite book|author=Forsythe, David P.|title=The Humanitarians|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date= 2005|page=203}} Despite the hesitations some of its members felt in allowing a woman to join its ranks, the Committee understood that such change would be inevitable, largely because the war had deeply altered people's perception of gender equality.{{cite journal|author=|title=The International Committee of the Red Cross in the First World War|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/international-committee-red-cross-first-world-war-0|access-date=5 November 2017|website=icrc.org|date=10 September 2014|quote=It was a first for any international organization.|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020755/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/international-committee-red-cross-first-world-war-0|url-status=live}} As a result, Cramer became the first woman to become a member of the governing body of any international organization, more than fifty years before the introduction of women's suffrage in Switzerland.

When representatives from the National Red Cross Societies of the Allies/Entente Powers came together in Cannes and Paris to establish the League of Red Cross Societies, Cramer was sent by the committee to join the negotiations.

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In 1920, Cramer married Edouard Auguste Frick, a Swiss citizen who was born in Saint Petersburg and served as the ICRC general delegate for Eastern Europe,{{Cite book|last=Palmieri|first=Daniel|title=Marguerite Frick-Cramer|work=Les femmes dans la mémoire de Genève : du XVe au XXe siècle|publisher=Editions Suzanne Hurter|year=2005|editor-last=Deuber Ziegler|editor-first=Erica|location=Geneva|pages=182–183|language=fr|editor-last2=Tikhonov|editor-first2=Natalia}} most notably during the Russian Revolution{{Cite book|last=Bugnion|first=François|url=https://shop.icrc.org/download/ebook?sku=4362/001-ebook|title=FACE À L'ENFER DES TRANCHÉES: LE COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|year=2018|isbn=978-2-940396-69-6|location=Geneva|pages=126, 133|language=fr|format=PDF|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215728/https://shop.icrc.org/download/ebook?sku=4362%2F001-ebook|url-status=live}} and later as a deputy for Fridtjof Nansen when he became the High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations. Cramer and Frick had dealt with each other on a professional basis before their wedding.

Frick-Cramer moved to Germany and resigned from her ICRC membership in December 1922, when she realised that she could not follow the affairs of the ICRC properly from such a distance. She was succeeded by the nurse, feminist, and suffragette Pauline Chaponnière-Chaix (1850-1934).{{Cite web|last=Chaponnière|first=Martine|date=2003-11-26|title=Chaponnière-Chaix, Pauline|url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/009283/2003-11-26/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS)|language=de|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917061654/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/009283/2003-11-26/}}

Frick-Cramer was made an honorary member, and continued to dedicate her activities to the development of international humanitarian law: her focus became the extension of international conventions to protect both military and civil victims of war. She became one of the principal actors involved in the writing of the 1929 Geneva Convention about the treatment of prisoners of war. During a diplomatic conference in July of that year, Frick-Cramer was the only female expert participant and as such the first woman to co-draft a Geneva Convention.{{Cite web|last=Meyre|first=Camille|date=2020-03-12|title=Renée-Marguerite Frick-Cramer|url=https://blogs.icrc.org/cross-files/renee-marguerite-frick-cramer/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Cross-Files {{!}} ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library|language=en-US|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427111948/https://blogs.icrc.org/cross-files/renee-marguerite-frick-cramer/}} The treaty was considered a partial success as its implementation depended on the goodwill of the warring parties.{{Cite web|last=Herrmann|first=Irène|date=2021-05-31|title=Eine humanitäre Pionierin|url=https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/2021/05/marguerite-frick-cramer-eine-humanitaere-pionierin/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Blog zur Schweizer Geschichte - Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum|language=de-CH|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903164033/https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/2021/05/marguerite-frick-cramer-eine-humanitaere-pionierin/}}

She also played a key role in the "Tokyo-project" which aimed to provide protection for civilians of "enemy" nations caught up in the territory of an opposing war party.{{Clarify|reason=Confusing sentence|date=September 2021}} In October 1934, she, along with van Berchem and their colleague Lucie Odier, attended the 15th international conference of the Red Cross Movement in Tokyo on behalf of the ICRC. Frick-Cramer presented a draft text which prohibited repression, deportation, and execution of hostages, granting civilian detainees the same protections as prisoners of war. The conference approved of the draft and commissioned the ICRC to organise a diplomatic conference in which to ratify it. Due to objections from the British and French governments, the conference never went ahead.{{Cite book|last=Favez|first=Jean-Claude|title=Das Internationale Rote Kreuz und das Dritte Reich - War der Holocaust aufzuhalten?|publisher=Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung|year=1989|isbn=3858231967|location=Zurich|pages=35–39, 79, 135, 146, 153–154, 171, 174, 183, 185, 187, 197, 225–227, 237, 303 307, 356, 365, 386, 455, 483|language=de}}

Due to the emerging system of concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the ICRC decided in March 1935 to transform its working group for civilians into one for political prisoners. Frick-Cramer was a member of both the former and the latter. In September 1935, during a meeting of the ICRC leadership in which the organization's attitude towards the system was discussed before the visit of a delegation, "the two women in the meeting, Suzanne Ferrière and Renée-Marguerite Frick-Cramer, stated that the ICRC should at least do everything to give news to the families of the inmates." However, the delegation led by Carl Jacob Burckhardt ultimately reported only a "mild critique" to its Nazi hosts.{{cite web|author=Steinacher|first=Gerald|date=29 July 2017|title=The Red Cross in Nazi Germany|url=https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/132420/|url-status=live|access-date=6 November 2017|website=OUPblog|publisher=Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428144645/https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/132420/}}

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Shortly after the beginning of the Second World War, the ICRC set up the Central Agency for Prisoners of War. It was the successor of the IPWA and based on the 1929 Geneva Convention which Frick-Cramer had helped to create. In September 1939, she was once again elected as a regular member of the ICRC, as opposed to the honorary membership she held for the previous 17 years. Subsequently, she held the dossier for civilians and deported persons.{{Clarify|reason=What does this mean?|date=September 2021}} Following the German invasion of Poland, Frick-Cramer repeatedly lobbied Burckhardt - who went on to become the ICRC president in 1944 - to urge the Nazi regime for permission to establish a permanent ICRC delegation in Krakow, but supposedly he ignored her requests.

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While on the committee she tried to convince the ICRC President Max Huber, who at the time was privately involved in the arms industry,{{Cite book|last=Rauh|first=Cornelia|title=Schweizer Aluminium für Hitlers Krieg? Zur Geschichte der "Alusuisse" 1918–1950|publisher=Beck|year=2009|isbn=9783406522017|location=Munich|language=de}} and his successor Burckhardt to intervene on behalf of civilians held by Nazi Germany, especially in the concentration camps, but to no avail.

In May 1942, the ICRC revived its working group for POWs and detained civilians with Frick-Cramer holding the dossier for the latter. Yet, the top-leadership did not follow her recommendation to demand from the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region the right for deported persons to transmit messages to their families. By autumn of that year, the ICRC leadership – including Frick-Cramer – received reports about the systematic extermination of Jews by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe, the so-called Final Solution. While a large majority of the ICRC's about two dozen members at its general assembly on 14 October 1942 – especially its female members Frick-Cramer, Ferrière, Odier, and Renée Bordier – was in favour of a public protest, Burckhardt and Switzerland's President Philipp Etter firmly denied that request. Frick-Cramer then urged for a direct intervention. The minutes of the meeting, which are on display at the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva, recorded her following statement (in French):

«Madam Frick strongly doubts that an appeal would immediately have a positive effect. However, on the other hand, it would certainly not interfere with the practical activity of the Red Cross, which is useful to belligerents on the basis of reciprocity. The silence of the committee would be a negative act with extremely grave consequences, which would risk to compromise the very existence of the committee.»

Frick-Cramer retired from the committee on 3 October 1946. According to Irène Herrmann, professor of the transnational history of Switzerland at the University of Geneva, she pointed in her resignation letter to the failures of the ICRC during the Second World War as well as to the growing competition from other organisations. However,

«An explanation for her decision was not given in the letter which cannout be found in the ICRC archives. Why a woman of her dedication and talent would step down from the committee at such a crucial moment, will forever remain a mystery. We can only make certain assumptions. One possible reason is that she had a burn-out, was tired and looking forward to spend her well-deserved retirement at a familiar place.»

And:

«The irony of the story is this: when the ICRC had to find a strategy to account for its silence over the holocaust and to exonerate itself, it turned of all people to Frick-Cramer. Her loyalty was so strong that she agreed to do it and brought forward the argument that the protection of civilians – for which she had advocated so strongly! – was not part of the ICRC mandate. Was this perhaps one humilitation too much? That is what the events at least indicate to and so her resignation appears in totally different light.»

Upon her retirement, Frick-Cramer was once again made an honorary member and kept that title for the rest of her life, which she spent with her husband at her family estate, the Micheli domain of Landecy in Bardonnex.{{Cite journal|last=Kaufmann|first=Hélène|date=1952|title=Deuxième réunion du Bureau international d'Anthropologie différentielle (B.I.A.D.). Genève, 10-14 septembre 1952|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:97035|format=PDF|journal=Archives suisses d'anthropologie général|language=fr|volume=17|issue=1|pages=80|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424192305/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:97035|url-status=live}} Frick-Cramer continued to promote the idea of the "Tokyo-project" and submitted the text of a draft convention which would have merged the conventions protecting soldiers and civilians. Though it was turned down, the adoption of the 1949 Geneva Conventions was still

«the conclusion of a long process in which she played a crucial role.»

File:AvenueMargueriteFrickCramer AvenueBlanc 100elles Geneva RomanDeckert29042021.jpg

From June until September 2009, when the University of Geneva celebrated its 450th anniversary, a larger-than-life portrait of Frick-Cramer was part of the exposition "FACES à FACES" on the facade of the Uni Dufour building, in sight of the Musée Rath where she once started her ICRC career.{{Cite web|date=2014-01-30|title=Faces à faces - Métamorphose d'un bâtiment|url=https://www.unige.ch/450/expositions/faces/Liste_site_Unige.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Université de Genève {{!}}|language=fr|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424091802/https://www.unige.ch/450/expositions/faces/Liste_site_Unige.pdf}}

In 2019, the project 100elles in Geneva – where 549 streets are named after men and only 43 after women{{Cite web|last=Osváth|first=Alexandra|date=2019-10-14|title=GENEVA'S BACKSTREET GIRLS|url=https://thingstodoingeneva.ch/100elles-geneva/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Things to do in Geneva|language=en-GB|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424091758/https://thingstodoingeneva.ch/100elles-geneva/}} – put up a temporary street sign with Frick-Cramer's name at the Avenue Blanc in the Sécheron quarter of Geneva, where the ICRC and the United Nations Office as well as many permanent missions to the UN are based.{{Cite web|title=Renée-Marguerite FRICK-CRAMER|url=https://100elles.ch/biographies/renee-marguerite-frick-cramer/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=100 Elles*|language=fr-CH|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424091757/https://100elles.ch/biographies/renee-marguerite-frick-cramer/|url-status=live}}

A 2020 portrait by an ICRC librarian stresses that Frick-Cramer left behind

«the memory of a woman confident in the value of the humanitarian ideal, and a tenacious and determined worker who was inventive and innovative in the way she thought about international humanitarian law. She believed that the ICRC's activities were not limited by past Conventions and resolutions, but that it had both "the right and the duty to innovate whenever the laws of humanity require it."»

• Dijk, Boyd van, 'Marguerite Frick-Cramer: A Life Spent Shaping the Geneva Conventions', in Immi Tallgren (ed.), Portraits of Women in International Law: New Names and Forgotten Faces? (Oxford, 2023; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 May 2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868453.003.0018, accessed 4 Dec. 2024.
• Genève et les Suisses. Histoire des nigociations pniliminaires I l’entrie de Genève dans le Corps helvitique 1641-1792, Geneva 1914
• [https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/irrc_2_17_Cramer.pdf Rapatriement des prisonniers de guerre centraux en Russie et en Sibérie et des prisonniers de guerre russes en Allemagne], in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 2, no. 17, May 1920, pp. 526–556
• [https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/irrc_4_48_appel.pdf Appel du Dr Nansen en faveur des réfugiés en Asie Mineure et en Grèce], in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 4, no. 48, December 1922, pp. 1108–1109
• [https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/irrc-74-frick-cramer-fre.pdf A propos des projets de conventions internationales réglant le sort des prisonniers], in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, No. 74, February 1925, pp. 73–84
• [https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DIGITAL/BIB_00051.pdf Organisation d'un bureau central de renseignements], Geneva 1932
• [https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S102688120004808Xa.pdf Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et les Conventions internationales pour les prisonniers de guerre et les civils], in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, No. 293, May 1943, pp. 386–402
• [https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S102688120001360Xa.pdf Au service des familles dispersées], in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, No. 304, April 1944, pp. 307–317
• Im Dienste der getrennten Familien, Geneva 1944
• [https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/irrc_26_309_Frick-Cramer.pdf Le rapatriement des prisonniers du front oriental, après la guerre de 1914 - 1918 (1919 - 1922)], in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, No. 309, September 1944, pp. 700–727
• Repatriation of prisoners of war from the eastern front after the war of 1914 - 1918 (1919 - 1922), in: Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge : supplement, No. 309, September 1944
• The International Committee of the Red Cross and the international conventions relative to prisoners of war and civilians, Geneva 1945

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• [https://vge.swisscovery.slsp.ch/permalink/41SLSP_VGE/5kb3bi/alma991170502194505501 Correspondence] between Carl Jacob Burckhardt and Marguerite Frick-Cramer, 1935–1949, from Burckhardt's bequest at the library of the University of Basel
• [https://dodis.ch/P26334 Marguerite Frick-Cramer] in the Dodis data bank of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland

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Category:1887 births

Category:1963 deaths

Category:20th-century Swiss historians

Category:Red Cross personnel

Category:Swiss women historians

Category:Academic staff of the University of Geneva

Category:20th-century Swiss women writers