Marhasi

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{{cuneiform|𒈥𒄩𒅆𒆠}}

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Marhaši (Sumerian: Mar-ḫa-ši^Ki {{cuneiform|𒈥𒄩𒅆𒆠}}, Marhashi, Marhasi, Parhasi, Barhasi; in earlier sources Waraḫše) was an important ancient Near East polity situated in the region near Elam. It is generally assumed, though not certain, that the Paraḫšum/Baraḫšum ({{cuneiform|𒁀𒊏𒄴𒋧𒆠}} pa2-ra-ah-shum2-ki) of the Akkadian Empire period referred to Marhaši. This equivalence has been challenged.Westenholz, A., "The Old Akkadian period: History and culture", in Attinger, P. and Wäfler, M, eds. Mesopotamien: Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit. Freiburg: Annäherungen 3 [= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/3], pp. 17-117, 1999 It is known from 3rd millennium BC and early 2nd millennium BC Mesopotamian sources. Its precise location has not been identified but the

current thinking places it on the eastern side of the Iranian plateau.

The language of Marhaši is considered to be different from that of Simaški, and only minimally Elamite-related.F. Vallat, "Eléments de géographie élamite (résumé)", PO 11, pp. 49–54, 1985 Marhaši is known to have been the source of a number

exotic trade goods for Mesopotamia including the "bear of Marhaši".Horowitz, Wayne, "“The Ship of the Desert, the Donkey of the Sea”: The Camel in Early Mesopotamia Revisited", Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, edited by Chaim Cohen, Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, Avi M. Hurvitz, Yochanan Muffs, Baruch J. Schwartz and Jeffrey H. Tigay, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 597-612, 2008 Other trade goods were lapis lazuli and carnelian. One lexical list includes a mention of "Carnelian which is speckled with yellow, Marḫaši Carnelian is its name".Feingold, Rony, "Raw Materials and their Origins", Engraved on Stone: Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals and Seal Inscriptions in the Old Babylonian Period, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 7-22, 2014

History

File:AO 5476 (front, with transcription).jpg, king of Marhaši, and upon Elamite cities. Louvre Museum AO5476.{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P220618 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}} In several inscriptions, Rimush described his conquest of Elam and Marhashi far to the east of Sumer, even mentioning victories over troops of Meluhha.{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}]]

Assuming the equivalence between Paraḫšum/Baraḫšum and Marhaši is correct,

Marhaši was mentioned by two Akkadian Empire rulers. The empire's founder Sargon the Great took the title "conqueror of Elam and Parahsum". In inscriptions

celebrating his military victories in the east are mentioned "Ulu[l], gene[ral] of Parahsum", "Dagu, brother of the kin[g] of Parahsum", "Sidga'u, general of Parahsum",

and "Kundupum, judge of Parahsum".Douglas R. Frayne, The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0-8020-0593-4}} After a rebellion the second ruler of Akkad, Rimush, reported

defeating king Abalgamash of Paraḫšum and capturing his general Sidgau saying

"Zahara and Elam had assembled in Paraḫšum for battle, but he (Rimus) was victorious (over them) and struck down 16,212 men (and) took 4,216 captives". In the aftermath

he "he conquered the cities of Elam, destroyed their walls, and tore out the foundations of Paraḫšum [from the land of Elam]". The battle took place "in [betwe]en (the cities of) [Aw]an and [Susa], by the [Mid]dle Ri[ver]". The booty of this victory included

"Diorite, dusu-stone and (various) stones which I took ... as booty of Paraḫšum". A

number of bowls and vases were found in Nippur inscribed that they

were booty from Paraḫšum, dedicated to the god Enlil.Marchesi, Gianni, "Object, Images, and Text: Remarks on Two “Intercultural Style” Vessels from Nippur", Materiality of Writing in Early Mesopotamia, edited by Thomas E. Balke and Christina Tsouparopoulou, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 95-10, 2016 Akkadian empire ruler Naram-Sin took as a title "commander of all the land of Elam, as far as Paraḫšum, and the land of [S]ubartum as far as the Cedar Forest".

King Shulgi of the Ur-III dynasty gave his daughter Liwwir-mittašu, in marriage to king of Marhaši in his 18th year "Year Liwwir-mittašu the king's daughter was elevated to the ladyship in Marhaši".Ebeling, E. and Meissner, B., "Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RIA-2), Berlin, 1938 One of the

generals (šagina) of Shulgi's successor Amar-Sin, a Habruša, is attested as

leading "troops from Marhaši" in Amar-Sin's 5th regnal year.Steinkeller, Piotr, "Corvée Labor in Ur III Times", From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 347-424, 2013 The final Ur III ruler, Ibbi-Sin,

in a text reports fashioning for the god Nanna "an image of a Meluhhan speckled "dog" that had been brought to him as tribute from Marhasi. He [dedicated (it) for [h]is (own) life. The name of that speckled "dog" (is): "May he catch (the enemy)".Frayne, Douglas, "Ibbi-Sîn E3/2.1.5", in Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 361-392, 1997 In one Ur III text a "Libanašgubi, messenger of Libanukšabaš, governor of Marhaši" is listed.Dahl, Jacob L., "Receipts: The Primary Documents", Ur III Texts in the Schøyen Collection, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 95-161, 2020 Another text notes that a royal gift was brought by one Banana a "man of Marhashi".Potts, Daniel T., "Exit Aratta: Southeastern Iran and the Land of Marhashi", Nāme-ye Irān-e Bāstān 4.1, pp. 1-11, 2004

Hammurabi of Babylonia's 30th year name was

{{blockquote|text="Year Hammurabi the king, the mighty, the beloved of Marduk, drove away with the supreme power of the great gods the army of Elam who had gathered from the border of Marhaši, Subartu, Gutium, Tupliash (Eshnunna) and Malgium who had come up in multitudes, and having defeated them in one campaign, he (Hammurabi) secured the foundations of Sumer and Akkad."

}}

On a fragment from a statue of Kurigalzu II found at Susa, thought to be part

of the booty from the Elamite raid of Mesopotamia under ruler Kidin-Hutran (c. 1224 BC), was found the inscription "Kurigalzu, the king of the universe, who has struck Susa and Elam as far as the border of [Mar]ḫaši". The mention of Marhaši is an anachronism, typical in Kassite inscriptions, cribbed from Akkadian Empire texts.Roaf, Michael, "Kassite and Elamite Kings", Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 166-195, 2017

The name Marḫaši may appear in a damaged tablet where it designates an area to the north and east conquered by Neo-Babylonian Empire ruler Nebuchadrezzar II (605–562 BC) though that restoration is uncertain.Lambert, W. G., "Nebuchadnezzar King of Justice", Iraq, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 1965

In literary tradition

In the purely literary Sumerian text The Cursing of Akkad, composed during the

later Ur III period and which blamed the fall of civilization on the Akkadian Empire,

it lists are one of the benefits of having the blessing of Inanna

"That even Marhaši would be reentered on the (tribute) rolls".Pitkänen, Pekka, "Divine Presence and Centralization", Central Sanctuary and Centralization of Worship in Ancient Israel: From the Settlement to the Building of Solomon's Temple, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 25-68, 2014

In the much later Sumerian literary composition Great Revolt against Naram-Sin one of the many kings who revolted against him was a Hubshumkibi of Marhaši.Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, "The Great Revolt against Naram-Sin", Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 221-262, 1997

In the Sumerian royal hymn for Ishbi-Erra (c. 2017— 1986 BC) ruler of the city-state Isin in the Isin-Larsa period it states "From Basime on the sea-coast (...) to the border of; from Urua, the bolt of Elam (...) to the border of Marhaäi" as

being the territory of Šimaški ruler Kindattu, where Urua - Marhasi defines

an east–west axis and Bašime (Pashime|Pašime) - Zabsali defines a south to north axis. Pašime is now know to be at the site of Tell Abu Sheeja.Stolper, Matthew W., "On the Dynasty of Šimaški and the Early Sukkalmahs", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie , vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 42-67, 1982

In a much later Old Babylonian period Sumerian literary composition the Early Dynastic

period Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab mentions Marhaši among the seven provinces of his empire, between the names of Elam and Gutium: "the Cedar Mountains, Elam, Marḫaši, Gutium, Subartu, Amurru, Sutium, or the Eanna Mountain".{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P450160 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}} The composition also states that he confronted Migir-Enlil, the governor (ensi) of Marhashi, who had led a coalition of 13 rebel chiefs against him.{{cite journal |title=CDLJ 2017:1 |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2017/cdlj2017_001.html |journal=Cuneiform Digital Library Journal|date=25 September 2017 |volume=2017 |issue=1 |last1=Chen |first1=Yanli |last2=Wu |first2=Yuhong }}Douglas Frayne, "Adab", Presargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC), RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 1, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 17-34, 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-4426-9047-9}}

In the fragmentary early 2nd millennium BC Sumerian myth text Enki and the World Order, the god Enki rebuilds the world after a catastrophe. It includes the phrase "He cleansed and purified the land of Dilmun. He placed Ninsikila in charge of it. He gave ...... for the fish spawn, ate its ...... fish, bestowed palms on the cultivated land, ate its dates. ...... Elam and Marhaci ....... ...... to devour ....... The king endowed with strength by Enlil destroyed their houses, demolished (?) their walls. He brought their silver and lapis-lazuli, their treasure, to Enlil, king of all the lands, in Nibru"Cooper, Jerrold S., "Enki and the World Order: A Sumerian Myth", Enki and the World Order. De Gruyter, 2024 {{ISBN|978-1501522536}}[https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr113.htm Enki and the World Order - ETSCL]

Location

Early on Marhaši was speculated to be east of the Diyala river and in the mountains northwest or north of Elam. Albright, W. F., "A Babylonian Geographical Treatise on Sargon of Akkad's Empire", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 45, 1925, pp. 193–245, 1925Goetze, Albrecht, "Hulibar of Duddul", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 114–23, 1953 This was based on an inscription of a little known early Old Babylonian period ruler of Der, Ilum-muttabbil,

who claimed defeating the armies of Anshan, Elam, and Simaski, in

alliance with Marhaši.[https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763246&increment=40]D. O. Edzard, "Konigsinscriften Des Iraq Museums. II", Sumer 15, pp. 19-26, 1959

In modern times the consensus has shifted to a location on the eastern side of the

Iranian plateau (holding Susa and Anshan), acting as an intermediate between

Mesopotamia and Meluhha further to the east.Steinkeller, Piotr, "The Question of Marḫaši: A Contribution to the Historical Geography of Iran in the Third Millennium B.C." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 237-265, 1982

Rulers of Marhaši

The main rulers known from inscriptions are:

Abalgamash ( revolted against Rimush, king of Akkad)
Hupšumkipi (contemporary with Naram-Sin of Akkad)
Hashibatal (contemporary with Shulgi king of Ur)
Arwilukpi (contemporary with Amar-Sin king of Ur)
Libanu-ugšabaš (contemporary with Amar-Sin king of Ur)

Artifacts

File:Abalgamash Lugal Paraahshum-ki.jpg|"Abalgamash, King of Marhashi" ({{cuneiform|𒀀𒁀𒀠𒂵𒈦 𒈗 𒁀𒊏𒄴𒋳𒆠}} Abalgamash Lugal Paraahshum-ki) on one of the Rimush inscriptions (Louvre Museum, AO 5476)

File:Prisoner of the Akkadian Empire period possibly Warka ancient Uruk LOUVRE AO 5683.jpg|Prisoner of the Akkadian Empire, nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard and vertical braid. Fragment of a vase possibly from Warka, ancient Uruk. Louvre museum.{{cite web |title=Louvre Museum Official Website |url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12137 |website=cartelen.louvre.fr}}

File:Jiroft_culture_vase.jpg|The area of Jiroft and the Jiroft culture may correspond to the ancient country of Marhashi.{{cite book |last1=Álvarez-Mon |first1=Javier |last2=Basello |first2=Gian Pietro |last3=Wicks |first3=Yasmina |title=The Elamite World |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32983-1 |page=372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yClKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372 |language=en}}

Potts, Daniel T. "The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state", Cambridge University Press, 2016 {{ISBN|978-1-107-09469-7}}

Some scholars link it with the Jiroft culture.Potts, Daniel T., "In the Beginning: Marhashi and the Origins of Magan’s Ceramic Industry in the Third Millennium BC", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16, pp. 67–78, 2005 One proposal is to identify the kingdom of Marhaši with Ancient Margiana on the basis of the Akkadian textual and archaeological evidence.[https://scribd.com/document/242322412/Francfort-et-Tremblay-Marhasi-et-la-civilisation-de-l-Oxus-pdf]Francfort H.-P., Tremblay X., "Marhaši et la civilisation de l'Oxus", Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLV, pp. 51–224, 2010 doi: 10.2143/IA.45.0.2047119.

Marhasi

History

In literary tradition

Location

Rulers of Marhaši

Artifacts

See also

References

Further reading