Maria Bal

{{Infobox artist

| image = Malczewski Jacek Portret kobiety.jpg

| image_size =

| alt = Maria Bal

| caption = Bacchante, portrait of Maria Balowa by Jacek Malczewski, 1907

| birth_name = Maria Brunicka

| birth_date = 26 July 1879

| birth_place =

| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|1|1|1879|7|26|df=y}}

| death_place =

| spouse = Stanisław Bal

| known_for = Painting

| movement = Symbolism

| notable_works =

| patrons =

}}

Jadwiga Maria Kinga Bal (Balowa) of Zaleszczyki, née Brunicka (26 July 1879 – 1 January 1955) was a Polish baroness and a lifelong muse of Jacek Malczewski, considered Poland's national painter. She served as the live model for a series of his symbolic portrayals of women, as well as nude studies and mythological beings. Most were completed before the interwar period when Poland had not yet achieved independence.{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-musee-dorsay/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/page/1/article/jacek-malczewski-4002.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=252&cHash=89d07a71aa | title=Jacek Malczewski (1854-1929) | publisher=Musée d'Orsay | work=Exhibitions | year=2006 | accessdate=November 12, 2012 | author=Elzbieta Charazinska, director | author2=Musée d'Orsay | pages=2 of 3 | quote=In the background of his models he gave shape to symbols with esoteric meanings supposed to provide keys for a psychic interpretation. Similarly, he depicted mythological and fantastical beings, which seem to be almost tamed, in landscapes that hint at links both to his childhood and maturity.}}{{cite web | url=http://raichel.org/articlesRaichel/20thCentury&contemp/museedorsay.html | title=Is Malczewski the most conceited artist ever? | publisher=Electronic Publishing Co | work=The Arts with Rachel Le Goff | date=15 February – 14 May 2000 | accessdate=November 12, 2012 | author=Rachel Le Goff | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417030227/http://raichel.org/articlesRaichel/20thCentury%26contemp/museedorsay.html | archivedate=April 17, 2013 }}

Early life and education

Jadwiga Maria Brunicka (called Maria) was born during the foreign Partitions of Lithuania-Poland to baron Seweryn Brunicki, a Polish land-owner, and his wife Jadwiga Maria Kryspina Zagórska, (see the Ostoja coat of arms) at their country estate in Zaleszczyki (now Zalischyky, western Ukraine).{{cite web|title=Jadwiga Maria Kinga bar. Brunicka z Zaleszczyk h. wł.|url=http://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/ut.46.1.87|work=Potomek uczestnika Sejmu Wielkiego|publisher=Genealogia potomków Sejmu Wielkiego|accessdate=November 7, 2012|author=M.J. Minakowski|language=Polish|year=2012|quote=Tomasz Lenczewski, Genealogia rodów utytułowanych - ut.21.1.148}} A descendant of a Jewish family from Bavaria, her father carried the title of baron received in 1813. The family owned a tenement house in the metropolitan city of Kraków at ul. Pierackiego 7, where Maria later was a frequent visitor.{{cite web|title=Muza Jacka Malczewskiego i jej córki|url=http://issuu.com/libra-rzeszow/docs/balowie_internet_1?mode=window&pageNumber=14|work=Balowie i artyści w I połowie XX wieku|publisher=Wydawnictwo Libra|accessdate=November 7, 2012|author=Łukasz Bajda|pages=123–134}}

Maria was noted as being exceptionally beautiful by her family. They called her Kinga from the time she was a girl. As was typical of wealthy families, she was educated at home by a tutor.

Marriage and family

In 1898 Maria Brunicka married Stanisław Jakub Bal, a land-owner who was nine years older. The main residence of the Bal family was an estate in Tuligłowy, in eastern Poland. The house had been rebuilt in the early 19th century. They had two daughters together. Their marriage ended about 1904. One of their daughters, Helena Bal (1904–1996), became a painter in the interwar period.

From about 1904 to the outbreak of World War I, Maria had an affair with the painter Jacek Malczewski who was 25 years her senior; elected Rector of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1912.{{cite web | url=http://m.onet.pl/wiedza-swiat/kultura,tl54y | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416095305/http://m.onet.pl/wiedza-swiat/kultura,tl54y | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 16, 2013 | title=Biografia Jacka Malczewskiego | publisher=Onet.Kultura | work=Malczewski. Dukt pisma i pędzla | date=September 4, 2012 | accessdate=November 16, 2012 | author=PAP (Polish Press Agency) | language=Polish }}{{cite web | url=http://www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl/Malczewski_J/Malczewski_J_bio.htm | title=Jacek Malczewski (Radom 1854 - Kraków 1929) | publisher=Pinakoteka Zascianek.pl | work=Short biography | accessdate=October 18, 2012 | language=Polish | quote=Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN, Warsaw 1974.}} They remained friends after she broke up with him, and frequently corresponded during her foreign travels. In 1923 she married again, this time to a Jerzy Turno, (see the Kotwica coat of arms).{{cite web|title=Jerzy Turno h. wł. (Kotwice) (ID: cz.I040843)|url=http://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/cz.I040843|publisher=Genealogia potomków Sejmu Wielkiego|accessdate=November 7, 2012|author=M.J. Minakowski|year=2012}} Malczewski was among the prominent guests at her wedding.

Muse and model

Maria Bal had met the artist Jacek Malczewski around 1904 while living in Kraków, after her first marriage had come to an end. They had a tumultuous affair that lasted until World War I. She posed for many of his symbolic paintings from the Pythia series painted at the cusp of Poland's return to independence (before the end of the war).{{cite web|title="Pytia" by Jacek Malczewski, 1917|url=http://chomikuj.pl/monika.majewska9/Dokumenty/OBRAZ+-+...Pytia...+Jacka+Malczewskiego/Pytia+J.+Malczewski,1674670148.doc|work=Zbiory Muzeum Narodowego w Kielcach (1945)|publisher=Chomikuj.pl|author=Monika Majewska|format=Dokumenty|year=2012|quote=Obrazy z cyklu Polonia (Paintings of the Polonia series from the collections of the National Museum in Kielce).}} These works included his numerous self-portraits with muses.{{cite web|title=Images of Women In Turn-of-the-Century Polish Painting|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/Huss/WA.html|work=Presentation, Polish Arts Club of Buffalo on March, 1996|publisher=Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo|accessdate=November 8, 2012|author=Maria Hussakowska|year=2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221121257/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/Huss/WA.html|archive-date=February 21, 2012|url-status=dead}} Malczewski was a married man. He had a son, Rafał born in 1892, who also became a painter later on.{{cite web | url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,10109782,Malopolskie__Obrazy_Malczewskich_na_wystawie_w_Zakopanem.html | title=Obrazy Malczewskich na wystawie w Zakopanem | publisher=Gazeta.pl | work=Wiadomości | date=August 12, 2011 | accessdate=October 19, 2012 | author=PAP | author-link=Polska Agencja Prasowa | language=Polish | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302192920/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,10109782,Malopolskie__Obrazy_Malczewskich_na_wystawie_w_Zakopanem.html | archivedate=March 2, 2014 }}

Maria Bal was a star of the local literary society in Kraków. She was also a regular at the gatherings of artists held at the Kraków mansion of Olga Chwistkowa. After breaking up with Malczewski, Maria remained friends with him. They frequently corresponded before her second marriage.

Maria is one of the most revered art models in Poland.{{cite web|title=Malczewski u źródła|url=http://wyborcza.pl/alehistoria/1,128610,12485624,Malczewski_u_zrodla.html|work=Ale historia|publisher=Gazeta Wyborcza|accessdate=November 7, 2012|author=Włodzimierz Kalicki|language=Polish|date=September 14, 2012}}

She died on 3 January 1955 in Kraków at the age of 75. A black dress of hers, from the 1930s, is on display at the Department of Fashion in the Central Museum of Textiles in Łódź.{{cite web|title=Polish national costume|url=http://www.muzeumwlokiennictwa.pl/zbiory/1/106,department-of-fashion.html?lang=en|work=Department of Fashion|publisher=Central Museum of Textiles (Muzeum włókiennictwa)|accessdate=November 7, 2012|author1=Aleksandra Trella |author2=Senior Curator |location=Łódź|year=2012}}