Marin County Civic Center attacks

In the summer of 1969, W.L. Nolen, a 25-year-old inmate at Soledad prison in California who had been convicted in 1963 for robbery, began circulating a petition to file a lawsuit against the prison's superintendent, Cletus J. Fitzharris. Nolen's petition charged that guards and officials at the facility knew of "existing social and racial conflicts" and that they had been seeking to excite them through "direct harassment and in ways not actionable in court," including the filing of false disciplinary reports and intentionally leaving black inmates' cells unlocked to put them in danger of assault. He claimed officials were "willfully creating and maintaining situations that creates and poses dangers to the plaintiff [himself]" and that he "feared for his life."{{Cite journal|last=Yee|first=Min Sun|title=Death on the Yard: The Untold Killings at Soledad & San Quentin|journal=Ramparts|pages=36–40|date=April 1973|url=http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Underground_News/pdf/Ramparts_April_1973_1.pdf|access-date=August 14, 2010}}

On January 13, 1970, three black prisoners were shot and killed at Soledad by corrections officer Opie G. Miller. The three prisoners were:

1. W.L. Nolen (see above);
2. Cleveland Edwards, then 21, who had been convicted in 1967 of assaulting a police officer; and
3. Alvin Miller, then 23, who had been convicted of robbery.

According to Ellsworth Ferguson, an administrative assistant to Fitzharris at the time, a fight began during a scheduled exercise period for 15 inmates from the maximum security wing of the prison. During the conflict, two white inmates among the group were beaten to the ground and officer Miller was reportedly "fearful that several might be seriously hurt or killed."{{Cite news|title=Negro Prisoners begin hunger strike in bid for investigation|newspaper=The Bulletin|date=January 15, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zKQSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HPcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1453,3541718&dq|access-date=August 14, 2010}} Officials later stated that it was "surmised" that the fight was racial in nature.{{Cite news|title=Guard At Soledad Shoots, Kills Three Brawling Convicts In Yard|newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel|date=January 14, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspaperid=jhgzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5714,1208136&dq|access-date=August 14, 2010}}

Officer Miller, an expert marksman, shouted and blew a whistle but gave no warning shot before firing on Nolen, Edwards and Alvin Miller. White inmate Billy D. Harris, then 23, who was serving time for assault and perjury, was injured.{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Guard Kills 3 Prisoners in California|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=January 14, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NCgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6038,2227238&dq|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124215238/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NCgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6038,2227238&dq|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2013|access-date=August 14, 2010}}

According to statements made by inmates, there had been an intentional mixing of white and black prisoners who were known racists in the yard, and that some manner of fight had been anticipated. The congregation of the 15 men in the prison yard had been the first integrated exercise period in several months. The death of a black inmate, Clarence Causey, who had been stabbed to death in 1968, had left racial tensions running high, and for several months prior to January 13, inmates had only been allowed exercise in the yard one at a time.

Furthermore, inmates claimed that the guards intentionally barred them from taking the wounded prisoners to the hospital, allowing the three shooting victims to bleed for nearly twenty minutes before they were finally taken to receive medical aid. Thomas Meneweather, a black inmate who was present for the shootings and reportedly attempted to carry Alvin Miller inside, stated, "I started to walk toward the door through which we had entered the yard but the tower guard pointed the gun at me and shook his head. Then I started forward with tears in my eyes, expecting to be shot down every minute, but the tower guard told me, 'That's far enough.'"

The next day, 13 black inmates housed in the prison began a hunger strike, demanding a federal investigation of Officer Miller's actions, in addition to requesting segregated facilities and "psychiatric examinations by a black psychiatrist for all gun tower guards."

Officer Opie Miller was exonerated of the deaths of prisoners a few days later by a Monterey County grand jury. None of the black inmates present for the shootings were asked to testify.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

{{See also|Soledad Brothers}}

On January 17, 1970, four days after the shootings,{{Cite news|title=Prison Guard Is Beaten to Death|newspaper=Beaver County Times|date=January 17, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8bAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M7MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3630,3871188&dq|access-date=August 14, 2010}} prison guard John Vincent Mills (aged 26), was beaten, dragged up three flights of stairs and tossed to his death. A note found beside his body read "One down, two to go."{{Cite news|last=Maloney|first=Willey|title=Soledad Prison Wracked by Violence|newspaper=The Deseret News|date=September 29, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ikYKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f0oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5681,6964144&dq|access-date=August 14, 2010}}

Three black inmates were charged with this murder and were transferred to San Quentin to await trial. The three defendants, Fleeta Drumgo, John Clutchette and George Jackson, eventually came to be known as the "Soledad Brothers". Jackson was known at the time to be a political activist and writer, and he and Nolen had worked together in 1966 to found the prison gang the Black Guerrilla Family, a black power group targeting what they saw as the white racist infrastructure of the prison system.{{cite web|last=Herrera|first=Nico|url=http://www.prisonoffenders.com/black_guerrilla_family.html|title=Prison Offenders: Black Guerilla Family|access-date=August 13, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726230830/http://www.prisonoffenders.com/black_guerrilla_family.html|url-status=dead}}

Following the January 13 shootings and the subsequent murder of John Mills, racial tensions grew increasingly violent at Soledad. On March 16, 1970, white guards William Monagan and Wallace Coffman were held hostage for approximately 45 minutes by five inmates before tear gas was deployed to free them. The incident was reported in The Bulletin.{{Cite news|title=Tear Gas Used to Free Guards|newspaper=The Bulletin|date=March 17, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kpUSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5238,907236&dq|access-date=August 14, 2010}}

On July 23, 1970, a white guard, William H. Shull, age 40, was found stabbed to death in a shed for exercise equipment. Forty different wounds were found on his body. Six days later, the body of a white convicted robber, Roy William Turner, age 22, was found shoved under his prison cell cot.{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Convict is Found Slain at Soledad|newspaper=The Modesto Bee|date=July 29, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BfAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DuEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1569,7158154&dq|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124132801/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BfAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DuEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1569,7158154&dq|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2013|access-date=August 14, 2010}}

In August 1970, a group associated with the Soledad Brothers organized an armed assault on the Marin County courthouse to demand George Jackson's immediate release. The assault took place during a trial for James McClain, for the stabbing of a prison guard, with Judge Harold Haley presiding.{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909547-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913023405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909547-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Justice: A Bad Week for the Good Guys|date=August 17, 1970|publisher=TIME|access-date=August 8, 2010}}

The person in charge of the kidnapping was George Jackson's younger brother, Jonathan Peter Jackson, aged 17.{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/08/home/davis-acquit.html|title=Angela Davis Acquitted on All Charges|website=archive.nytimes.com}} Two days before the kidnapping, former UCLA instructor Angela Davis purchased a shotgun from a pawn shop in San Francisco. After Davis paid for the shotgun, its barrel was sawed off so as to be concealable.

On the day before the kidnapping, Angela Davis and Jonathan Jackson were alleged to have been in a rented yellow utility van at the Marin Courthouse. Jonathan Jackson went into the courtroom where James McClain (aged 37) was on trial. Jackson was wearing a long buttoned-up raincoat, despite the heat and lack of rain. The van had troubles running, so Jackson and Davis drove to a gas station down the street from the courthouse to get the van repaired.{{Cite news|last=Cotj|first=Lawrence|date=17 June 1972|title=The Facts Behind the Angela Davis Case|work=Human Events|url=http://184.106.49.50/Articles/Angela%20Davis%20and%20Larry%20Cott.pdf|access-date=11 April 2021}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

On Friday, August 7, 1970, a heavily armed Jonathan Jackson returned to the courthouse in the yellow van. He entered the courtroom again wearing the long raincoat, and brought three guns registered to Davis{{Cite news|last=Millies|first=Stephen|title=Long live the spirit of Jonathan Jackson|newspaper=Workers World Newspaper|date=August 3, 2009|url=http://www.workers.org/2010/us/jonathan_jackson_0812}} into the Hall of Justice.{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Search broadens for Angela Davis|newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard|date=August 17, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4BkRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NuEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482%2C3554926|access-date=September 14, 2009}}{{cite book|last=Aptheker|first=Bettina|title=The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis|year=1997|publisher=Cornell University Press|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt5hh0g9 |isbn=9780801485978}}

Jackson sat among the spectators for a few minutes before opening his satchel, drawing a pistol and throwing it to Black Panther defendant James McClain. Jackson then produced an Iver Johnson paratrooper-style, vertical front-gripped M1 carbine with a 20-round "banana"-shaped magazine from his raincoat as McClain held the pistol against Judge Haley's head. Jackson was reported as saying "Freeze. Just freeze." He then told court officials, attorneys and jurors to lie on the floor while another San Quentin inmate, Ruchell Magee (aged 31), who was to have witnessed at McClain's trial, went to free three other testifying prisoners from their holding cell. A couple with a baby was also ordered into the judge's chambers.{{cite news|title=Attempted Escape At San Quentin Leaves Six Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tyw0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=QeEIAAAAIBAJ&pg=1467%2C2414109|agency=UPI|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|location=Bangor, Maine|date=August 23, 1971|pages=1, 3|access-date=October 23, 2010}}

After being freed by Magee, a fourth man, Black Panther William Arthur Christmas (aged 27), joined the other three kidnappers. Haley was forced at gunpoint to call the sheriff Louis P. Mountanos, in the hopes of convincing the police to refrain from intervening. Road flares, which were used to simulate sticks of dynamite, were held against Judge Haley's neck before being replaced with the sawed-off shotgun which was fastened under his chin with adhesive tape. The kidnappers, after some debate, then secured four other hostages whom they bound with piano wire: Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas and jurors Maria Elena Graham, Doris Whitmer, and Joyce Rodoni.{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Courtroom Escape Attempt/Convicts, Trial Judge Slain|newspaper=Sarasota Herald|date=August 8, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6yseAAAAIBAJ&sjid=K78EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4178%2C1978203}}

The four kidnappers and five hostages then moved into the corridor of the courthouse, which at this point had become crowded with responding police who had been summoned by a bailiff. No action was taken against them at this point. Around this time, Jim Kean, a photographer for the San Rafael Independent Journal, arrived at the building after he had heard news of the incident from police radio in his car. He stepped off an elevator directly adjacent to the hostages and kidnappers, and was reportedly told by one of them, "You take all the pictures you want. We are the revolutionaries." Kean and his colleague Roger Bockrath took a [https://extras.marinij.com/shooting/ series of photographs] of the group, apparently after some brief discussion as to whether the two journalists should be added to the ranks of the hostages.

The group then entered the elevator, informing the police that "[they wanted] the Soledad brothers freed by 12:30 today." When the hostages were forced out onto the sidewalk in front of the Hall of Justice, Judge Haley asked where they were being taken. He was told they were being taken to the airport where they would get a plane. The kidnappers then forced the hostages into a rented Ford van which they began to drive towards an exit leading to the U.S. 101 freeway.

The police had set up a road block outside of the Civic Center in anticipation of the group leaving. As Jonathan Jackson drove the hostages and three convicts away from the courthouse, front passenger McClain shot at the police stationed in the parking lot. The police shot back. Judge Haley died as a result of potentially fatal wounds from both the shotgun which had been taped to his neck, as well as a pistol shot to the chest that was fired either by the kidnappers or by the police.{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OrEiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OrMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=703,371771|title=Beaver County Times – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}} Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas, one of the hostages, grabbed a gun from Jackson and began shooting at the kidnappers. A shooting melee ensued, in which three Black Panthers were killed. The sole Black Panther abductor to survive was Ruchell Magee, who was wounded. Deputy District Attorney Thomas was paralyzed for life by a bullet through the spine.{{how|date=August 2016}}{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=He's On The Job Though Paralyzed|newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal|date=November 11, 1971|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIUsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=88wEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6137%2C1949686}} Maria Elena Graham, one of the jurors being held captive, suffered a bullet wound to her arm.

{{See also|Angela Davis|San Quentin Six}}

Four people died during the Civic Center shooting and three were wounded. The four dead were Judge Harold Haley, Jonathan Jackson, William Christmas, and James McClain.

Haley died as a result of wounds from the shotgun which had been taped to his neck and a pistol shot to the chest from a .357 magnum that Christmas had taken from Sheriff Louis Mountanos. Jackson and Christmas were killed by the police. Prosecutor Thomas (who had taken a .357 magnum pistol from Jackson) and Deputy David Mori shot McClain fatally in the back and seriously wounded Magee in the chest.

In addition to Magee, the two others wounded were Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas and juror Maria Elena Graham. Thomas was seriously wounded and paralyzed by three bullets fired from a .30-caliber rifle by San Quentin Prison guards. Graham, one of the jurors being held captive, was shot in the arm by William Christmas.

File:Angela Yvonne Davis Wanted Poster.jpg

Following the events of August 7, a warrant was issued for the arrest of Angela Davis. She became a fugitive and fled California. She was secreted to Chicago to meet up with fellow Communist leader David Poindexter Jr., who took her to Miami, Florida. In an effort to hide from authorities, Davis used false identification, cut off her afro, wore a wig, plucked her eyebrows, wore makeup, and donned business eyeglasses. On October 13, 1970, FBI agents found her at the Howard Johnson Motor Lodge in New York City.{{cite news|last=Charleton|first=Linda|title=F.B.I Seizes Angela Davisin Motel Here|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/08/home/davis-fbi.html?-r=1|access-date=April 26, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 28, 2011}} President Richard M. Nixon congratulated the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist, Angela Davis".

File:RIAN archive 717718 Valentina Tereshkova and Angela Davis.jpg]]

Davis was charged as an accomplice to conspiracy, kidnapping, and homicide. In 1972, she was tried and found not guilty on all counts.

Ruchell Magee pleaded guilty to the charge of aggravated kidnapping for his part in the assault. In return for his plea, the Attorney General asked the Court to dismiss the charge of murder (of Judge Harold Haley). Magee later attempted unsuccessfully to withdraw his plea, and was sentenced in 1975 to life in prison.{{Cite news|last=Associated Press|title=Magee Gets Life Term|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=January 23, 1975|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s9wjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DCkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6378,1130057&dq=ruchell+magee&hl=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124212054/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s9wjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DCkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6378,1130057&dq=ruchell+magee&hl=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2013|access-date=August 11, 2010}} He was imprisoned in Corcoran State Prison and lost numerous bids for parole.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} On July 21, 2023, Magee received compassionate release and died a few weeks later; he had spent 67 years of his life in prison.{{Cite web |last=Marques |first=Natalia |date=2023-07-21 |title=Ruchell Magee wins his release after 67 years in shackles |url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/07/21/ruchell-magee-wins-his-release-after-67-years-in-shackles/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Peoples Dispatch |language=en-US}}

{{Infobox civilian attack

| title = Marin County Civic Center bombing (October 1970)

| image =

| caption =

| date = October 8, 1970

| location = Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, California, US

| coordinates = {{coord|37.9983418|N|122.5315442|W}}

| motive = Retribution for law enforcement response to August attack and glorification of its perpetrators

| type = Bombing

| perp = Weather Underground

}}

On October 8, 1970, the Marin County Courthouse was bombed. A group known as the Weathermen later claimed responsibility for the action, which was carried out in retaliation for the killing of Jackson and the other abductors.{{Cite news|last=Alderman|first=Jeffery D.|title=New York Courthouse Bombed: Radicals Claim Responsibility|newspaper=Kentucky New Era|date=October 9, 1970|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W-crAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OWcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4011,790062&dq=weathermen+marin+courthouse+bombing&hl=en|access-date=August 11, 2010}}

In 1971, three days before he was to go on trial for the Mills murder (see {{section link||Murder of John Vincent Mills at Soledad}}), George Jackson was fatally shot in the prison yard of San Quentin during a riotous escape attempt. Officials claim that Jackson had smuggled a 9mm pistol into the prison and he and nearly two dozen other prisoners were attempting to escape. During the conflict, three corrections officers and two other inmates were killed. Six of the inmates (known as the San Quentin Six) were later tried for their participation.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Susie Edwards, Perry and Sadie Miller, and O.C. and Addie Nolen, the parents of Cleveland Edwards, Alvin Miller and W.L. Nolen, respectively, eventually filed a $1.2 million damage suit against corrections officer Opie G. Miller for the deaths of their sons during the Soledad Prison shooting of January 13, 1970 (described above).{{Cite news|title=Parents File Suit|newspaper=The Bulletin|location=Bend, Oregon|date=January 13, 1971|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Y4SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1685,3702318&dq=cleveland+edwards+prison&hl=en|access-date=August 13, 2010}} Jet magazine reported in its May 22, 1975, edition that the families ultimately received a total of "$270,000 from the state of California after an all-white jury decided that eight prison employees had caused the inmates' deaths".[https://books.google.com/books?id=FnQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Cleveland+Edwards%2C+Alvin+Miller+and+W.L.+Nolen+lawsuit+against+Miller&pg=PA6 Jet Magazine], May 22, 1975 (archived); accessed June 4, 2016.

• Black August - film
• Prison reform
• Soledad Brothers
• List of homicides in California

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.carrow.com/San-Quentin-Six2.html San Quentin Trials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181700/http://www.carrow.com/San-Quentin-Six2.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
• [http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Slide1613.jpg Photographs of the Marin Court House event taken by news photographers Jim Kean and Roger Bockrath, showing Haley with a shotgun taped his neck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127233237/http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Slide1613.jpg |date=2014-11-27 }}
• [http://extras.marinij.com/shooting/ Marin Civic Center shooting Jim Kean and Roger Bockrath Photographs]

{{Weather Underground}}

{{Mass shootings in the United States in the 1980s and before}}

Category:1970 in California

Category:1970 mass shootings in the United States

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Civic Centre attacks

Category:Mass shootings in California

Category:Murder in the San Francisco Bay Area

Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in the United States

Category:Attacks on courthouses

Category:October 1970 in the United States

Category:San Rafael, California

Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 1970

Category:Weather Underground