Maroa Caldera
{{Short description|A volcanic caldera in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Maroa Caldera
| photo = File:Maroa.Caldera.Rift.Zone.North.Island.NZ.jpg
| photo_caption = Maroa Caldera approximate location and boundaries contained within the older Whakamaru Caldera. The Ohakuri Caldera which had a paired eruption with the Rotorua Caldera is to its north and was not recognised as a separate caldera historically. To its west is the oldest Mangakino Caldera of the old Taupō Rift (yellow shading). Also shown is the modern Taupō Rift (red shading), Hauraki Rift (purple shading) and landmarks of Lake Taupō and Lake Rotorua
| map=North Island
| highest = Maroanui
| elevation_m =897
| elevation_ref =
| location = North Island
| country= New Zealand
| region = Waikato
| coordinates = {{coord|-38.5198|176.022|format=dms|display=inline}}
| range_coordinates = {{coord|38|25|12|S|176|4|48|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = Caldera
| age = {{Geological range|0.305|0.014|prefix=Quaternary (|ref=){{cite web
| url = https://tetontectonics.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Ward2009TableS1.pdf
| title = Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces
| publisher = Teton Tectonics
| access-date = 2010-03-16 }}}}
| last_eruption = 11,300 years BP{{efn|name="date"}}
| length = {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}}
| volcanic_region = Taupō Volcanic Zone
| access = State Highway 1 (New Zealand)
|map_image ={{#tag:mapframe|[ {"type":"FeatureCollection","features": [ {"type":"Feature","properties": {"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#00ff00","fill":"#00ff00","title":"Postulated Maroa Caldera"},"geometry": {"type":"Polygon","coordinates": [ [ [176.1431085,-38.5225236 ],[ 176.1445676,-38.5141293 ],[ 176.1572276,-38.5081183 ],[ 176.1571847,-38.4873280 ],[ 176.1540090,-38.4669013 ],[ 176.1520349,-38.4656916 ],[ 176.1437951,-38.4632722 ],[ 176.1418210,-38.4619953 ],[ 176.1413060,-38.4604495 ],[ 176.1407910,-38.4590482 ],[ 176.1391603,-38.4558221 ],[ 176.1388169,-38.4532679 ],[ 176.1379586,-38.4505120 ],[ 176.1382161,-38.4482266 ],[ 176.1373578,-38.4462772 ],[ 176.1357270,-38.4450000 ],[ 176.1353837,-38.4431177 ],[ 176.1350404,-38.4408320 ],[ 176.1350404,-38.4390169 ],[ 176.1346455,-38.4376186 ],[ 176.1336155,-38.4356689 ],[ 176.1318989,-38.4343243 ],[ 176.1305256,-38.4335175 ],[ 176.1297531,-38.4327779 ],[ 176.1276074,-38.4317694 ],[ 176.1270065,-38.4319711 ],[ 176.1272640,-38.4302230 ],[ 176.1264057,-38.4288782 ],[ 176.1249466,-38.4282731 ],[ 176.1238308,-38.4277352 ],[ 176.1212559,-38.4228938 ],[ 176.1174391,-38.4216519 ],[ 176.1158084,-38.4210467 ],[ 176.1120318,-38.4192983 ],[ 176.1092852,-38.4166084 ],[ 176.1078261,-38.4146581 ],[ 176.1050795,-38.4151289 ],[ 176.1022471,-38.4156669 ],[ 176.0990714,-38.4153306 ],[ 176.0973548,-38.4141873 ],[ 176.0957240,-38.4132458 ],[ 176.0925482,-38.4131786 ],[ 176.0899733,-38.4118335 ],[ 176.0876559,-38.4107574 ],[ 176.0853385,-38.4092105 ],[ 176.0831927,-38.4088070 ],[ 176.0790728,-38.4084035 ],[ 176.0762404,-38.4080672 ],[ 176.0730647,-38.4078654 ],[ 176.0701464,-38.4068565 ],[ 176.0685157,-38.4054441 ],[ 176.0673999,-38.4030900 ],[ 176.0645205,-38.4002136 ],[ 176.0609156,-38.3985992 ],[ 176.0525900,-38.3975902 ],[ 176.0488993,-38.3967830 ],[ 176.0406595,-38.3971866 ],[ 176.0345656,-38.3972539 ],[ 176.0211999,-38.4007097 ],[ 176.0154492,-38.3988263 ],[ 176.0098702,-38.3910903 ],[ 176.0019738,-38.3984227 ],[ 175.9928757,-38.4005752 ],[ 175.9860222,-38.4027378 ],[ 175.9808724,-38.4047556 ],[ 175.9766667,-38.4063699 ],[ 175.9680423,-38.4054955 ],[ 175.9611345,-38.4101363 ],[ 175.9495473,-38.4323272 ],[ 175.9507490,-38.4400588 ],[ 175.9516073,-38.4528981 ],[ 175.9539247,-38.4658024 ],[ 175.9564996,-38.4771589 ],[ 175.9539247,-38.4917887 ],[ 175.9463287,-38.4902016 ],[ 175.9389043,-38.4871364 ],[ 175.9331751,-38.4922170 ],[ 175.9202361,-38.4935353 ],[ 175.9146786,-38.4985147 ],[ 175.9137881,-38.5047658 ],[ 175.9110093,-38.5084641 ],[ 175.9183479,-38.5235072 ],[ 175.9305251,-38.5357778 ],[ 175.9473372,-38.5370366 ],[ 175.9504056,-38.5465359 ],[ 175.9466291,-38.5763303 ],[ 175.9752107,-38.5906213 ],[ 176.0358930,-38.5807588 ],[ 176.0585523,-38.5826375 ],[ 176.1412073,-38.5806246 ],[ 176.1581323,-38.5721184 ],[ 176.1615820,-38.5593830 ],[ 176.1579771,-38.5444816 ],[ 176.1546297,-38.5375296 ],[ 176.1465616,-38.5341055 ],[ 176.1443300,-38.5283313 ],[ 176.1432142,-38.5245039 ],[ 176.1431085,-38.5225236] ] ] } } ] },{{Wikipedia:Map data/Northern North Island Volcanics}}]
| frameless =1
| align =center
|text=Map centered to show selected surface volcanic deposits in area of postulated Maroa Caldera/Volcanic Centre (light green shading, boundary particularly in south-east ill defined).{{rp|4}} The present surface ignimbrite is various light violet shades which are identical for any single source, but other eruptions may breakup the mutual ignimbrite sheets. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present for wider volcanic context. The key to the shading of other volcanics that are shown (active in last million years odd) with panning is rhyolite - violet, dacite - purple, basalt - brown, monogenic basalts - dark brown, undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in Northland Allochthon - light brown, arc basalts - deep orange brown, arc ring basalts -orange brown, andesite - red, basaltic andesite`- light red, and plutonic - gray. White shading has been used for other postulated calderas (usually subsurface now) including the older overlapping Whakamaru Caldera.
|width=300
|height=300
|latitude=-38.48
|longitude=176.03
|icon=no
|zoom=10
}}
}}
The Maroa Caldera (Maroa Volcanic Centre) is approximately {{cvt|16 x 25|km}} in size and is located in the north-east corner of the earlier Whakamaru caldera in the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the North Island of New Zealand. Volcanic activity in the caldera commenced over 300,000 years ago and the most recent volcanic eruption within in it was {{circa}} 9,400 years BCE.
Geography
Its northern rim is to the south of the Waikato River at Ātiamuri. At Ātiamuri the Ohakuri Caldera which had a paired eruption with the Rotorua Caldera is to its immediate north. The eastern boundary is also defined by the present Waikato River and it extends as far south as probably opposite Orakei Korako on the river. The southern boundary is somewhat ill defined given the subsequent deep deposits from the Taupō Volcano but includes a number of domes of which the highest is Maroanui at {{convert|897|m}}.
Eruptive history
The Maroa Caldera's last major eruption produced {{convert|140|km3|cumi|1|sp=us|abbr=on}} of tephra about 230,000 years ago (230 ka). Its earliest eruption was about 300 ka with decreasing frequency and volume to as recently as 11.3 ± 1.7 ka {{abbr|cal.|calibrated}} before present (BP),{{efn|The date of the last eruption has been constrained to be more recent than first determinations, but there are technical complexities to the dating. The SHCal20 atmospheric curve radiocarbon calibration curve used allows two possible close by dates in this period, consistent zircon and carbon dating BP exists, but it is also known to have been a multiphase eruption separated by at least 83 years which is much smaller than the other potential dating errors.|name="date"}}{{cite journal|last1 =Kósik|first1 =S|last2 =Hasegawa|first2 =T|last3 =Danišík|first3 =M|last4 =Németh|first4 =K|last5 =Okada|first5 =M|last6 =Friedrichs|first6 =B|last7 =Schmitt|first7 =AK|title =Multi-method constraints on the age and timescale of silicic small-volume eruptions of Puketerata Volcanic Complex, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand|journal =Earth, Planets and Space|date=12 July 2023|volume =75|number =107|doi=10.1186/s40623-023-01861-0|doi-access=free}} when an eruption of about {{convert|0.25|km3|cumi|1|sp=us|abbr=on}} occurred from the Puketarata volcanic complex ({{coord|-38.550573 |176.054519 |format=dms |display=inline}} to distinguish from another older volcano of this name near Te Kawa).{{cite journal|first1=S. |last1=Kósik |first2= K. |last2=Németh |first3= J. |last3=Lexa |first4= J.N. |last4=Procter |title=Understanding the evolution of a small-volume silicic fissure eruption: Puketerata Volcanic Complex, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=383 |year=2019 |pages=28–46 |issn=0377-0273 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.008 |s2cid=134914216 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027317302457 |url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal|title=Pyroclastic phases of a rhyolitic dome-building eruption: Puketarata tuff ring, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |first1=M. R. |last1=Brooker|first2=B. F. |last2=Houghton |first3=C. J. N. |last3= Wilson |first4=J. A. |last4=Gamble |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=55 |pages=395–406|year=1993|issue=6 |doi=10.1007/BF00301999 |s2cid=129649708 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00301999 |url-access=subscription }} The caldera is now mainly dome lava in filled.{{cite thesis
| url = https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/5437
| author = Leonard, Graham S.
| title = The evolution of Maroa Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
| publisher = University of Canterbury
| access-date = 2022-05-15
| year=2003}}
In summary going back in time:
- 11,300 ± 1,700 years ago most recent eruption of Puketarata tuff ring,{{efn|name="date"}} which formed with total volume of {{convert|0.25|km3|abbr=on}} in a complex multiphase series of eruptions including maar formation
- 229,000 to 196,000 years ago Pukeahua deposits and dome building
- 220,000 years ago but unclear where this Mokai ignimbrite that outcrops in some of the Maroa area comes from
- 229,000 ± 12,000 years ago Ātiamuri deposits from northern Maroa
- 251,000 ± 17,000 years ago onward two large parallel dome complexes developed
- 256,000 ± 12,000 years ago Orakonui pyroclastics from a central Maroa source
- 272,000 ± 10,000 years ago Putauaki pyroclastics from a central Maroa source
- 275,000 to 240,000 years ago small-scale pyroclastic eruptions
- 283,000 ± 11,000 years ago Korotai deposits from northern Maroa
- 305,000 ± 17,000 years ago oldest Maroa dome
Notes
{{Notelist}}