Marquesan language

The most striking feature of the Marquesan languages is their almost universal replacement of the {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/l/}} of other Polynesian languages by a {{IPA|/ʔ/}} (glottal stop).

Like other Polynesian languages, the phonology of Marquesan languages is characterized by a scarcity of consonants and a comparative abundance of vowels. The consonant phonemes are:

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Velar ! Glottal
Plosive | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
Fricative | {{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}} | | | {{IPA link|h}}
Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} |
Liquid | | {{IPA link|r}} | |

Of this small number of consonants, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is found only in eastern Nuku Hiva (Tai Pi Marquesan), and {{IPA|/f/}} is found only in South Marquesan dialects. In writing, the phoneme {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is written {{angbr|n(g)}}, and {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is written {{okina}}, the {{okina}}okina.

Unlike most Austronesian languages, the {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is not an isolated nasal: it is found only in conjunction with a following {{IPA|/k/}}. So, whereas the Samoan word for 'bay' is {{lang|sm|faga}}, pronounced {{IPA|[ˈfa.ŋa]|lang=sm}}, it is {{lang|mrq|hanga}} in Tai Pi Marquesan, and is pronounced {{IPA|/ˈha.ŋka/}}. This word is useful to demonstrate one of the more predictable regular consonantal differences between the northern and southern dialects: in North Marquesan, the word is {{lang|mrq|haka}}, and in South Marquesan, it is {{lang|mqm|hana}}.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

The phoneme {{IPA|/h/}} is represented with the letter {{angbr|h}}; however, it is realized phonetically as {{IPA|[h]}}, {{IPA|[x]}}, or {{IPA|[s]}}, depending on the following vowel.{{example needed|date=January 2022}}

The vowel phonemes are the same as in other Polynesian languages, long and short versions of each:

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !rowspan=2| !colspan=2| Front !colspan=2| Central !colspan=2| Back
Long || Short !Long || Short !Long || Short
High |iː |i | | |uː |u
Mid |eː |e | | |oː |o
Low | | |aː |a | |

:A E F H I K M N O P R S T U V {{okina}}

:a e f h i k m n o p r s t u v {{okina}} [http://emilydonaldson.org/emblog/marquesannow/marquesan-pronunciation-guide/ Marquesan Pronunciation Guide]

Verbal particles are placed before the verb they modify.Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002), p. 38

class="wikitable" |+ Verbal PhraseMargaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002), p. 40 !colspan=2| Verbal Particles !example !example in a sentence
past	{{Lang|mrq|i}}	{{Lang|mrq|i ui}} (asked)	{{Lang|mrq|te mehai i iu}} (the youth asked)
present	{{Lang|mrq|te...nei}}	{{Lang|mrq|te maakau nei}} (think)	{{Lang|mrq|te maakau nei au i tuu kui}} (I think of my mother)
perfective	{{Lang|mrq|u/ua}}	{{Lang|mrq|u hanau}} (was born)	{{Lang|mrq|u hanau au i Hakehatau}} (I was born at Hakehatau)
imperfective	{{Lang|mrq|e}}	{{Lang|mrq|e hee}} (going)	{{Lang|mrq|e hee koe i hea}} (where are you going?)
inceptive	{{Lang|mrq|atahi a}}	{{Lang|mrq|atahi a kai}} (then they eat)	{{Lang|mrq|iu pao taia, atahi a kai}} (...when finish that, then do they eat)
imperative	{{Lang|mrq|a}}	{{Lang|mrq|a hee!}} (go!)	{{Lang|mrq|a hee io te tante}} (go to the doctor!)

A noun phrase in Marquesan is any phrase beginning with either a case marker or a determiner. Case markers or prepositions always precede the determiners, which in turn precede the number markers. As such, they all precede the noun they modify.{{Cite book|title=Ùa Pou: Aspects of a Marquesan dialect|last=Mutu & Teìkitutoua|year=2002|pages=72}}

class="wikitable" |+Nominal Phrase Markers !colspan=2| Articles !colspan=2| Demonstratives !colspan=2| Other
definite singular	{{Lang|mrq|te/t-}}	this	{{Lang|mrq|tenei}}	a certain	{{Lang|mrq|titahi}}
indefinite	{{Lang|mrq|e/he}}	that	{{Lang|mrq|tena}}	other	{{Lang|mrq|tahipito}}
dual/paucal definite	{{Lang|mrq|na}}	that	{{Lang|mrq|tea}}
anaphoric	{{Lang|mrq|hua}}

class="wikitable" !Nominal Number Markers !colspan=2| Number Markers
dual	{{Lang|mrq|mou}}
dual/paucal	{{Lang|mrq|mau}}
plural	{{Lang|mrq|tau}}

There are 11 personal pronouns which are distinguished by singular, dual, and plural. As well as that, there are two other personal pronouns which distinguish possession.{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|100}}

class="wikitable" |+Pronouns{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|101}} !colspan=2| ! Singular ! Dual/Paucal ! Plural ! Possession
rowspan=2| 1st person ! exclusive |rowspan=2| {{Lang|mrq|au/-ʻu}} | {{Lang|mrq|maua}} | {{Lang|mrq|matou}} |rowspan=2| {{Lang|mrq|tuʻu}}
inclusive | {{Lang|mrq|taua}} | {{Lang|mrq|tatou}}
colspan=2| 2nd person | {{Lang|mrq|koe}} | {{Lang|mrq|koʻua}} | {{Lang|mrq|kotou}} | {{Lang|mrq|to}}
colspan=2| 3rd person | {{Lang|mrq|ia}} | {{Lang|mrq|ʻaua}} | {{Lang|mrq|ʻatou}}

Complex sentences use verbal nouns in subordinate clauses.

{{interlinear|number=ex:

|Te hakaiki kei mei Hanaiapa te ono-tina te hakaiki momo mei{{which lang|date=July 2020}}

|DEF chief big from Hanaiapa DEF hear-devb def chief lesser from

|}}

:Hanaiapa, o Tua-i-kaie, ua noho me te vehine pootu oko{{Cite journal |last=Krupa |first=Viktor |date=2005 |title=Syntax of Verbal Nouns in Marquesan |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=505–516 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0038 |jstor=3623350 |s2cid=145204950 }}

Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002) present descriptions and examples of possession in Ùa Pou (a north Marquesan dialect). All examples in this section are taken from their work. See notes for more information.

Possession in Marquesan is marked by prepositional particles affixed to the noun phrase which they modify. These prepositional particles relate the phrase as a whole to other parts of the sentence or discourse and therefore can be considered centrifugal particles.Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002), p. 88 Possession is essentially different from the other types of adposition modification in that it marks a relationship between two noun phrases as opposed to that between the verbal phrase and the noun phrase.

There are four possession markers in Marquesan. They are the prepositions: {{Lang|mrq|a}}, {{Lang|mrq|o}}, {{Lang|mrq|na}} and {{Lang|mrq|no}}. Possessive prepositions {{Lang|mrq|a}} and {{Lang|mrq|o}} translate as 'of' while {{Lang|mrq|na}} and {{Lang|mrq|no}} are attributive, possessive prepositions which translate either as 'belong to, of' or 'for'.{{Cite book|title=Ùa Pou: Aspects of a Marquesan dialect|last=Mutu & Teìkitutoua|year=2002|pages=94}}

In these examples, the relation of two noun phases with the use of the possessive prepositions {{Lang|mrq|a}} and {{Lang|mrq|o}} can be seen. The preposition is affixed to the possessor noun phrase which in turn dominates the possessed phrase.

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

| Úa tihe mai te vahana a tenei tau vehine

| PFV arrive hither DEF husband of this PL woman

|"The husband of these women has arrived."}}

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

| Úa tau ma ùka o te haè

| PFV land path top of DEF house

|"(It) landed on top of the house."}}

In these examples, we see the relation of constituents which form a noun phrase. This is an example of attributive, alienable possession.

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

|…ùa ìò i -a Tainaivao è tama na Pekapeka…

|PFV taken {{gcl|STATAG|stative agent}} PERS Tainaivao INDEF son {of (belong to)} Pekapeka

|'(she) was taken by Tainaivao, a son of Pekapeka.'}}

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

|À too tēnei vaka no koe

|IMP take this canoe for 2SG

|'Take this canoe for yourself.'}}

Marquesan distinguishes between two contrastive types of possession. The first can be described in very broad terms as possession in which the possessor is dominant, active, superior, or in control of the possessed. {{Lang|mrq|A}} and {{Lang|mrq|na}} mark this type of possession:

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

| E ìò koe he mea vehine na ia

| {{gcl|NP|non-past tense}} take 2SG INDEF thing woman of him

|"You will get a wife for him."}}

On the other hand, {{Lang|mrq|o}} and {{Lang|mrq|no}} indicate possession where the possessor is subordinate, passive, inferior to, or lacking in control over the possessed:

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

| Ù kave mai koe i tēnā kahu no ia

| PFV bring hither 2SG DO that dress for her

|"You have brought that dress for her (to wear)."}}

Locative constructions in Marquesan follow this pattern (elements in parentheses are optional):

: Preposition - (Modifier) - lexical head - (Directional) - (Demonstrative) - (Modifier) - Possessive Attribute/Attributive Noun Phrases{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|282}}

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:

| Huʻi-ʻia atu t-o ia keo ʻi tai

| turn-PASS DIR ART-POSS 3SG bottom LD sea

|"Its bottom is turned seawards."{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|284}}

}}

This locative syntactic pattern is common among Polynesian languages.{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|282}}

North Marquesan is spoken in the northern islands (Nuku Hiva, Ua Pou, and Ua Huka), and South Marquesan in the southern islands (Hiva Oa, Tahuata, and Fatu Hiva). In Ua Huka, which was almost entirely depopulated in the 19th century and repopulated with people from both the Northern and Southern Marquesas, the language shares traits of both North Marquesan and South Marquesan. Comparative data on the various dialects of Marquesan can be found in the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia (Charpentier & François 2015).For regular sound correspondences between Marquesan dialects and other Polynesian languages, see Charpentier & François (2015), p.93.

The most noticeable differences between the varieties are Northern Marquesan {{IPA|/k/}} in some words where South Marquesan has {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/ʔ/}} (glottal stop), and {{IPA|/h/}} in all words where South Marquesan has {{IPA|/f/}}.

The table below compares a selection of words in various dialectal varieties of Marquesan, according to the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia,The authors of the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia judged the variety spoken on Tahuata to be too similar to Hiva Oa's to form a separate survey point. with their pronunciation in the IPA. Tahitian and Hawaiian are also added for comparison.

class=wikitable style="text-align: center" ! !! colspan=3|North Marquesan !! colspan=2|South Marquesan !! Hawaiian !! Tahitian
	Nuku Hiva	Ua Pou	Ua Huka	Hiva Oa	Fatu Hiva	Hawaii	Tahiti
hello	{{IPA|/kaːʔoha/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kaːʔoha/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kaːʔoha/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kaːʔoha/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kaːʔoha/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/aloha/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔia ora na/|lang=ty}} ({{IPA|/arofa/|lang=ty}} 'love, compassion')
human being	{{IPA|/ʔenana/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔenana/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔenana/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔenata/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔenata/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kanaka/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/taʔata/|lang=ty}}
life	{{IPA|/pohuʔe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/pohuʔe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/pohuʔe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/pohoʔe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/pohoʔe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ola/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ora/|lang=ty}}
body	{{IPA|/nino/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/nino/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tino/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tino/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/tino/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kino/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/tino/|lang=ty}}
mouth	{{IPA|/haha/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/haha/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/haha/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/fafa/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/fafa/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/waha/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/vaha/|lang=ty}}
head	{{IPA|/upoko/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/upoko/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/upoko/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/upoʔo/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/upoʔo/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/poʔo/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/upoʔo/|lang=ty}}
to see	{{IPA|/ʔite/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kite/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔite/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔite/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔite/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔike/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔite/|lang=ty}}
to speak	{{IPA|/tekao/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tekao/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tekao/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/teʔao/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/teʔao/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔoːlelo/|lang=haw}} ({{IPA|/kaʔao/|lang=haw}} 'to tell tales')	{{IPA|/parau/|lang=ty}}
dog	{{IPA|/peto/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/peto/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/peto/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/nuhe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/nuhe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔiːlio/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔuːri/|lang=ty}}
louse	{{IPA|/kutu/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kutu/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kutu/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔutu/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔutu/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔuku/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔutu/|lang=ty}}
yesterday	{{IPA|/tinahi/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/nenahi/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tinahi/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tinahi/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/tinahi/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/nehinei/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/inaːnahi/|lang=ty}}
sky	{{IPA|/ʔaki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔaki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔani/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔani/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔani/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/lani/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/raʔi/|lang=ty}}
moon	{{IPA|/meama/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/meama/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/mahina/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/mahina/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/mahina/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/mahina/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔaːvaʔe/|lang=ty}}
wind	{{IPA|/metaki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/metaki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/metani/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/metani/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/metani/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/makani/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/mataʔi/|lang=ty}}
sea	{{IPA|/tai/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tai/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tai/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/tai/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/tai/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kai/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/miti/|lang=ty}} ({{IPA|/tai/|lang=ty}} 'sea, salt')
coral	{{IPA|/puka/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/puka/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/puna/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/feʔeo/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/feʔeo/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/koʔa/|lang=haw}} ({{IPA|/puna/|lang=haw}} 'plaster, mortar')	{{IPA|/puʔa/|lang=ty}}
fish	{{IPA|/ika/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ika/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ika/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/iʔa/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/iʔa/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/iʔa/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/iʔa/|lang=ty}}
octopus	{{IPA|/heke/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/heke/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/heke/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/feʔe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/feʔe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/heʔe/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/feʔe/|lang=ty}}
island, land	{{IPA|/henua/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/henua/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/henua/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/fenua/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/fenua/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/honua/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/fenua/|lang=ty}}
river	{{IPA|/kaʔavai/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kaʔavai/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kaʔavai/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/kaʔavai/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kaʔavai/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kahawai/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔaːnaːvai/|lang=ty}}
taro	{{IPA|/taʔo/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/taʔo/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/taʔo/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/taʔo/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/taʔo/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kalo/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/taro/|lang=ty}}
coconut	{{IPA|/ʔehi/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔehi/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔehi/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔeʔehi/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔeʔehi/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/niu/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/haʔari/|lang=ty}}
house	{{IPA|/haʔe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/haʔe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/haʔe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/faʔe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/faʔe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/hale/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/fare/|lang=ty}}
man (male)	{{IPA|/vahana/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/vahana/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/vahana/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔahana/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔahana/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/kaːne/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/taːne/|lang=ty}}
woman	{{IPA|/vehine/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/vehine/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/vehine/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/vehine/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/vehine/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/wahine/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/vahine/|lang=ty}}
grandmother	{{IPA|/tupuna kui/|lang=mrq}} ('grandparent mother')	{{IPA|/tupuna kui|lang=mrq}}/ ('grandparent mother')	{{IPA|/tupuna kui/|lang=mrq}} ('grandparent mother')	{{IPA|/tupuna vehine/|lang=mqm}} ('grandparent woman')	{{IPA|/tupuna vehine/|lang=mqm}} ('grandparent woman')	{{IPA|/kupuna wahine/|lang=haw}} ('grandparent woman')	{{IPA|/maːmaː ruːʔau/|lang=ty}} ('mom old person')
chief, king	{{IPA|/hakaʔiki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/hakaʔiki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/hakaʔiki/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/hakaʔiki/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/hakaʔiki/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/aliʔi/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ariʔi/|lang=ty}}
traditional temple precinct, marae	{{IPA|/meʔae/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/meʔae/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/meʔae/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/meʔae/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/paepae/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/heiau/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/marae/|lang=ty}}
you (singular)	{{IPA|/ʔoe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/koe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔoe/|lang=mrq}}	{{IPA|/ʔoe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔoe/|lang=mqm}}	{{IPA|/ʔoe/|lang=haw}}	{{IPA|/ʔoe/|lang=ty}}

The northern dialects fall roughly into four groups:

• Tai Pi, spoken in the eastern third of Nuku Hiva, and according to some linguists, a separate language,{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Tai Pi Marquesan
• Teiʻi, spoken in western Nuku Hiva
• Eastern Ua Pou
• Western Ua Pou

The southern dialects fall roughly into three groups:

• Pepane: Eastern Hiva ʻOa and Ua Huka
• Fatu Hiva
• Nuku: Western Hiva ʻOa and Tahuata

North Marquesan exhibits some original characteristics. While some Polynesian languages maintained the velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, many have lost the distinction between the nasals {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}, merging both into {{IPA|/n/}}. North Marquesan, like South Island Māori dialects of New Zealand, prefers {{IPA|/k/}}. Another feature is that, while some Polynesian languages replace *k with {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, North Marquesan has retained it. (Tahitian and formal Samoan have no {{IPA|/k/}} whatsoever, and the {{IPA|/k/}} in modern Hawaiian is pronounced either [k] or [t] and derives from Polynesian *t.)

The dialects of Ua Huka are often incorrectly classified as North Marquesan; they are instead transitional. While the island is in the northern Marquesas group, the dialects show more morphological and phonological affinities with South Marquesan. The North Marquesan dialects are sometimes considered two separate languages:{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} North Marquesan and Tai Pi Marquesan, the latter being spoken in the valleys of the eastern third of the island of Nuku Hiva, in the ancient province of Tai Pi. Puka-Pukan, spoken in Puka-Puka and the Disappointment Islands in northeastern Tuamotu, is a dialect of South Marquesan, and should not be confused with the homonymous Pukapukan language spoken in Pukapuka, one of the Cook Islands.

{{reflist}}

DIR:directional

• {{cite book

|first=Gabriele H.

|last=Cablitz

|year=2006

|title=Marquesan: A Grammar of Space

|series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs

|volume=169

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|url=http://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-3085.html

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311022345/http://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-3085.html

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=March 11, 2007

}}

• {{cite book

|chapter=Grammaire et dictionnaire de la langue des Îles Marquises

|title=Mgr Dordillon's Marquesan language dictionary

|publisher=Société des études océaniennes, Pape’ete

|orig-year=1904

|edition=Reissued

|year=1999

|language=fr

|chapter-url=http://jacbayle.club.fr/livres/Nouveau/Dordillon.html

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314000041/http://jacbayle.club.fr/livres/Nouveau/Dordillon.html

|archive-date=2005-03-14

}}

• {{cite book

|first1=Margaret

|last1=Mutu

|first2=Ben

|last2=Teìkitutoua

|name-list-style=amp

|year=2002

|title=Ùa Pou : aspects of a Marquesan dialect

|location=Canberra

|publisher=Pacific Linguistics

|isbn=0-85883-526-6

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Charpentier

|first1=Jean-Michel

|first2=Alexandre

|last2=François

|author-link2=Alexandre François (linguist)

|year=2015

|title=Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia

|language=fr, en

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française

|isbn=978-3-11-026035-9

|ref=atlas

|url=http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-Atlas-blurbs_e.htm

}}

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Bulletins.

{{incubator|mrq|language=North Marquesan}}{{incubator|mqm|language=South Marquesan}}

• [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4150716 Online version of the Grammaire et dictionnaire de la langue des Iles Marquises – Marquisien–Français] (Paris, Institut d'Ethnologie, 1931) {{in lang|fr}}
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=26ESAAAAIAAJ Aperçu de la langue des îles Marquises et de la langue taïtienne, accompagné d'un vocabulaire inédit de la langue taïtienne] (Johann Buschmann & Guillaume de Humboldt, Berlin, 1843) {{in lang|fr}}
• [http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/marquesan DoBeS — Marquesan language]
• Box of 458 index cards of plant and animal names archived with Kaipuleohone

{{Polynesian languages}}

{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{Languages of French Polynesia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marquesan Language}}

Category:Culture of the Marquesas Islands

Category:Marquesic languages

Category:Languages of French Polynesia