Mazzaroth
{{Short description|Biblical term for the Zodiac}}
File:Mosaic Zodiac from Synagogue in Beit Alpha, Israel, 6th Century (31858682362).jpg Synagogue, Israel]]
Mazzaroth (Hebrew: מַזָּר֣וֹת, mazzārōṯ, LXX Μαζουρωθ, Mazourōth) is a Biblical Hebrew word found in the Book of Job ({{bibleref| Job| 38:32}}) whose precise meaning is uncertain. Its context is that of astronomical constellations, and some judge it to mean a specific constellation, while it is often interpreted as a term for the zodiac or the constellations thereof.[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=749&letter=C Jewish Encyclopedia: Constellations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184833/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=749&letter=C |date=2011-06-28 }}, accessed 2010-02-13. Norman C. Habel, The Book of Job: A Commentary, Westminster John Knox Press, 1985, p. 523, {{ISBN|0-664-22218-8}}Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Book of Job, Volume 2, T. & T. Clark, 1866, p. 324. The similar word mazalot (מַּזָּלוֹת) in {{Bible verse|2|Kings|23:3-5|HE}} may be related.
According to 10th-century biblical exegete Saadia Gaon, it literally means "constellations," {{cite book|last=Saadia|author-link=Saadia Gaon|title=Job, with a Translation and Commentary of Rabbi Saadia ben Yosef Fayyumi
|editor=Yosef Qafih |publisher=Committee for the publication of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's books, in affiliation with the American Academy of Jewish Studies|year=1973|location=Jerusalem|pages=189 |language=he|oclc=967039286}}, s.v. Job 38:32 while others interpret the word as naming various concrete astronomic bodies - Saturn, the seven planets, the Hyades, the Northern and Southern Crowns, the Southern Ship (Argo Navis?) or Sirius.
The word itself is a hapax legomenon (i.e., a word appearing only once in a text) of the Hebrew Bible. In Yiddish, the term mazalot came to be used in the sense of "astrology" in general, surviving in the expression "mazel tov," meaning "good fortune."[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2051&letter=A Jewish Encyclopedia: Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007015132/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2051&letter=A |date=2011-10-07 }}, accessed 2010-02-13.
Biblical context
The appearance of the word in the Book of Job appears in the context of various astronomical phenomena:
:"Canst thou bind the chains of the Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? Canst thou lead forth the Mazzaroth in their season? Or canst thou guide the Bear with her sons?" (JPS 1917){{cite web|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et2738.htm|title=Job 38 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre|website=www.mechon-mamre.org}}
The related word mazalot (מַּזָּלוֹת) in 2 Kings may have a different meaning, and is often translated differently, with the linkage of this word to the planets or the zodiac being more widely held (in Kabbalistic astrology, mazalot was also used for astrology in general,Tamar Rudavsky, Time Matters: Time, Creation, and Cosmology in Medieval Jewish Philosophy, SUNY Press, 2000, p. 25, {{ISBN|0-7914-4453-8}}. and the word may be related to the Assyrian manzaltu, "station"James Hastings (ed), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 23, Kessinger Publishing (reprint), 2003, pp. 82–83, {{ISBN|0-7661-3703-1}}.):
:And the king stood on the platform, and made a covenant before the LORD, to walk after the LORD, and to keep His commandments, and His testimonies, and His statutes, with all his heart, and all his soul, to confirm the words of this covenant that were written in this book; and all the people stood to the covenant. And the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, and the priests of the second order, and the keepers of the door, to bring forth out of the temple of the LORD all the vessels that were made for Baal, and for the Asherah, and for all the host of heaven; and he burned them without Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron, and carried the ashes of them unto Beth-el. And he put down the idolatrous priests, whom the kings of Judah had ordained to offer in the high places in the cities of Judah, and in the places round about Jerusalem; them also that offered unto Baal, to the sun, and to the moon, and to the constellations, and to all the host of heaven.{{cite web|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et09b23.htm|title=2 Kings 23 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre|website=www.mechon-mamre.org}}
The Septuagint, however, uses the transliteration mazzaroth (μαζουρωθ) again at this point.{{cite web|url=http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/chapter.asp?book=12&page=23|title=1 And the king sent and gathered all the elders of Juda and Jerusalem to himsel... KINGS IV / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ23 - Bilingual Septuagint|website=www.ellopos.net|access-date=2010-02-14|archive-date=2016-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309193227/http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/chapter.asp?book=12&page=23|url-status=live}}
Translation
The word is traditionally (following LXX) left untranslated (ABC, ACV, AKJ, ASV, BBE, BIB, ESV, GNV, HNV, JPS, K21, KJG, KJR, KJV, NAB, NKJ, NRS, NWT, RSV, RWB, TMB, TNK, UPD, WEB, YLT, LXE, ZIK), but some modern English Bible translations render it as "zodiac" (AMP, CJB, EMP, LEE);
others have "constellations" (CJB, CSB, DBY, NET, ERV, GWN, LEE, LIT, MKJ, NAS, NAU, NIB, NIV, TNV, WEV) or "stars" (CEV, NCB, NIR, NLV, TEV).
But as the Latin Vulgate renders the word as "luciferum", there are alternative English translations as "morning star" (CVB, TRC, furthermore Luther's 1545 German translation as Morgenstern also means "morning star"; (DRA); "Venus" (MSG); "Crown season" (NJB); "sequence of seasons" (NLT); "Lucifer, 'that is, dai sterre (day star)" (Wycliffe's Bible).
WES{{Clarify|date=September 2011}} gives "stars in the southern signs".
Translators' Notes given in individual translations are:
- Geneva: Certain stars so called, some think they were the twelve signs.
- KJV/KGB: {Mazzaroth: or, the twelve signs}
- NAS/NAU: perh. "a constellation"
- NET: The word מַּזָּלֹות; (mazzarot) is taken by some to refer to the constellations (see 2 Kings 23:5), and by others as connected to the word for "crown," and so "corona."
- NIB/NIV: {32 Or the morning star in its season}
The Targum renders the translation as "guards of the mazalot".Targum. Job 38:32
Rashi clarifies mazzarot as "all the gates of the mazalot".Rashi, Job 38:32 "Mazzarot"
In Gnosticism
Lofts (2010) connects Mazareus (part of the name of the Sethian figure Yesseus Mazareus Yessedekeus) with Mazzaroth.{{cite journal|last=Lofts|first=Mark J.|title=Mandaeism: the sole extant tradition of Sethian Gnosticism|journal=ARAM Periodical|volume=22|year=2010|pages=31–59|doi=10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131031}}{{rp|39}}