Meena

File:Mina caste man in 1898.jpg

The Meenas were originally a nomadic tribe.{{cite web|title=Mina|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mina-South-Asian-people}}{{cite book |title=The Culture of India | date=15 August 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC |page=36| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group | isbn=9781615301492 }} They were described as a semi-wild and hill tribe similar to the Bhils.{{cite book |chapter=The Minas: Seeking a Place in History |first=Nandini Sinha |last=Kapur |title=The Social and the Symbolic |editor-first=Bernard |editor-last=Bel |publisher=Sage |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-76193-446-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGfjUNxrlckC&pg=PA131 |page=131}} But in the British Raj, for the fulfillment of its purpose by the British Government, they were described as a "criminal tribe" and listed according to the Criminal Tribes Act.{{cite web|title=Crime, Liberalism and Empire: Governing the Mina Tribe of Northern India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240702060}} Presently they are described as Scheduled Tribe by the Indian Government.{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SC/ST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=18 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}

Currently they are present in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana and the Union Territory of Delhi in India.{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SC/ST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=18 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}

File:Minas.jpg

The Meenas claim a mythological descent from the Matsya avatar, or fish incarnation, of Vishnu.{{cite journal | title= Reconstructing Identities and Situating Themselves in History : A Preliminary Note on the Meenas of Jaipur Locality | last= Kapur | first= Nandini Sinha | journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=27 |issue=1 |year=2000 | pages= 29–43 | df= dmy-all |doi=10.1177/037698360002700103 | s2cid= 141602938 |quote=the entire community claims descent from the Matsya (fish) incarnation of Vishnu}} They also claim to be descendants of the people of the Matsya Kingdom, which flourished in the 6th century B.C.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA12 |title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2002 |first1=Rabindra Nath |last1=Pati |first2=Jagannatha |last2=Dash |page=12 |isbn=978-8-17648-322-3}} The historian Pramod Kumar notes that it is likely that the tribes living in the ancient Matsya kingdom were called Meena but it cannot be said with certainty that there is anything common between them and the modern Meenas. They are considered to be adivasi (aboriginal people).

Nandini Sinha Kapur, a historian who has studied early India, notes that the oral traditions of the Meenas were developed from the early 19th century AD in an attempt to reconstruct their identity. She says of this process, which continued throughout the 20th century, that "The Minas try to furnish themselves a respectable present by giving themselves a glorious past". In common with the people of countries such as Finland and Scotland, the Meenas found it necessary to invent tradition through oral accounts, one of the primary uses of which is recognised by both historians and sociologists as being "social protest against injustices, exploitation and oppression, a raison d'être that helps to retrieve the image of a community." Kapur notes that the Meenas not merely lack a recorded history of their own but also have been depicted in a negative manner both by medieval Persian accounts and records of the colonial period. From medieval times through to the British Raj, references to the Meenas describe them as violent, plundering criminals and an anti-social ethnic tribal group.{{cite book |chapter=The Minas: Seeking a Place in History |first=Nandini Sinha |last=Kapur |title=The Social and the Symbolic |editor-first=Bernard |editor-last=Bel |publisher=Sage |year=2007 |isbn=9780761934462 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGfjUNxrlckC&pg=PA129 |pages=129–131}}

According to Kapur, the Meenas also attempt Rajputization of themselves.{{cite book |title=The Social and the Symbolic: Volume II |year=2007 |pages=129–146 |publisher=Sage |editor1-first=Bernard |editor1-last=Bel |editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=Brouwer |editor3-first=Biswajit |editor3-last=Das |editor4-first=Vibodh |editor4-last=Parthasarathi |editor5-first=Guy |editor5-last=Poitevin |chapter=Minas Seeking a Place in History |first=Nandini Sinha |last=Kapur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7yGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |isbn=978-8132101178}}{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=tanuja+kothiyal+book |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=14 March 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |pages=265 |language=en |quote=from gradual transformation of mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation. ... In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite.}}

The Meenas ruled at certain places in Rajasthan until they were overpowered by invading Rajputs. After the end of their rule, the Meenas made forests and hills their shelter and started fighting to get back their kingdom. One such example was the Kingdom of Amber, Who had to face many wars to stop their struggle and later established peace by making treaty with conditionals.{{cite book|title=The Indian Princes and their States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=19| isbn=9781139449083 | last1=Ramusack | first1=Barbara N. | date=8 January 2004 }}{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006|page=396| publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053}} From Meenas the Bundi was captured by Rao Dewa (A.D. 1342), Dhundhar by Kachhwaha Rajputs and Chopoli fell to the Muslim rulers. Kota, Jhalawar, Karauli and Jalore were the other areas of earlier Meena influence where they were forced to surrender ultimately.{{cite book |last=Meena |first=Madan|title=Tribe-British Relations in India |chapter=Rulers, Criminals and Denotified Tribe: A Historical Journey of the Meenas|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17 |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |pages=275–290 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17|isbn=978-981-16-3423-9 |s2cid=240554356 }}

File:A Meena of Jajurh.jpg

The Raj colonial administration came into existence in 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which caused the government of Britain to decide that leaving colonial administration in the hands of the East India Company was a recipe for further discontent. In an attempt to create an orderly administration through a better understanding of the populace, the Raj authorities instituted various measures of classifying the people of India.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmyVKwxmeyUC |title=In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke |first=Sadhana |last=Naithani |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-253-34544-8 |access-date=2013-04-15}} One such measure was the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, under the provisions of which Meenas were placed in the first list of the Act in 1872 in Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan and Punjab.{{cite news|title=Caught in nostalgia: Artist Madan Meena's work inspired from 'The Thirsty Crow'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/oct/31/caught-in-nostalgia-artist-madan-meenas-work-inspired-from-the-the-thirsty-crow-2513439.html}} Another such measure was the Habitual Criminals Act of 1930, under whose provisions the Meenas were placed.{{cite book |first=Steven L. |last=Danver |year=2015 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&dq=chaukidar+meena+in+criminal+tribes+act&pg=PA550 |publisher=Routledge |page=550|isbn=9781317464006 }} The community remained stigmatised for many years, notably by influential officials of the Raj such as Herbert Hope Risley and Denzil Ibbetson, and were sometimes categorised as animists and as a hill tribe similar to the Bhils. The Meenas remained an officially designated criminal tribe until 1952, three years after the Act had been repealed. Mark Brown has examined the impact and issues of the Meena community during British rule and the change in their status from being a higher social group to a criminal tribe.{{cite journal |title=Crime, Liberalism and Empire: Governing the Mina Tribe of Northern India |last=Brown |first=Mark |journal=Social and Legal Studies |year=2004 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=191–218 |doi=10.1177/0964663904042551 |s2cid=143535325 }}

In the 1840s, Meenas organized a huge movement in Jaipur under the leadership of Lakshminarayan Jharwal against the British rule, which was a Meena rebellion against the British government.{{cite journal|last1=Bajrange |first1=Dakxinkumar |last2=Gandee |first2=Sarah |last3=Gould |first3=William |year=2019 |title=Settling the Citizen, Settling the Nomad: 'Habitual offenders', rebellion, and civic consciousness in western India, 1938–1952 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=337–383 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X18000136|s2cid=56335179|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/144745/11/Gould%20Gandee%20Chhara%20CT%20Citizens%20-%20280218.pdf }}

File:Meena.jpg

Kumar Suresh Singh notes that the Meenas have not abandoned their customary laws{{cite book|title=Tribal Ethnography, Customary Law, and Change|isbn = 9788170224716|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4bW-_jEvXoC&dq=meena+tribe+on+Ethnography&pg=PA300|last1 = Singh|first1 = K. S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |year = 1993 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=300}} Meenas have better rights for women in many respects compared to many other Hindu castes.{{cite journal |title=Codified Hindu Law: Myth and Reality |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=29 |issue=33 |date=13 August 1994 |pages=2145–2161 |jstor=4401625 }}

File:Meenas, Hindoos of low caste, vagrants, Delhi (NYPL b13409080-1125443).jpg

The Meena fall into the Scheduled Tribe category in the state of Rajasthan and the majority of them are classified as being Hindu,{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC&pg=PA41 |title=Human Rights and Legal Pluralism |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2011 |access-date=2014-10-08 |first=Yüksel |last=Sezgin |page=41 |isbn=978-3-64399-905-4}} but in Madhya Pradesh Meena are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe only in Sironj Tehsil, Vidisha, while in the other 44 districts of the state they are categorised as Other Backward Classes.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA35 |title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1997 |access-date=2014-10-08 |first=Mahendra Lal |last=Patel |page=35 |isbn=978-8-17533-029-0}}

In Rajasthan, the Meena caste members oppose the entry of Gurjars into Scheduled Tribe fold, fearing that their own share of Scheduled Tribe reservation benefits will be eroded.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2AsXFWT-CIC&pg=PA96 |title=Ethics: Theory and Practice |publisher=Pearson Education India |author=Satyanarayana |year=2010 |page=96 |isbn=978-8-13172-947-2}}

It is believed by media that the well-off Meena community enjoy a major share of ST reservation at the cost of other tribals.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-meenas-got-st-status/articleshow/2087874.cms|title=How Meenas got the ST status|date=31 May 2007|newspaper=The Economic Times}}{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jats-agitation-haryana-reservation-95386-2012-03-07|title=Flip side of the Jat agitation in Haryana|date=9 March 2012|website=India Today}}

The Meenas themselves are also a sub-group of Bhils.{{cite book|title=Human Rights and Legal Pluralism| isbn=9783643999054 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC| last1=Sezgin | first1=Yuksel | year=2011 | publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}

The Meena tribe is divided into several clans and sub-clans (adakhs), which are named after their ancestors. Some of the adakhs include Ariat, Ahari, Katara, Kalsua, Kharadi, Damore, Ghoghra, Dali, Doma, Nanama, Dadore, Manaut, Charpota, Mahinda, Rana, Damia, Dadia, Parmar, Phargi, Bamna, Khat, Hurat, Hela, Bhagora, and Wagat.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF-Iu2Pt3KQC&pg=PA3 |title=Folk Icons and Rituals in Tribal Life |first=Pramod |last=Kumar |publisher=Abhinav |year=1984 |isbn=978-8-17017-185-0 |pages=3–4}}

Bhil Meena is another sub-division among the Meenas. As part of a sanskritisation process, some Bhils present themselves as Meenas, who hold a higher socio-economic status compared to the Bhil tribal people.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyzY12uSr8C&pg=PA127 |title=Tribal Culture, Continuity, and Change: A Study of Bhils in Rajasthan |first=Anita Srivastava |last=Majhi |publisher=Mittal |year=2010 |isbn=978-8-18324-298-1 |page=127 }}

A sub-group known as "Ujwal Meena" (also "Ujala Meena" or "Parihar Meena") seek higher status, and claim to be Rajputs, thus distinguishing themselves from the Bhil Meenas. They follow vegetarianism, unlike other Meenas whom they designated as "Mailay Meena".{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kj583zZs2dMC&pg=PA3 |title=A Study of Bundi School of Painting |first=Jiwan |last=Sodh |publisher=Abhinav |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-17017-347-2 |page=31 }}

Other prevalent social groupings are Zamindar Meena and the Chaukidar Meena. The Zamindar Meena, comparatively well-off, are those who surrendered to powerful Rajput invaders and settled on the lands believe to be granted by the Rajputs. Those who did not surrender to Rajput rule and kept on waging guerrilla warfare are called the Chaukidar Meena.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q29TcbHrMfUC&pg=PA18 |title=Tribal Cultures and Change |publisher=Mittal Publications |first1=Rann Singh |last1=Mann |first2=K. |last2=Mann |year=1989 |page=18}}

File:Mina 2.jpg

There is a custom in the Meenas to perform Pitra Tarpan after taking a collective bath on the day of Diwali.{{cite journal|last1=Das |first1=Jayasree |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Sudipta |year=2021|title=Scope of dark tourism as a revival strategy for the industry|url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/dj/BS-Journal/V-42-I-II/BS-JD-SC.pdf |journal=Business Studies |volume= XLII |issue= 1 & 2}} They adopt the culture of worshiping trees and plants in marriages, festivals and other ceremonies as per the Dharadi tradition.

{{Cite web|last=Meena|first=Ram|date=2020-05-05|title=Sociolinguistic Study of Meena / Mina Tribe In comparison to other Tribes of Rajasthan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341151233|volume=67|pages=45–58}} They worship different family deities according to the gotra.{{cite book |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&q=meena+tribe |page=550| isbn=9781317464006 | last1=Danver | first1=Steven L. | date=10 March 2015 | publisher=Routledge }} They celebrate Meenesh Jayanti on the third day of the Chaitra month's Shukla paksha.

Mandana Paintings are widely practiced by the women of the Meena tribe.{{cite book|first=Madan |last=Meena |author-link=Madan Meena |year=2009|title=Nurturing Walls: Animal Paintings by Meena Women |publisher=Tara Books |isbn=978-8-18-621168-7}}

{{Main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan}}

According to the 2011 Census of India, the Meenas have a total population of 5 million.{{cite news|title=Will the tribals get their separate religion code, Jharkhand's proposal is now with the Modi government|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-54975388 |work=BBC}} According to a report by Hindustan Times, the population of Meenas in Rajasthan is 7% of the state's population.{{cite news|title=In Rajasthan, tribal body acts as family court for ST couples|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-rajasthan-a-tribal-organization-not-courts-gives-divorce-decrees/story-kAU0nQnORMI5O80aVMeMdJ.html|work=Hindustan Times}} And according to the report of a German news television Deutsche Welle, the Meenas constitute 10% of the population of the state of Rajasthan. Whereas according to a report by BBC Hindi, the population of Meenas is 14% of the state's population.{{cite news |title=वसुंधरा के लिए सांप छछूंदर वाली स्थिति |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/06/printable/070602_rajasthan_analysis |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=BBC |date=June 2007 |language=hi}}

• Rajasthani people
• Susawat

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |title=Demography and health profile of the tribals: a study of M.P. |first=Dipak Kumar |last=Adak |publisher=Anmol Publications}}
• {{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Mark |title=Ethnology and Colonial Administration in Nineteenth-Century British India: The Question of Native Crime and Criminality |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=201–219 |jstor=4028233 |doi=10.1017/S0007087403005004|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Bajrange |first1=Dakxinkumar |last2=Gandee |first2=Sarah |last3=Gould |first3=William |year=2019 |title=Settling the Citizen, Settling the Nomad: 'Habitual offenders', rebellion, and civic consciousness in western India, 1938–1952|journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=337–383 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X18000136|s2cid=56335179 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |first=Anastasia |last=Piliavsky |year=2015 |title=The "Criminal Tribe" in India before the British|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/criminal-tribe-in-india-before-the-british/E3F6C2797D935E942CE011D0DBBD4FCA |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=323–354 |doi=10.1017/S0010417515000055 |jstor=43908348|s2cid=144894079 |url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book |first=Sohan Lal |last=Sharma |title=Emerging Tribal Identity: A Study of Minas of Rajasthan |year=2008 |publisher=Rawat Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVgvPwAACAAJ |jstor=23620676|isbn=9788131602386 }}
• {{cite journal |first=V.C. |last=Channa |title=Development in Meena Villages: A Case Study |journal=Indian Anthropologist |year=2008 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=33–42 |jstor=41920055}}
• {{cite book |last=Meena |first=Madan|title=Tribe-British Relations in India |chapter=Rulers, Criminals and Denotified Tribe: A Historical Journey of the Meenas|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17 |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |pages=275–290 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17|isbn=978-981-16-3423-9 |s2cid=240554356 }}

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Category:Social groups of Rajasthan

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Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan

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