Meliaceae
{{Short description|Family of plants commonly known as the Mahogany family}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Campanian|Recent}}
| image = Chinaberry1216.JPG
| image_caption = Melia azedarach in flower
| taxon = Meliaceae
| authority = Juss.{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *Cedreloideae
}}
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.
They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarpous,Of a gynoecium, made up of united carpels apparently bisexual (but actually mostly cryptically unisexual) flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes or clusters. Most species are evergreen, but some are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter.
The family includes about 53 genera and about 600 known species,{{cite journal | author1 = Christenhusz, M. J. M. | author2 = Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2016-07-14 | archive-date = 2016-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | url-status = live }} with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, another (Synoum) into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north. They most commonly grow as understory trees in rainforests, but are also found in mangroves and arid regions.{{Cite book|last1=Heywood|first1=V.H.|title=Flowering Plant Families of the World|last2=Brummitt|first2=R.K.|last3=Culham|first3=A.|last4=Seberg|first4=O.|publisher=Firefly Books|year=2007|isbn=9781842461655|location=Ontario, Canada|pages=207}}
The fossil record of the family extends back into the Late Cretaceous.{{Cite journal|last=Atkinson|first=Brian A.|date=January 2020|title=Fossil evidence for a Cretaceous rise of the mahogany family|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=107|issue=1|pages=139–147|doi=10.1002/ajb2.1416|pmid=31903551|issn=0002-9122|doi-access=free}}
Uses
{{Citation needed section|date=February 2024}}
Various species are used for vegetable oil, soap-making, insecticides, and highly prized wood (mahogany).
Some economically important genera and species belong to this family:
- Azadirachta indica, neem tree (India)
- Carapa: includes the "crabwood trees" e.g. Carapa procera (South America and Africa)
- Cedrela odorata Central and South America; timber also known as Spanish-cedar
- Entandrophragma: includes sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum), and "utile" or "sipo" (E. utile) of tropical Africa
- Guarea, the genus of Bossé or "pink mahogany", includes: G. thompsonii and G. cedrata (Africa)
- Khaya includes: Ivory Coast Mahogany and Senegal Mahogany (tropical Africa)
- Lansium domesticum, lanzones, grown for its edible fruit in Southeast Asia
- Melia azedarach, Chinaberry or white cedar (Indomalaya and Australasia)
- Sandoricum koetjape, santol, grown for its edible fruit in Southeast Asia and South Asia
- Swietenia is the classic "mahogany" genus from the tropical Americas
- Toona: the genus of "toon tree" species (tropical Asia, Malesia, and Australia), especially Toona ciliata
Genera
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}
58 genera are currently accepted.[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001419-2 Meliaceae Juss.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212210603/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001419-2 |date=2023-12-12 }} Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
Image:Aglaiaodorata1web.jpg)]]
The family is divided into two subfamilies, Cedreloideae and Melioideae, which are supported by phylogenetic evidence.Holzmeyer, L., Hauenschild, F., Mabberley, D.J. and Muellner-Riehl, A.N. (2021), Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), with revised disposition of currently accepted species. Taxon, 70: 1248-1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12591
= Subfamily Cedreloideae =
This is also known as subfamily Swietenioideae.{{cite journal|title=Floral Development in the Tribe Cedreleae (Meliaceae, Sub-family Swietenioideae): Cedrela and Toona.|vauthors=Gouvea CF, Dornelas MC, Rodriguez AP |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=39–48|year= 2008|doi=10.1093/aob/mcm279|pmid=17981877|pmc=2701842}}{{cite web| url = https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/genera/meliaceaegen.html| title = Missouri Botanic Garden: list of Meliaceae genera (retrieved 18 January 2018)| access-date = 18 January 2018| archive-date = 29 November 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221129233741/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/genera/meliaceaegen.html| url-status = live}}
{{Columns-list|
other tribes and genera:
- Capuronianthus {{small|J.-F.Leroy}}
- Carapa {{small|Aubl.}}
- Chukrasia {{small|A.Juss.}}
- Entandrophragma {{small|C.DC.}}
- Khaya {{small|A.Juss.}}
- Lovoa {{small|Harms}}
- Neobeguea {{small|J.-F.Leroy}}
- Pseudocedrela {{small|Harms}}
- Schmardaea {{small|H.Karst.}}
- Soymida {{small|A.Juss.}}
- Swietenia {{small|Jacq.}}
- Xylocarpus {{small|J.Koenig}}
}}
= Subfamily Melioideae =
{{Columns-list|
tribe: Aglaieae
- Aglaia {{small|Lour.}}
- Lansium {{small|Corrêa}}
- Reinwardtiodendron {{small|Koord.}}
- related genera:
- Chisocheton {{small|Blume}}
- Didymocheton {{small|Blume}}
- Dysoxylum {{small|Blume ex Raspail}}
- Epicharis {{small|Blume}}
- Goniocheton {{small|Blume}}
- Prasoxylon {{small|M.Roem.}}
- Pseudocarapa {{small|Hemsl.}}
- Sphaerosacme {{small| Wall. ex M.Roem.}}
- Guarea {{small|Allemão ex L.}}
- Heckeldora {{small|Pierre}}
- Leplaea {{small|Vermoesen}}
- Neoguarea {{small|(Harms) E.J.M.Koenen & J.J.de Wilde}}
- Ruagea {{small|H.Karst.}}
- Turraeanthus {{small|Baill.}}
tribe: Melieae
- Melia {{small|L.}}
- Azadirachta {{small|A.Juss.}} Koenen E (2011) ibid.
tribe: Sandoriceae
- Sandoricum {{small|Cav.}}
tribe: Turraeeae
- Calodecaryia {{small|Leroy}}
- Humbertioturraea {{small|J.-F.Leroy}}
- Munronia {{small|Wight}}
- Naregamia {{small|Wight & Arn.}}
- Nymania {{small|Lindb.}}
- Turraea {{small|L.}}
- related genera:
- Anthocarapa {{small|Pierre}}
tribe: Trichilieae
- Astrotrichilia {{small|(Harms) T.D.Penn. & Styles}}
- Cipadessa {{small|Blume}}
- Ekebergia {{small|Sparrm.}}
- Heynea {{small|Roxb.}}
- Lepidotrichilia {{small|(Harms) T.D.Penn. & Styles}}
- Malleastrum {{small|(Baill.) J.-F.Leroy}}
- Owenia {{small|F.Muell.}}
- Pseudobersama {{small|Verdc.}}
- Pseudoclausena {{small|T.Clark}}
- Pterorhachis {{small|Harms}}
- Trichilia {{small|P.Browne}}
- Walsura {{small|Roxb.}}
- related genera:
- Quivisianthe {{small|Baill.}}
tribe: Vavaeeae
- Vavaea {{small|Benth.}}
tribe unassigned:
- Aphanamixis {{small|Blume}}
- Cabralea {{small|A.Juss.}}
- Synoum {{small|A.Juss.}}
}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
- {{aut|Pennington, T.D. & Styles, B.T.}} (1975): A generic monograph of the Meliaceae. Blumea 22: 419–540.
External links
{{Commons category|Meliaceae}}
- [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/meliacea.htm Meliaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
- [https://archive.today/20070929163235/http://www.mahoganyforthefuture.org/projectmeliaceae/ Project Meliaceae]
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Meliaceae genera}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q158979}}
{{Authority control}}