Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence

{{Infobox film

| name = Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence

| image = Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence poster Japanese.jpg

| caption = Japanese theatrical release poster

| director = Nagisa Ōshima

| producer = Jeremy Thomas

| screenplay = {{Plainlist|

Nagisa Ōshima
Paul Mayersberg

}}

| based_on = {{based on|The Seed and the Sower
1963 novel|Sir Laurens van der Post}}

| starring = {{Plainlist|

}}

| music = Ryuichi Sakamoto

| cinematography = Toichiro Narushima

| editing = Tomoyo Ōshima

| studio = {{Plainlist|

National Film Trustee Company
Antares-Nova N.V.
Recorded Picture Company
Oshima Productions
Asahi National Broadcasting
Broadbank Investments

}}

| distributor = {{plainlist|

Shochiku Fuji
Nippon Herald Films (Japan)
Palace Pictures (United Kingdom)
Everand Films (New Zealand)

}}

| released = {{Film date|1983|5|10|Cannes|1983|5|28|Japan|1983|8|25|United Kingdom|df=y}}

| runtime = 123 minutes

| country = {{plainlist|

Japan{{cite web|url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=29694|title=LUMIERE : Film: Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence|access-date=15 March 2021}}
United Kingdom
New Zealand{{cite magazine|last=Combs|first=Richard|date=May 1983|title=Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence|magazine=Monthly Film Bulletin|publisher=British Film Institute}}

}}

| language = {{Plainlist|

English
Japanese

}}

| gross = {{JPY|990 million}} (Japan{{nbsp}}rentals)
$2.3 million (USA)
2.8 million tickets (overseas)

}}

{{Nihongo|Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence|戦場のメリークリスマス|Senjō no Merī Kurisumasu|{{literal translation|Battlefield's Merry Christmas}}|lead=yes}}, also known as {{nihongo3|||Furyo|extra=Japanese for "prisoner of war"}},{{cite web|url=https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/furyo.1381178/|title=Furyo|date=May 2009 |publisher=WordReference Forums|access-date=15 March 2021}} is a 1983 war film co-written and directed by Nagisa Ōshima, co-written by Paul Mayersberg, and produced by Jeremy Thomas. The film is based on the experiences of Sir Laurens van der Post (portrayed by Tom Conti as Lt. Col. John Lawrence) as a prisoner of war in Java (Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies) during World War II, as depicted in his books The Seed and the Sower (1963) and The Night of the New Moon (1970). It stars David Bowie, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Takeshi Kitano and Jack Thompson; Sakamoto also composed and played the musical score including the vocal version of the main theme "Forbidden Colours", with lyrics written and sung by David Sylvian.{{cite web |url=https://sylvianvista.com/2023/05/19/forbidden-colours/|title=Forbidden Colours|access-date=21 May 2023|work=sylvianvista.com|date=19 May 2023 }}

The film was entered into the 1983 Cannes Film Festival in competition for the Palme d'Or.{{cite web |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/merry-christmas-mr-lawrence|title=Festival de Cannes: Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence|access-date=15 March 2021|work=festival-cannes.com}} Sakamoto's score won the film a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.

Plot

In 1942, Captain Yonoi is the commander of the POW camp in Lebak Sembada in Japanese-occupied Java. A strict adherent to the bushido code, his only sources of connection to the prisoners lie in the empathetic Lt. Col. John Lawrence, the only inmate fluent in Japanese, and the abrasive spokesman Gp. Capt. Hicksley, who repeatedly resists Yonoi's attempts to find weapons experts among the prisoners for the Japanese army's interests. Lawrence has befriended Sgt. Gengo Hara, but remains at odds with the rest of the staff. Summoned to the military trial of the recently captured Major Jack Celliers, Yonoi is fascinated by his resilience and has him interned at the camp. After the trial, Yonoi confides in Lawrence that he is haunted with shame due to his absence during the February 26 Incident, believing he should have died alongside the rebels and implying that his focus on honour stems from this. Sensing a kindred spirit in Celliers, Yonoi's fascination grows into a romantic obsession: he treats him specially, watches him sleep, and repeatedly asks Hara about him in private.

When the inmates are made to fast as punishment for insubordination during the forced seppuku of a guard (Okura), Celliers sneaks in food. The guards catch him and find a smuggled radio during the subsequent investigation, forcing him and Lawrence to take the blame. Yonoi's batman, realizing the hold Celliers has on him, attempts to kill Celliers in his sleep that night, but fails after he wakes up and escapes, freeing Lawrence too. Yonoi catches Celliers and challenges him to a duel in exchange for his freedom, but Celliers refuses; the batman returns and kills himself for his failure, urging Yonoi to kill Celliers before his feelings overpower him.

At the funeral, Lawrence learns that he and Celliers will be executed for the radio, despite the lack of evidence, to preserve order in the camp; enraged, he trashes the funeral altar and is forced back into his cell. That night, Celliers reveals to Lawrence that as a teenager, he betrayed his younger brother, long bullied for his hunchback, by refusing to spare him a humiliating and traumatizing initiation ritual at their boarding school. Confronting his past, he describes the lifelong shame he felt towards his actions, paralleling Yonoi's predicament. During their conversation, the pair are released by a drunken Hara, as a different prisoner confessed to delivering the radio. As they leave, Hara calls out in English, "Merry Christmas, Lawrence!" Although Yonoi is angry at Hara for exceeding his authority, he only mildly reprimands him.

Hicksley, realizing that Yonoi wants to replace him with Celliers as spokesman, confronts him. The two argue over their withholding of information from one another before an enraged Yonoi orders the whole camp to form up outside the barracks, including the sick bay's ailing patients, resulting in one's death. Hicksley, who refused to bring out the patients, is to be punished for his insubordination with an on-the-spot execution. Before he can be killed, Celliers breaks rank and kisses Yonoi on each cheek, choosing to save Hicksley's life at the cost of his own. Caught between a desire for vindication and his feelings for Celliers, a distraught Yonoi collapses and is ultimately relieved from duty; the guards beat Celliers and drag him out of the area. His more rigid replacement has Celliers buried in the sand up to his neck and left to die. Before leaving, Yonoi sneaks into his pen and cuts a lock from his hair, moments before his death.

Four years later, Lawrence visits Hara, who is now a prisoner of the Allies. Hara has learned to speak English and reveals he is to be executed the following day for war crimes. Expressing confusion over the harshness of his sentence given how commonplace his actions were among both sides of the war, he and Lawrence both conclude that while the Allies officially won, morally "we are all wrong." The two reminisce on Celliers and Yonoi, the latter of whom was reported to have been killed after the war, before bidding each other goodbye. As he is leaving, Hara calls out, "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence!".

Cast

David Bowie as Maj. Jack "Strafer" Celliers
Chris Broun as Jack Celliers (aged 12)
Tom Conti as Lt. Col. John Lawrence
Ryuichi Sakamoto as Capt. Yonoi
Takeshi Kitano as Sgt. Gengo Hara
Jack Thompson as Gp. Capt. Hicksley
Johnny Okura as Kanemoto
Alistair Browning as De Jong
James Malcolm as Celliers' brother
Yuya Uchida as Commandant of military prison
Ryunosuke Kaneda as Colonel Fujimura, President of the Court
Takashi Naitō as Lt. Iwata
Yuji Honma as PFC. Yajima
Tamio Ishikura as Prosecutor
Rokko Toura as Interpreter
Kan Mikami as Lt. Ito
Hideo Murota as New commandant of the camp

Production

File:David Bowie - 1984 Tonight Promo 001.jpg was cast as Jack Celliers on the strength of his performance in The Elephant Man.]]

David Bowie was cast as Jack Celliers after director Nagisa Ōshima saw him in a production of The Elephant Man on Broadway. He felt that Bowie had "an inner spirit that is indestructible". While shooting the film, Bowie was amazed that Ōshima had a two- to three-acre camp built on the remote Polynesian island of Rarotonga, but most of the camp was never shot on film. He said Ōshima "only shot little bits at the corners. I kind of thought it was a waste, but when I saw the movie, it was just so potent – you could feel the camp there, quite definitely."{{cite magazine|last=Loder|first=Kurt|author-link=Kurt Loder|title=Straight Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|issue=395|date=12 May 1983|pages=22–28, 81}} Bowie noted how Ōshima would give an incredible amount of direction to his Japanese actors ("down to the minutest detail"), but when directing him or fellow Westerner Tom Conti, he would say "Please do whatever it is you people do."{{citation|last=Campbell|first=Virginia|title=Bowie at the Bijou|magazine=Movieline|volume=3|issue=7|date=April 1992|pages=30–36, 80, 83, 86–87}} Bowie thought his performance in the film was "the most credible performance" he had done in a film up to that point in his career.

The boarding school sequence was shot on location at King's College, a private high school in Auckland, New Zealand. In a shot of two students playing billiards, another boy in the room can be seen wearing a King's blazer. Other scenes were filmed in various locations around Auckland including Auckland Railway Station.{{cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/radio-with-pictures-1982|title=Radio with Pictures - David Bowie Television (Excerpts) – 1982|publisher=NZ on Screen|access-date=15 March 2021}}

Ōshima chose Ryuichi Sakamoto after seeing his photographs in a photo book Fifty Representative Figures of Today, and without even meeting him. The film was Sakamoto's debut soundtrack just as it was his inaugural acting role. It was also Takeshi ‘Beat’ Kitano's debut movie acting role, having only been known up to that point as a comedian on TV variety shows in Japan.

Contrary to usual cinematic practice, Ōshima shot the film without rushes and shipped the film off the island with no safety prints. "It was all going out of the camera and down to the post office and being wrapped up in brown paper and sent off to Japan", said Bowie. Ōshima's editor in Japan cut the movie into a rough print within four days of Ōshima returning to Japan.

On set, David Bowie made a bond with his on-screen brother, James Malcolm, whom he later called his “New Zealand brother”. For one pivotal scene, Malcolm had to sing for Bowie. The next year, Bowie invited Malcolm to join him on stage at Western Springs in Auckland for the Serious Moonlight Tour, where they released a dove together as a sign of peace.{{Cite web |last=Gates |first=Charlie |date=13 January 2016 |title=David Bowie's 'New Zealand brother' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/75851737/david-bowies-new-zealand-brother |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Stuff |language=en}}

Soundtrack

Reception

Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence an 86% approval rating and an average rating of 6.60 out of 10 based on 28 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Worthy themes and strong performances across the board make Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence an impactful story about bridging cultural divides."{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/merry_christmas_mr_lawrence|title=Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence|website=Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Flixster|access-date=1 October 2023}} Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/merry-christmas-mr-lawrence | title=Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence | website=Metacritic }}

The New York Times critic Janet Maslin wrote:{{cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Maslin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/26/movies/david-bowie-in-merry-christmas.html |title=Movie Review - Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence - DAVID BOWIE IN 'MERRY CHRISTMAS' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 August 1983 |page=10 }}

{{blockquote|David Bowie plays a born leader in Nagisa Ōshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence, and he plays him like a born film star. Mr. Bowie's screen presence here is mercurial and arresting, and he seems to arrive at this effortlessly, though he manages to do something slyly different in every scene. The demands of his role may sometimes be improbable and elaborate, but Mr. Bowie fills them in a remarkably plain and direct way. Little else in the film is so unaffected or clear.}}

On the film's Japanese actors, Maslin wrote that

{{blockquote|the two main Japanese characters who have brought [Lawrence] to this understanding are Sergeant Hara, a brutal figure who taunts Lawrence while also admiring him, and Captain Yonoi, the handsome young camp commander, who has a fierce belief in the samurai code. Both of these actors perform at an obvious disadvantage, since their English is awkward and the motives of their characters are imperfectly revealed. However, they can convey the complex affinity between captors and prisoners, a point that is made most touchingly in a brief postwar coda.}}

Directors Akira Kurosawa and Christopher Nolan named Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence as among their favorite films.{{cite web |author1=Lee Thomas-Mason |title=From Stanley Kubrick to Martin Scorsese: Akira Kurosawa once named his top 100 favourite films of all time |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/akira-kurosawa-100-favourite-films-list/ |website=Far Out |date=12 January 2021 |publisher=Far Out Magazine |access-date=10 June 2021}}{{cite web | title = Akira Kurosawa's Top 100 Movies! | url = http://wildgrounds.com/index.php/2009/01/17/akira-kurosawas-top-100-movies/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327124349/http://wildgrounds.com/index.php/2009/01/17/akira-kurosawas-top-100-movies/ | archive-date = 27 March 2010 | df = dmy-all }}

Box office

In Japan, the film earned {{JPY|990 million}} in distributor rentals.{{Cite journal |title=邦画フリーブッキング配収ベスト作品 |journal=Kinema Junpo |issue=1984年（昭和59年）2月下旬号|year=1984|page=115|publisher=Kinema Junposha|language=ja}} In the United States, it grossed {{US$|2,306,560|year=1983|round=-5|long=no}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1601865217/weekend/|title=Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|access-date=15 March 2021}}

It sold 2,385,100 tickets in the United States, France and Sweden{{cite web |title=Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/39298/ |website=Kinopoisk |language=ru |access-date=30 March 2022}} (including 1,579,223 in France{{cite web |access-date=12 April 2023 |title=Merry Christmas Mister Lawrence (1983) |url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=6838 |website=jpbox-office.com}}.). It also sold 423,778 tickets in Germany,{{cite web |title=Top 100 Deutschland 1983 |trans-title=Top 100 Germany 1983 |url=https://www.insidekino.com/DJahr/D1983.htm |website=Inside Kino |language=de |access-date=30 March 2022}} and 54 tickets in Switzerland and Spain since 2007,{{cite web |title=Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence |url=https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/29694 |website=Lumiere |access-date=30 March 2022}} for a combined {{formatnum:{{#expr:2385100+423778+54}}|}} tickets sold in overseas territories outside of Japan and the United Kingdom.

References

External links

{{IMDb title}}
{{jmdb title|1983|dg001940}}
{{TCMDb title|id=83343}}
[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1605-lawrence-of-shinjuku-merry-christmas-mr-lawrence Lawrence of Shinjuku: Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence] an essay by Chuck Stephens at the Criterion Collection

Category:1983 drama films

Category:1983 LGBTQ-related films

Category:Gay-related films

Category:1980s war drama films

Category:1980s Christmas films

Category:Japanese Christmas films

Category:Japanese war drama films

Category:British Christmas films

Category:British war drama films

Category:1980s English-language films

Category:English-language Japanese films

Category:1980s Japanese-language films