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Method (music)

{{short description|Textbook for a specified musical instrument or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument}}

In music, a method is a kind of textbook for a specified musical instrument or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument.

A method usually contains fingering charts or tablatures, etc., scales and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etudes, in different keys, in ascending order as to difficulty (= in methodical progression) or with a focus on isolated aspects like fluency, rhythm, dynamics, articulation and the like. Sometimes there are even recital pieces, also with accompaniment. Such methods differ from etude books in that they are meant as a linear course for a student to follow, with consistent guidance, whereas volumes of etudes are not as comprehensive.

As typical instrumental methods are meant to function as textbooks supporting an instrumental teacher (rather than to facilitate self-teaching), usually no basic or special playing techniques are covered in any depth. Detailed instructions in this respect are only found in special, autodidactical methods.

Some methods are especially tailored for students on certain skill levels or stages of psychosocial development. In contrast, a 'complete' method (sometimes in multiple volumes) is meant to accompany the student until he or she becomes an advanced player.

Methods of certain authors or editors have achieved the status of standard works (reflecting regional and cultural differences) and are published or reissued by different publishing companies and in diverse (new) arrangements. The Suzuki Method is probably the most well known example of this.

The following is a list of various methods of historical interest.

Woodwinds

=Flute=

{{See also|Flute method}}

  • Altes, Henry. Method for the Boehm flute.
  • Berbiguier, Benoit Tranquille. Flute method.
  • De Lorenzo, Leonardo. [https://archive.org/stream/lindispensabilec01delo#page/n7/mode/2up L'Indispensabile – A complete modern school for the flute.] (1912)
  • Dressler, Rafael. [http://imslp.org/wiki/New_and_complete_instructions_for_the_flute_(Dressler%2C_Raphael) New and complete instructions for the flute, Op. 68.] (1827)
  • Drouet, Louis. Method of flute playing. (1830)
  • Fürstenau, Anton Bernhard. Flöten-schule, Op. 42. (1826)
  • Fürstenau, Anton Bernhard. Die kunst des flötenspiels, Op.138. (1844)
  • Hugot and Wunderlich. Méthode de flûte. (1804)
  • Lindsay, Thomas. The elements of flute-playing. (1830)
  • Monzani, Tebaldo. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Instructions_for_the_German_Flute_(Monzani%2C_Tebaldo) Instructions for the german flute.] (1801)
  • Peraut, Mathieu. Méthode pour la flûte. (1800)
  • Quantz, Johann Joachim. [http://imslp.org/wiki/On_Playing_the_Flute_%28Quantz,_Johann_Joachim%29 Versuch einer anweisung die flöte traversiere zu spielen.] (1752)
  • Soussmann, Heinrich. Complete method for flute.
  • Tromlitz, Johann George. Unterricht der flöte zu spielen. (1791)
  • Wagner, Ernest. Foundation to flute playing.

=Oboe=

=Clarinet=

=Bassoon=

=Saxophone=

Brass

=Trumpet/Cornet=

=Horn=

  • Dauprat, Louis-François. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Méthode_de_Cor_(Dauprat%2C_Louis-François) Methode de cor alto et cor basse.] (1824)
  • Domnich, Heinrich. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Méthode_de_Premier_et_de_Second_Cor_(Domnich%2C_Heinrich) Methode de premier et de deuxieme cor.] (1807)
  • Duvernoy, Frederic. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Méthode_pour_le_Cor_(Duvernoy%2C_Frédéric) Methode pour le cor.] (1803)
  • Franz, Oscar. Grosse theoretisch-practische waldhorn-schule. (1880)
  • Frohlich, Joseph. Hornschule. (1810)
  • Gallay, Jacques-François. [http://imslp.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_pour_le_Cor,_Op.54_(Gallay,_Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois) Méthode pour le cor.] (1842)
  • Göroldt, Johann Heinrich. Hornschule. (1822)
  • Holyoke, Samuel. The instrumental assistant. (1807)
  • Kling, Henri. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Horn_Schule_(Kling%2C_Henri) Hornschule.] (1865)
  • Meifred, Joseph. Methode pour le cor chromatique ou a pistons. (1840)
  • Pepper, James Welsh. [http://imslp.org/wiki/J_W_Pepper's_self_instructor_for_French_Horn_(Pepper%2C_J_W) Self instructor for french horn.] (1882)
  • Simpson, John. The complete tutor for the horn. (1746)
  • Tully, Charles. Tutor for the French horn. (1840)

=Trombone=

Voice

  • Abt, Franz. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Praktische_Gesangschule,_Op.474_%28Abt,_Franz%29 Praktische gesangschule, Op.474.]
  • Concone, Giuseppe. [http://imslp.org/wiki/The_School_of_Sight_Singing_%28Concone,_Giuseppe%29 The school of sight-singing.]
  • García, Manuel. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Ecole_de_Garcia:_trait%C3%A9_complet_de_l%27art_du_chant_%28Garcia,_Manuel%29 Ecole de Garcia: traité complet de l'art du chant.]
  • Lamperti, Francesco. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Arte_del_canto_(Lamperti%2C_Francesco) The art of singing.] (1890)
  • Marchesi, Mathilde. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Art_du_chant,_Op.21_%28Marchesi,_Mathilde%29 The art of singing, Op. 21.] (1890)
  • Marchesi, Mathilde. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Méthode_de_chant_théorique_et_pratique%2C_Op.31_(Marchesi%2C_Mathilde) Vocal method, Op. 31.] (1900)
  • Panofka, Heinrich. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Ab%C3%A9c%C3%A9daire_vocal_%28Panofka,_Heinrich%29 Abécédaire vocal.]
  • Panseron, Auguste. [http://imslp.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_compl%C3%A8te_de_vocalisation_%28Panseron,_Auguste_Mathieu%29 Méthode complète de vocalisation.] (1898)
  • Shakespeare, William. [http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Singing_(Shakespeare%2C_William_(tenor)) The art of singing.] (1910)
  • Vaccai, Nicola. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Metodo_pratico_de_canto_%28Vaccai,_Nicola%29 Metodo pratico de canto.] (1832)

Keyboards

=Piano=

=Harpsichord/Clavichord=

=Organ=

Strings

=Guitar=

  • Aguado, Dionisio. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Nuevo_Método_de_Guitarra,_Op.6_(Aguado,_Dionisio) Nuevo metodo de guitarra, Op. 6.]
  • Carcassi, Matteo. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Methode_Complete_Pour_Guitare%2C_Op._59_(Carcassi%2C_Matteo) Methode complete pour la guitare, Op. 59.]
  • Carulli, Ferdinando. Méthode complette. (1815)
  • Chabran, Carlo Francesco. Complete instructions for the Spanish guitar. (1795)
  • Giuliani, Mauro. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Studio_per_la_Chitarra%2C_Op.1_(Giuliani%2C_Mauro) Studio per la chitarra, Op. 1.] (1812)
  • Justin Holland. Comprehensive Method for the Guitar and Modern Method for the Guitar (1874)
  • Jauralde, Nicario. A complete preceptor for the Spanish guitar. (1827)
  • Legnani, Luigi. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Method_for_the_Guitar_%28Legnani,_Luigi%29 Metodo par imparare e conoscere la musica e suonare la chitarra, Op. 250.] (1847)
  • Shaeffer, Arling. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Elite_Guitar_Instructor_(Shaeffer%2C_Arling) Elite guitar instructor.] (1895)
  • Sor, Fernando. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Méthode_Complète_pour_la_Guitare_(Sor%2C_Fernando) Complete method for the guitar.] (1851)

=Harp=

=Mandolin or mandolin-banjo or banjolin=

  • Edgar Bara. Méthode de Mandoline et Banjoline (1903). Still in print.
  • Bartolomeo Bortolazzi. Method in German, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi (1805)
  • Giuseppe Bellenghi. Method for the mandolin in three parts (Pub in French, English, Italian, German), La ginnastica del mandolino, Ascending and descending major and minor scales in all positions for the mandolin
  • Giuseppe Branzoli. A Theoretical and practical method for the mandolin (1875, 2nd edition 1890)
  • Ferdinando de Cristofaro. Méthode de mandolin (Paris, 1884) English, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish versions
  • Giovanni Cifolelli. Method for the mandolin (date unknown, estimated 1760s)
  • Carlo Curti. Complete Method for the Mandolin (1896) English.
  • Pietro Denis. Méthode pour apprendre à jouer de la mandoline sans Maître (1768, French)
  • George H. Hucke. Forty Progressive Studies for the Mandoline (London, 1893, English)
  • Carmine de Laurentiis. Method for the Mandolin (Milan, 1869 or 1874)
  • Salvador Leonardi. [http://www.mandoisland.de/bilder/schulen/leonardi.html Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo] (1921, book has sections in English, French and Spanish)
  • Carlo Munier. Scuola del mandolino (1895)
  • Jean Pietrapertosa. Méthode de mandolin (1892) In French and English sections in same book
  • Janvier Pietrapertosa Fils Méthode de mandolin ou banjoline (1903)
  • Giuseppe Pettine. Pettine's Modern Mandolin School (c. 1900)
  • Silvio Ranieri. L'Art de la Mandoline in 4 Bänden, Die Kunst des Mandolinspiels, in 5 Sprachen (französich, deutsch, englisch, italienisch und holländisch)
  • Samuel Siegel. Special Mandolin Studies (1901).

=Violin=

  • Bang, Maia. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Violin_Method_(Bang,_Maia) Violin method.]
  • Bériot, Charles de. Method for violin.
  • Casorti, August. The Techniques of Bowing (Technik des Bogens und des rechten Handgelenks für Violine; Bogen-Technik für Violine), Op. 50 (published 1880)
  • Geminiani, Francesco. [http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Playing_on_the_Violin_(Geminiani%2C_Francesco) The art of playing on the violin.] (1751)
  • Hohmann, Christian Heinrich. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Hohmann,_Christian_Heinrich Practical violin method.]
  • Laoureux, Nicolaus. A practical method for violin.
  • Mozart, Leopold. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCndliche_Violinschule_%28Mozart,_Leopold%29 Gründliche Violinschule.] (1756)
  • Schradieck, Henry. [http://imslp.org/wiki/School_of_Violin_Technics_(Schradieck%2C_Henry) The school of violin technics.] (1900)
  • Sevcik, Otakar. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Violin_School_for_Beginners,_Op.6_%28%C5%A0ev%C4%8D%C3%ADk,_Otakar%29 Violin school for beginners, Op.6.] (1903)
  • Sevcik, Otakar. [http://imslp.org/wiki/School_of_Violin_Technique%2C_Op.1_(Ševčík%2C_Otakar) School of violin technique, Op. 1.] (1905)
  • Sevcik, Otakar. [http://imslp.org/wiki/School_of_Bowing_Technique,_Op.2_%28%C5%A0ev%C4%8D%C3%ADk,_Otakar%29 School of bowing technique, Op. 2.] (1905)
  • Spohr, Louis. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Violin_School_(Spohr%2C_Louis) Violinschule.] (1832)
  • Wohlfahrt, Franz. Easiest elementary method for beginners, Op. 38.

=Viola=

  • Cavallini, Eugenio. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Viola_Method_(Cavallini%2C_Eugenio) Viola method.] (1845)
  • Giorgetti, Ferdinando. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Viola_Method%2C_Op.34_(Giorgetti%2C_Ferdinando) Viola method, Op.34.] (1840)

=Violoncello=

  • Davydov, Karl. [http://imslp.org/wiki/School_of_Violoncello_Playing_(Davydov%2C_Karl) School of violoncello playing.] (1888)
  • Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. The violoncello method for elementary teaching, Op. 126. (1836)
  • Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. The method of playing harmonics, Op. 147. (1837)
  • Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. The practical method of violoncello playing, Op. 155.
  • Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Violoncello_Schule_-_Tutor_(Dotzauer%2C_Friedrich) The violoncello method, Op. 165.] (1832)
  • Duport, Jean-Louis. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Instruction_on_the_Fingering_and_Bowing_of_the_Violoncello_(Duport%2C_Jean-Louis) Instruction on the fingering and bowing of the violoncello.] (1806)
  • Gunn, John. [http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Fingering_the_Violoncello_(Gunn%2C_John) The theory and practice of fingering the violoncello.] (1789)
  • Kummer, Friedrich August. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Violoncell-Schule_f%C3%BCr_den_ersten_Unterricht,_Op.60_(Kummer,_Friedrich_August) Cello method, Op. 60.] (1839)
  • Lee, Sebastian. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Method_for_the_Violoncello_(Fischer,_Carl)Method for the violoncello.] (1845)
  • Popper, David. [http://imslp.org/wiki/High_School_of_Cello_Playing,_Op.73_(Popper,_David) High school of cello playing, Op. 73.] (1901-1905)
  • Romberg, Bernhard. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Violoncell_Schule_(Romberg,_Bernhard) A Complete Theoretical and Practical School for the Violoncello.] (1839)
  • Schroeder, Alwin (Schröder, Alvin). 170 Foundation Studies for Violoncello.
  • Schoeder, Carl II (Schröder, Karl II). [http://imslp.org/wiki/Practischer_Lehrgang_des_Violoncellspiels_(Schr%C3%B6der,_Carl) Practical Method for the Violoncello.]
  • Sevcik, Otakar. [http://imslp.org/wiki/School_of_Bowing_Technique%2C_Op.2_(Ševčík%2C_Otakar) School of bowing technique.] (1905)
  • Werner, Josef. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Practical_Method_for_Violoncello,_Op.12_(Werner,_Josef)Practical method for cello, Op. 12.] (1882)

=Contrabass=

  • Fröhlich, Friedrich Theodor. [http://imslp.org/wiki/Contrabass-Schule_(Fröhlich%2C_Friedrich_Theodor) Contrabass-schule.] (1830)
  • Simandl, Franz. [http://imslp.org/wiki/New_Method_for_the_Double_Bass_(Simandl,_Franz)New method for double bass.] (1881)

See also

References

  • [http://imslp.org/ "International Music Score Library Project."] (Website)
  • [http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/cultures-of-brass/trombone/Slide_trombone_methods.pdf "Slide trombone methods."] (List)
  • [http://www.oldflutes.com/articles/classicaltrill/index.htm "The trill in the classical period (1750-1820)."] (Article)
  • Anzenberger, Friedrich. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206080642/http://members.aon.at/anzenberger/trumpetm.html Trumpet method books of the 19th century.] (List at archive.org)
  • Ginsburg, Lev. History of the violoncello. Neptune City, New Jersey: Paganiniana Publications, 1983. ([http://www.cello.org/heaven/bios/dresden/dresden.htm Relevant excerpt])
  • Hoeprich, Eric. The clarinet. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
  • Kimball, Will. Trombone. 2008. ([http://www.kimballtrombone.com/trombone-timeline/trombone-timeline-19th-century/ 19th century])
  • Nelson, Kayla. [http://hornhistory.com "hornhistory.com".] 2007. (Website)
  • Rosen, Lawrence, Ed. CD Sheet Music. Verona, NJ: Subito Music, Corp., 2000–2009.
  • Schwartz, Richard. The cornet compendium: The history and development of the nineteenth-century cornet. 2000. ([https://www.angelfire.com/music2/thecornetcompendium/new_page_7.html Chapter 5: Tutors])
  • Spaniol, Doug. "A history of the Weissenborn Practical method for bassoon" in Ewell, Terry. Celebrating Double Reeds: A Festschrift for William Waterhouse and Philip Bate. 2009.
  • Westbury Park Strings. [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~leonid/romberg_history.htm Romberg and the history of the violoncello.] (Article)
  • Westphal, Frederick. Guide to teaching woodwinds. Sacramento, CA: McGraw-Hill, 1990.

{{Musical technique}}

{{Music methods}}

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Category:Music education