Meyerasaurus

{{speciesbox

| name = Meyerasaurus

| fossil_range = Early Jurassic, {{fossil_range|183|180}}

| image = Fossil-Plesiosaurier-Skelett.jpg

| image_caption = The holotype in the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart

| genus = Meyerasaurus

| parent_authority = Smith & Vincent, 2010

| authority = (Fraas, 1910 [originally Thaumatosaurus])

| species = victor

| synonyms =

Thaumatosaurus victor Fraas, 1910, type
Plesiosaurus (Thaumatosaurus) victor Fraas, 1910
Eurycleidus victor in Zittel, 1932
Rhomaleosaurus victor Tarlo, 1960

}}

Meyerasaurus is an extinct genus of rhomaleosaurid plesiosaur known from the Early Jurassic of Holzmaden, Baden-Württemberg in southwestern Germany.{{cite journal|author1=Adam S. Smith |author2=Peggy Vincent |year=2010 |title=A new genus of pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden, Germany |url=http://www.plesiosauria.com/pdf/smith&vincent_2010_meyerasaurus.pdf |journal=Palaeontology |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1049–1063 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00975.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010Palgy..53.1049S }}

Discovery

Between Holzmaden and Zell unter Aichelberg, a chalkstone and shale quarry was operated. It intersected an extremely hard forty centimetres thick layer of Stinkstein chalk, which was deemed worthless. Even ichthyosaur "mummies" present in the layer were discarded as it was not cost-effective to prepare them. The rocks were dumped in a ravine. In May 1906, the famous fossil trader Bernhard Hauff discovered in the dump broken-up boulders containing an uniquely complete and thus very rare plesiosaur skeleton. Up till that time, German plesiosaurs finds had tended to be much more fragmentary than British discoveries. Over nine months he recovered 2.5 tonnes of chalkstone, exposing and preparing the bones. Together with a second plesiosaurian skeleton, discovered nearby in shale in November 1906, much later referred to Seeleyosaurus, it was offered for sale. Financial support by D. Landauer and Victor Fraas allowed the Stuttgarter Königliche Naturalienkabinett to obtain both specimens.{{cite journal| last=Fraas| first=Eberhard| title=Plesiosaurier aus dem oberen Lias von Holzmaden| journal=Palaeontographica| year=1910| volume=57| issue=3–4| pages=105–140| url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Palaeontographica_57_0105-0140.pdf}}

Naming

In 1910 Eberhard Fraas, the paleontology curator of the Stuttgart institution, named the specimen as Thaumatosaurus victor. This name was mentioned on page 106 of the describing article. The heading of the description section on page 124 reads "Plesiosaurus (Thaumatosaurus) victor n. sp." which has been interpreted as his naming a Plesiosaurus victor coinciding with an immediate renaming into a Thaumatosaurus victor. Fraas, after explaining that he preferred Thaumatosaurus ("wonder reptile") Meyer over Rhomaleosaurus Seeley, states "I name our new species Thaumatosaurus victor".The combination Plesiosaurus victor as such is absent from the article text. The specific name victor, "winner" in Latin, refers to the specimen being a "magnificent and all previous discoveries in beauty exceeding find" but also explicitly honours E. Fraas's brother Victor Fraas.

Already by 1922, it was recognised that the type material of Thaumatosaurus oolithicus was very poor.{{cite journal| doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1922.078.01-04.11| title=Description of a new plesiosaur from the Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex)| date=1922| last1=Andrews| first1=Charles William| journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London| volume=78| issue=1–4| pages=285–298| bibcode=1922QJGS...78..285A}} In 1932, T. victor was renamed as a species of EurycleidusZittel, K.A. von. 1932. Textbook of palaeontology (three volumes), 2nd edn (revised) and in 1960 by Lambert Beverly Tarlo as Rhomaleosaurus victor.{{cite journal| last=Tarlo| first=Lambert Beverly| year=1960| title=A review of Upper Jurassic pliosaurs| journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology| volume=4| pages=145–189| url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-118792}} However, these names were rarely used. In 2007, Adam Stuart Smith announced that he would shortly name a separate genus for the taxon as Thaumatosaurus was basically a nomen dubium.

Meyerasaurus was first named by Adam S. Smith and Peggy Vincent in 2010 and the combinatio nova is Meyerasaurus victor. The generic name honors the German palaeontologist Hermann von Meyer for proposing the generic name Thaumatosaurus.

Description

File:Rhomaleosaurus victor.jpg

Meyerasaurus is known from the holotype SMNS 12478, an articulated and complete skeleton which preserves the skull, exposed in ventral view. It has a skull length of {{convert|37|cm|ftin}} and a body length of {{convert|3.35|-|3.44|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=A.S.|year=2007|chapter=Chapter 3 – Material and palaeontological approaches|title=Anatomy and Systematics of the Rhomaleosauridae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria)|pages=27–58|url=https://plesiosauria.com/final_thesis/smith_phd_2007.pdf|chapter-url=https://plesiosauria.com/final_thesis/3_materials.pdf}} It was collected from the Harpoceras elegantulum-falciferum ammonoid subzones, Harpoceras falcifer zone, of the famous Posidonien-Schiefer lagerstätte (Posidonia Shale), dating to the early Toarcian stage of the Early Jurassic, about 183-180 million years ago.

In 1944, Stuttgart was repeatedly bombed. On 12 September, British bombers caused a firestorm that burnt the inner city. The museum was destroyed and the holotype smashed to pieces. However, this allowed to painstakingly salvage these from under the rubble and put it together again. It is now displayed in the new paleontology exhibition building, the Museum am Löwentor.

Classification

File:Plesiosaur swimming animation.ogv

The cladogram below shows Meyerasaurus phylogenetic position among other plesiosaurs, following Benson et al. (2012).{{cite journal |author1=Roger B. J. Benson |author2=Mark Evans |author3=Patrick S. Druckenmiller |year=2012 |title=High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e31838 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031838 |pmid=22438869 |pmc=3306369|bibcode=2012PLoSO...731838B |doi-access=free }}

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|label1=Plesiosauria

|1={{clade

|label1=Neoplesiosauria

|1={{clade

|1=Pliosauridae

|2=Plesiosauroidea }}

|label2=Rhomaleosauridae

|2={{clade

|1=Stratesaurus taylori

|2={{clade

|1=Macroplata tenuiceps