Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs

{{Short description|Defunct writing system of Canada's Mi'kmaq First Nation}}

{{Infobox Writing system

| name = Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing
Suckerfish script
{{lang|mic|Gomgwejui'gasit}}

| type = Logographic

| languages = Mi'kmaq

| time = {{Unbulleted list|Chrestien Le Clercq's adaptation:|1675–1800s|Precursor:|Pre-Columbian era–1675}}

| sample = Mikmaq sample (ave Maria).jpg

| caption = The Hail Mary written in Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing.

}}

Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing or Suckerfish script (Mi'kmawi'sit: {{lang|mic|Gomgwejui'gasit}}) was a writing system for the Mi'kmaw language, later superseded by various Latin scripts which are currently in use. Mi'kmaw are a Canadian First Nation whose homeland, called Mi'kma'ki, overlaps much of the Atlantic provinces, specifically all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and parts of New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador.

These glyphs, or {{lang|mic|gomgwejui'gaqan}}, were derived from a pictograph and petroglyph tradition,{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Brendan Frederick R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MnFLVRdOk4C&q=pictograph&pg=PA146 |title=Paper Talk: A History of Libraries, Print Culture, and Aboriginal Peoples in Canada Before 1960 |date=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5113-9 |pages=11 |language=en}} and are logograms, with phonetic elements used alongside, including logographic, alphabetic, and ideographic information. As petroglyphs and pictographs were the writing system of Hand Talk, a sign language that was the historically most spoken language on the continent, it is unknown to academia what, if any, connection there is between sign language and Suckerfish script. The {{lang|mic|gomgwejui'gasultijig}} take their name from the {{lang|mic|gomgwej}} (plural: {{lang|mic|gomgwejg}}) or sucker fish whose tracks are visibly left on the muddy river bottom. Mi'kmawi'sit uses several spelling systems, and the script is consequently sometimes called {{lang|mic|komqwejwi'kasikl}} or {{lang|mic|gomgwejui'gas'gl}}.

Classification

Scholars have debated whether the earliest known Mi'kmaw "hieroglyphs", from the 17th century, qualified fully as a writing system or served as a pictographic mnemonic device. In the 17th century, French Jesuit missionary Chrétien Le Clercq "formed" the Mi'kmaw characters as a logographic system for pedagogical purposes, in order to teach Catholic prayers, liturgy and doctrine to the Mi'kmaq.{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=David L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Murdena |title=Mi'kmaq Hieroglyphic Prayers: Readings in North America's First Indigenous Script |date=1995 |publisher=Nimbus |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |isbn=1-55109-069-4 |pages=6–7 }}

In 1978, Ives Goddard and William Fitzhugh of the Department of Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution, contended that the pre-missionary system was purely mnemonic.{{Citation needed|reason=What publication?|date=December 2023}} They said that it could not have been used to write new compositions.{{Citation needed|reason=What publication?|date=December 2023}}

By contrast, in a 1995 book, David L. Schmidt and Murdena Marshall published some of the post-missionary prayers, narratives, and liturgies, as represented by hieroglyphs—pictographic symbols, which the French missionaries had used in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, to teach prayers and hymns.{{Cite book |publisher=Nimbus Pub |isbn=978-1-55109-069-6 |first1=David L. |last1=Schmidt |first2=Murdena |last2=Marshall |title=Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic prayers: readings in North America's first indigenous script |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |date=1995 }} Schmidt and Marshall showed that these hieroglyphics served as a fully functional writing system. They said that it was the oldest writing system for a native language in North America north of Mexico.

Michelle Sylliboy{{cite web |url=https://www.journal18.org/nq/artists-notes-nmultes-is-an-active-dialogue-i-reclaiming-komqwejwikasikl-by-michelle-sylliboy/ |title=Artist's Notes: Nm'ultes is an Active Dialogue I: Reclaiming Komqwejwi'kasikl |journal=Journal18: a journal of eighteenth-century art and culture |last=Sylliboy |first=Michelle |date=26 June 2022 }} indicates that "(a) French missionary stole our historical narrative with outlandish claims about our written language", and cites her Mi'kmaw grandmother (Lillian B. Marshall, 1934–2018) who stated in her "last conversation before she died, to make sure to tell “them” that we’ve always had our language," seemingly asserting that Le Clercq did not invent the script, and it had been in use by the people long before him. However, this seems to contradict the fact that after Le Clerq's return to France in 1687, the script had to be taught to other groups of Mi'kmaq by other missionaries, indicating it was not a script that the indigenous peoples already knew.{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=David L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Murdena |title=Mi'kmaq Hieroglyphic Prayers: Readings in North America's First Indigenous Script |date=1995 |publisher=Nimbus |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |isbn=1-55109-069-4 |pages=8-9}}

History

Father Le Clercq, a Catholic missionary on the Gaspé Peninsula in New France from 1675, saw Mi'kmaw children writing "marks" on birchbark and then counting them to help in the memorization of prayers.{{Cite web |title=Tradition, Change and Survival: Mi'kmaq Tourist Art |access-date=October 19, 2020 |url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/printtour.php?tourID=VQ_P1_3_EN&Lang=2 |work=McCord Museum |first=Alexandre |last=Dubé |date=2003 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133537/http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/printtour.php?tourID=VQ_P1_3_EN&Lang=2 |url-status=dead }} Le Clercq then formed symbols to write prayers and liturgy. Mi'kmak also used porcupine quills pressed directly into the bark in the shape of symbols.

This adapted writing system proved popular among Mi'kmaq. They were still using it in the 19th century.{{Citation needed |date=October 2018 }} Since there is no historical or archaeological evidence of these symbols from before the arrival of this missionary, it is unclear how ancient the use of the pre-missionary mnemonic glyphs was. The relationship of these symbols to Mi'kmaq petroglyphs, which predated European encounter, is unclear.

The Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site (KNPNHS), petroglyphs of "life-ways of the Mi'kmaw", include written hieroglyphics, human figures, Mi'kmaq houses and lodges, decorations including crosses, sailing vessels, and animals, etched into slate rocks. These are attributed to the Mi'kmaq, who have continuously inhabited the area since prehistoric times.{{cite thesis |title=The Petroglyphs of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia: A Fresh Perspective on their Physical and Cultural Contexts |first=Beverley |last=Cave |publisher=Memorial University |access-date=October 19, 2020 |url=https://research.library.mun.ca/11696/1/Cave_Beverley.pdf |date=September 2005 }}{{rp|1}} The petroglyphs date from the late prehistoric period through the nineteenth century.{{rp|32}} A Mi'kmaq healer, Jerry Lonecloud, transcribed some of these petroglyphs in 1912, and donated his copies to the provincial museum.{{rp|6}}{{cite book |isbn=0-86492-356-2 |last=Whitehead |first=Ruth Holmes |year=2002 |title=Tracking Doctor Lonecloud: Showman to Legend Keeper |publisher=Goose Lane Editions |location=Fredericton}}

Pierre Maillard, Catholic priest, during the winter of 1737–1738{{cite DCB |first=Micheline D. |last=Johnson |title=Maillard, Pierre |volume=3 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/maillard_pierre_3E.html |access-date=4 October 2009}} created a system of hieroglyphics to transcribe Mi'kmaq words. He used these symbols to write formulas for the principal prayers and the responses of the faithful, in the catechism, so that his followers might learn them more readily. There is no direct evidence that Maillard was aware of Le Clercq's work in this same field. Maillard left numerous works in the language, which continued in use among the Mi'kmaq into the 20th century.

Examples

Image:Our Father in heaven - Mikmaq hierogl.gif|The beginning of the Lord's Prayer in Míkmaq hieroglyphs. The text reads {{lang|mic|Nujjinen wásóq}} – "Our father / in heaven"

Image:Micmac pater noster.jpg|The full text.

Image:micmac-confirmation.jpg|Text of the Rite of Confirmation in Míkmaq hieroglyphs. The text reads {{lang|mic|Koqoey nakla msɨt telikaqumilálaji?}} – literally 'Why / those / all / after he did that to them?', or "Why are all these different steps necessary?"

Image:Micmac hieroglyphs 1866.svg|Page 5 of {{lang|de|Buch das gut, enthaltend den Katechismus}} by Christian Kauder

References

Bibliography

{{cite journal |last1=Goddard |first1=Ives |last2=Fitzhugh |first2=William W. |year=1978 |title=Barry Fell Reexamined |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=85–88|doi=10.2307/3209452 |jstor=3209452 |s2cid=166199331 }}
{{cite book |last=Hewson |first=John |year=1982 |title=Micmac Hieroglyphs in Newfoundland. Languages in Newfoundland and Labrador |editor-first=Harold |editor-last=Paddock |edition=2nd |pages=188–199 |location=St John's, Newfoundland |publisher=Memorial University}}
{{cite journal |last=Hewson |first=John |year=1988 |title=Introduction to Micmac Hieroglyphics |journal=Cape Breton Magazine |issue=47 |pages=55–61}} (text of 1982, plus illustrations of embroidery and some photos)
{{cite book |last=Kauder |first=Christian |year=1921 |title=Sapeoig Oigatigen tan teli Gômgoetjoigasigel Alasotmaganel, Ginamatineoel ag Getapefiemgeoel; Manuel de Prières, instructions et changs sacrés en Hieroglyphes micmacs; Manual of Prayers, Instructions, Psalms & Hymns in Micmac Ideograms}} New edition of Father Kauder's Book published in 1866. Ristigouche, Quebec: The Micmac Messenger.
{{cite book |last=Lenhart |first=John |title=History relating to Manual of prayers, instructions, psalms and hymns in Micmac Ideograms used by Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada and Newfoundland |location=Sydney, Nova Scotia |publisher=The Nova Scotia Native Communications Society}}
{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=David L. |last2=Balcom |first2=B. A. |title=The Règlements of 1739: A Note on Micmac Law and Literacy |journal=Acadiensis |volume=XXIII |issue=1 |date=Autumn 1993 |pages=110–127 |issn=0044-5851}}
{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=David L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Murdena |year=1995 |title=Míkmaq Hieroglyphic Prayers: Readings in North America's First Indigenous Script |publisher=Nimbus Publishing |isbn=1-55109-069-4}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20041124100245/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/ Míkmaq Portraits Collection] Includes tracings and images of Mi'kmaw petroglyphs
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050307222603/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-micmac.html Micmac at ChristusRex.org] A large collection of scans of prayers in Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20051017184218/http://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/celia/FichExt/Am/A_19-20_34.pdf {{lang|fr|Écriture sacrée en Nouvelle France: Les hiéroglyphes micmacs et transformation cosmologique|nocat=y}}] (PDF, in French) A discussion of the origins of Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs and sociocultural change in the 17th century Mi'kmaw society.

Category:Hieroglyphs

Category:Logographic writing systems

Hieroglyphic Writing

Category:Native American culture

Category:Obsolete writing systems

Category:Writing systems of the Americas