Michael Howard, Baron Howard of Lympne {{postnom|country=GBR|CH|PC|KC}} (born Michael Hecht; 7 July 1941){{cite web|title=Howard of Lympne, Baron, (Michael Howard) (born 7 July 1941)|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-20909|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Who's Who & Who Was Who|year=2007|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u20909|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612115212/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-20909|url-status=live }} is a British politician who was Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from November 2003 to December 2005. He previously held cabinet positions in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Employment, Secretary of State for the Environment and Home Secretary.

Howard was born in Swansea to a Jewish family, his father from Romania and his mother from Wales. He studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge, following which he joined the Young Conservatives. In 1964, he was called to the Bar and became a Queen's Counsel in 1982. He first became a Member of Parliament at the 1983 general election, representing the constituency of Folkestone and Hythe. This quickly led to his promotion and Howard became Minister for Local Government in 1987. Under the premiership of John Major, he served as Secretary of State for Employment (1990–1992), Secretary of State for the Environment (1992–1993) and Home Secretary (1993–1997).

Following the Conservative Party's landslide defeat at the 1997 general election, he unsuccessfully contested the leadership, and subsequently held the posts of Shadow Foreign Secretary (1997–1999) and Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer (2001–2003). In November 2003, following the Conservative Party's vote of no confidence in Iain Duncan Smith, Howard was elected to the leadership unopposed.

At the 2005 general election, the Conservatives gained 33 new seats in Parliament, including five from the Liberal Democrats; but this still gave them only 198 seats to Labour's 355. Following the election, Howard resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party and was succeeded by David Cameron. Howard did not contest his seat of Folkestone and Hythe in the 2010 general election and entered the House of Lords as Baron Howard of Lympne. Prior to Brexit, he was supportive of the Eurosceptic pressure group Leave Means Leave.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42213067 |title=No Brexit unless we back Theresa May, Jeremy Hunt says |work=BBC News |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204133740/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42213067 |url-status=live }}

Early life

Howard was born Michael Hecht in Gorseinon, Swansea, son of Bernat Hecht (died 1966), who was born in Romania and came to Britain in 1939,{{cite news |last=O'Grady |first=Sean |date=13 April 2002 |title=Michael Howard: Out of the shadows |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/michael-howard-out-of-the-shadows-750560.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=13 April 2002 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831225730/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/michael-howard-out-of-the-shadows-750560.html |url-status=live }} and Hilda ({{née|Kershion}}), who had lived in Wales from the age of six months where her father was a draper in Llanelli. She was a cousin of the Landy family who had helped Bernat Hecht come to Britain.{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/how-bernat-hecht-father-of-the-home-secretary-sought-asylum-1582623.html |title=How Bernat Hecht, father of the Home Secretary, sought asylum |work=The Independent |date= 19 November 1995|access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503233348/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/how-bernat-hecht-father-of-the-home-secretary-sought-asylum-1582623.html |url-status=live }} Both of Howard's parents were from Jewish families.{{cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=1 November 2003 |title=From Transylvania to Smith Square |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/nov/01/uk.immigration |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224131103/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/nov/01/uk.immigration |url-status=live }} Howard's grandmother was murdered at Auschwitz.{{cite news|last=Jones|first=George|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1486163/Gas-chambers-row-over-Tory-gipsy-law.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1486163/Gas-chambers-row-over-Tory-gipsy-law.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title='Gas chambers' row over Tory gipsy law|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 March 2005|access-date=6 August 2017}}{{cbignore}}

Bernat Hecht was a synagogue cantor who worked for his wife's family drapery business, later establishing himself as a prominent local businessman, owning three shops in Llanelli.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/nov/01/uk.immigration |title=From Transylvania to Smith Square |first=Jeevan |last=Vasagar |date=1 November 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224131103/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/nov/01/uk.immigration |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-02-25/michael-howard-recalls-fathers-death-from-breast-cancer |title=Michael Howard recalls father's death from breast cancer |publisher=Itv.com |date=25 February 2018|access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503233348/https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-02-25/michael-howard-recalls-fathers-death-from-breast-cancer |url-status=live }} When Howard was six, his parents became naturalised as British subjects and the family name was changed to Howard.{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Cohen |title=What's in a name? |date=2 November 2003 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/nov/02/conservatives.labour |newspaper=The Observer |access-date=11 September 2008 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919003442/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/nov/02/conservatives.labour |url-status=live }}{{London Gazette |issue=38207 |date=13 February 1948 |page=1048}}

Howard passed his eleven-plus exam in 1952 and then attended Llanelli Boys' Grammar School. He joined the Young Conservatives at age 15. He gained a place at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he was President of the Cambridge Union in 1962. After taking a 2:1 in the first part of the economics tripos, he switched to law and graduated with a 2:2 in 1962.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Howard was one of a cluster of Conservative students at Cambridge University around this time, sometimes referred to as the "Cambridge Mafia", many of whom held high government office under Margaret Thatcher and John Major (see: Cambridge University Conservative Association).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} According to Kenneth Clarke, Howard briefly defected to the Labour Party in 1961 in protest against the former's invitation to Oswald Mosley to speak to the CUCA. He had rejoined the Conservatives by the next year.{{cite book|first=Ken |last=Clarke|title=Kind of Blue: A Political Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2hyDAAAQBAJ|date=6 October 2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan |page=26|isbn=978-1-5098-3724-3}}

Howard was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1964 and specialised in employment and planning law. He continued his career at the Bar, becoming a practising Queen's Counsel in 1982 (unlike some barrister-MPs who were automatically entitled, as Members of Parliament, to a 'courtesy' appointment as Queen's Counsel until the 1990s).{{Cite web |title=Notable Members {{!}} Inner Temple |url=https://www.innertemple.org.uk/who-we-are/famous-members/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=The Inner Temple}}

In the late 1960s Howard gained promotion within the Bow Group, becoming Chairman in April 1970. At the Conservative Party conference in October 1970, he made a notable speech commending the government for attempting to curb trade union power and also called for state aid to strikers' families to be reduced or stopped altogether, a policy which the Thatcher government pursued over a decade later.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In the 1970s, Howard was a leading advocate of British membership of the Common Market (EEC) and served on the board of the cross-party Britain in Europe group.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Marriage

In 1975, Howard married Sandra Paul.{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/candidates/candidates/2/25604.stm | title=BBC News | Vote 2001 | Candidates }} They have a son, born in 1976, and a daughter, born in 1977.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Member of Parliament

At the 1966 and 1970 general elections, Howard unsuccessfully contested the safe Labour seat of Liverpool Edge Hill, reinforcing his strong support for Liverpool F.C. which he has held since childhood.

In June 1982, Howard was selected to contest the constituency of Folkestone and Hythe in Kent after the sitting Conservative MP, Sir Albert Costain, decided to retire. Howard won the seat at the 1983 general election.

=In Government=

Howard gained quick promotion, becoming Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Trade and Industry in 1985 with responsibility for regulating the financial dealings of the City of London. This junior post became very important, as he oversaw the Big Bang introduction of new technology in 1986. Following the 1987 general election, he became Minister for Local Government. Following a proposal from backbench MP David Wilshire, he accepted the amendment which would become Section 28 (prohibiting local governments from the "promotion" of homosexuality) and defended its inclusion.

Howard guided the 1988 Local Government Finance Act through the House of Commons. The act brought in Margaret Thatcher's new system of local taxation, officially known as the Community Charge but almost universally nicknamed the "poll tax". Howard personally supported the tax and won Thatcher's respect for minimising the rebellion against it within the Conservative Party. After a period as Minister for Water and Planning in 1988–89, during which he was responsible for implementing water privatisation in England and Wales, Howard was promoted to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Employment in January 1990 following the resignation of Norman Fowler. He subsequently guided through legislation abolishing the closed shop, and campaigned vigorously for Thatcher in the first ballot of the 1990 Conservative leadership election, although he told her a day before she resigned that he felt she was not going to win and that John Major was better placed to defeat Michael Heseltine.

He retained his Cabinet post under John Major and campaigned against trade union power during the 1992 general election campaign. His work in the campaign led to his appointment as Secretary of State for the Environment in the reshuffle following the election. In this capacity he encouraged the United States to participate in the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, but shortly afterwards he was appointed Home Secretary in a 1993 reshuffle precipitated by the sacking of Norman Lamont as Chancellor.

=Home Secretary=

As Home Secretary he pursued a tough approach to crime, summed up in his sound bite, "prison works". During his tenure as Home Secretary, recorded crime fell by 16.8%.Channel 4 News, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024050729/http://www.channel4.com/fc/quote.jsp?id=23 FactCheck: Spoof Howard Cv needs policing] In 2010 Howard claimed a 45% decrease in crime since a 1993 study by Home Office criminologist Roger Tarling proved that prison worked though the prison population rose from 42,000 to nearly 85,000. Ken Clarke disagreed, pointing to a 60% recidivism rate amongst newly released prisoners and hinting that factors such as better household and vehicle security and better policing could be influencing crime rates, not just the incapacitation effect of removing offenders to prison.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/dec/07/michael-howard-prison-works-analysis|title=Howard is right: 'prison works' – but this is no way to cut crime|author=Alan Travis|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2010|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709183410/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/dec/07/michael-howard-prison-works-analysis|url-status=live}}

Howard repeatedly clashed with judges and prison reformers as he sought to clamp down on crime through a series of 'tough' measures, such as reducing the right to silence of defendants in their police interviews and at their trials as part of 1994's Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. Howard voted for the reintroduction of the death penalty for the killing of police officers on duty and for murders carried out with firearms in 1983 and 1990.{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1990/dec/17/death-penalty-for-murder | title=DEATH PENALTY FOR MURDER (Hansard, 17 December 1990) | access-date=23 February 2019 | archive-date=24 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001744/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1990/dec/17/death-penalty-for-murder | url-status=live }} In 1993, he changed his mind and became opposed to the reintroduction of the death penalty and voted against it again in February 1994.

In 1993, following the murder of James Bulger, two eleven-year-old boys were convicted of his murder and sentenced to be detained at Her Majesty's pleasure, with a recommended a minimum term of eight years. Lord Taylor of Gosforth, the Lord Chief Justice, ordered that the two boys should serve a minimum of ten years.{{cite ODNB|last= Davenport-Hines |first= Richard |title=Bulger, James Patrick (1990–1993), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography| url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76074|year=2004 |access-date=2 October 2009 |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/76074 }} (Subscription Required) The editors of The Sun newspaper handed a petition bearing nearly 280,000 signatures to Howard, in a bid to increase the time spent by both boys in custody.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/mar/03/james-bulger-case-venables-thompson |title=James Bulger killing: the case history of Jon Venables and Robert Thompson |date=3 March 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709061058/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/mar/03/james-bulger-case-venables-thompson |archive-date=9 July 2013 }} The Guardian (London) 3 March 2010. This campaign was successful, and the boys were kept in custody for a minimum of fifteen years,{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3008191.stm |title=New sentencing rules: Key cases |date=7 May 2003 |work=BBC News |access-date=11 March 2010|archive-date=30 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040730061644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3008191.stm |url-status=live}} meaning that they would not be considered for release until February 2008, by which time they would be 25 years of age.

A former Master of the Rolls, Lord Donaldson, criticised Howard's intervention, describing the increased tariff as "institutionalised vengeance ... [by] a politician playing to the gallery". The increased minimum term was overturned in 1997 by the House of Lords, which ruled it was substantively ultra vires, and therefore "unlawful", for the Home Secretary to decide on minimum sentences for young offenders.{{Cite news|title=Outrage at call for Bulger killers' release|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/492487.stm|publisher=BBC|date=28 October 1999|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181631/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/492487.stm|url-status=live}} The High Court and European Court of Human Rights have since ruled that, though Parliament may set minimum and maximum terms for individual categories of crime, it is the responsibility of the trial judge, with the benefit of all the evidence and argument from both prosecution and defence counsel, to determine the minimum term in individual criminal cases.

==Controversies==

Howard's reputation was damaged on 13 May 1997 when a critical inquiry into a series of prison escapes was published. Howard denied responsibility for the Prison Service's operations and laid the blame with Director General Derek Lewis, who was sacked.{{cite news|last=Mills|first=Heather|date=20 October 1995|title=Prison drama ends in political farce|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/prison-drama-ends-in-political-farce-1578591.html|work=The Independent|access-date=7 July 2024}} Lewis sued the Home Office for wrongful dismissal and alleged that Howard had regularly interfered with the service's operations, citing an instance in which Howard put "extreme and unjustified pressure" on him to suspend the governor of Parkhurst Prison (threatening to overrule him if he did not).{{cite news|last1=Webster|first1=Philip|last2=Ford|first2=Richard|date=19 October 1995|title=Howard ready to come out fighting as Lewis sues|url=

https://archive.org/details/NewsUK1995UKEnglish/Oct%2019%201995%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2365402%2C%20UK%20%28en%29|work=The Times|access-date=7 July 2024}} In a television interview on Newsnight, Jeremy Paxman asked Howard whether he had in fact threatened to overrule Lewis, posing the question "Did you threaten to overrule him?" twelve times. Howard repeatedly said that he "did not instruct him", ignoring the "threaten" part of the question.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/3094255.stm |title=Newsnight – Jeremy Paxman biography |work=BBC News |date=10 October 2006 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912033415/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/3094255.stm |url-status=live }} Paxman asked him again in another interview in 2004. Howard responded: "Oh come on, Jeremy, are you really going back over that again? As it happens, I didn't. Are you satisfied now?" Secret Home Office papers partially vindicated Howard, but show that Howard asked a top civil servant if he had the power to overrule Lewis.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/02/ukcrime.freedomofinformation |title=Secret Home Office papers on prison row fail to clear Howard |date=2 March 2005 |first=Alan |last=Travis |location=London |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404045801/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/02/ukcrime.freedomofinformation |url-status=live }}

Shortly after the 1997 Newsnight interview, Ann Widdecombe, his former minister of state at the Home Office, made a statement in the House of Commons about the dismissal of Derek Lewis and remarked of Howard that there is "something of the night about him".{{cite news|last1=Sengupta|first1=Kim|last2=Abrams|first2=Fran|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/widdecombe-goes-for-the-jugular-1261224.html?amp|title=Widdecombe goes for the jugular|work=The Independent|date=12 May 1997|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403194601/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/widdecombe-goes-for-the-jugular-1261224.html?amp|url-status=live}} This much quoted comment is thought to have contributed to the failure of his 1997 bid for the Conservative Party leadership, including by Howard and Widdecombe and led to him being caricatured as a vampire, in part due to his Romanian ancestry.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8435904.stm|title=Ann Widdecombe 'tested out' Howard quip|work=BBC News|date=31 December 2009|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108112244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8435904.stm|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Crick|first=Michael|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/mission-accomplished-how-howard-was-knifed-757lktbmgdt|title='Mission accomplished': how Howard was knifed|work=The Times|date=30 March 2005|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906134657/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mission-accomplished-how-howard-was-knifed-757lktbmgdt|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}} Extract from Crick's book In search of Michael Howard.{{cite news|last1=Holland|first1=David|title=Interview with a Vampire|url=http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2011/05/03/interview-with-a-vampire-2630|work=The Tab|date=3 May 2011|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104163735/http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2011/05/03/interview-with-a-vampire-2630|url-status=live}} Such characterisations caused discontent among some members of Britain's Jewish community.

In 1996 Howard, as Home Secretary, ordered the release of John Haase and Paul Bennett with royal pardons after 10 months of their 18-year prison sentences for heroin smuggling, after they had provided information leading to the seizure of firearms. In 2008 Haase and Bennett were convicted of having set up the weapons finds to earn them their release, and sentenced to 20 and 22 years in prison respectively.{{cite news |last1=Summers |first1=Chris |title=How a home secretary was hoodwinked |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7671946.stm |access-date=19 November 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417051159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7671946.stm |url-status=live }}

=First attempt to win party leadership=

Following the 1997 resignation of John Major, Howard and William Hague ran on the same ticket, with Howard as leader and Hague as Deputy Leader and Party Chairman. The day after they agreed this, Hague decided to run on his own. Howard also stood but his campaign was marred by attacks on his record as Home Secretary.

Howard came in last out of five candidates with the support of only 23 MPs in the first round of polling for the leadership election. He then withdrew from the race and endorsed the eventual winner, William Hague. Howard served as Shadow Foreign Secretary for the next two years but retired from the Shadow cabinet in 1999, though continued as a backbench MP.

=Leader of the Opposition=

Following the Conservative defeat at the 2001 general election, Howard was recalled to frontline politics when the Conservative Party's new leader, Iain Duncan Smith, appointed him Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. His performances in the post won him much praise; indeed, under his guidance, the Conservatives decided to debate the economy on an 'Opposition Day' for the first time in several years. After Duncan Smith was removed from the leadership, Howard was elected unopposed as leader of the party in November 2003.

As leader, he faced much less discontent within the party than any of his three predecessors and was seen as a steady hand. He avoided repeating such managerial missteps as Duncan Smith's firing of David Davis as Conservative Party Chairman and imposed discipline quickly and firmly: for example, he removed the party whip from Ann Winterton after she joked about the deaths of 23 Chinese illegal immigrants. In the lead up to the 2005 election campaign, Howard continued to impose strong party discipline, controversially forcing the deselection of at least four candidates. Danny Kruger was made to resign in Sedgefield after he said that the Conservatives "plan to introduce a period of creative destruction in the public services". He was later selected and elected as the Conservative MP for Devizes in 2019.{{Cite news |date=2005-03-15 |title=Tory candidate quits over remark |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4352425.stm |access-date=2024-07-25 |language=en-GB}} Robert Oulds and Adrian Hilton were successively sacked as candidates for Slough–Oulds after he was photographed with a number of firearms and dubbed a "Tory gun nut" by The Sun; and Hilton after a piece he wrote for The Spectator in 2003 came to public attention, in which he claimed that "a Catholic EU will inevitably result in the subjugation of Britain's Protestant ethos to Roman Catholic social, political and religious teaching".{{Cite news |last=Tempest |first=Matthew |last2=Happold |first2=Tom |date=2005-03-04 |title=Catholic church condemns Tory 'conspiracy theorist' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/04/election2005.uk |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Most prominently, incumbent MP and then-Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party Howard Flight was deselected in Arundel and South Downs, for a speech at a Conservative Way Forward meeting that suggested that the Conservatives would make much greater spending cuts than they promised in their manifesto, if they won the election.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/28/conservatives.politicalcolumnists|title=The brutal world of Spin Doctor Who|author=Peter Preston|work=The Guardian|date=28 March 2005|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032430/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/28/conservatives.politicalcolumnists|url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Happold |first=Tom |date=2005-04-06 |title=Flight gives up the fight |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/06/election2005.uk7 |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

In February 2004, Howard called on then-Prime Minister Tony Blair to resign over the Iraq War, for failing to ask "basic questions" regarding WMD claims and misleading Parliament.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3460771.stm|date=5 February 2004|title=Howard calls for Blair to resign|work=BBC News|access-date=28 August 2004|archive-date=9 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040709222940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3460771.stm|url-status=live}} In July, the Conservative leader stated that he would not have voted for the motion that authorised the Iraq War had he known the quality of intelligence information on which the WMD claims were based. At the same time, he said he still believed in the Iraq invasion was right because "the prize of a stable Iraq was worth striving for".{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3910371.stm|date=20 July 2004|title=At-a-glance Iraq debate|work=BBC News|access-date=28 August 2004|archive-date=26 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726195614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3910371.stm|url-status=live}} However, Howard's criticism of Blair was not received favourably in Washington, D.C., where President of the United States George W. Bush refused to meet him. Bush's advisor Karl Rove reportedly told Howard, "you can forget about meeting the president. Don't bother coming."{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3608006.stm|date=28 August 2004|title=Howard hits out at Bush aides|work=BBC News|access-date=28 August 2004|archive-date=29 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829065553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3608006.stm|url-status=live}}

Howard was named 2003 Parliamentarian of the Year by The Spectator and Zurich UK. This was in recognition of his performance at the dispatch box in his previous role as Shadow Chancellor. However, twelve months after he became party leader, neither his personal popularity nor his party's with the public had risen appreciably in opinion polls from several years before.

Howard was part of discussions for British Airways to resume flights to Pakistan in 2003, this was until their final departure in 2008 the only European airline serving the nation.{{cite web|url = https://www.news24.com/World/News/BA-flies-back-to-Pakistan-20031202|title = BA flies back to Pakistan|date = 2 December 2003|access-date = 30 August 2018|archive-date = 30 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142300/https://www.news24.com/World/News/BA-flies-back-to-Pakistan-20031202|url-status = live}}

==Further Newsnight treatment==

In November 2004, Newsnight again concentrated on Howard with coverage of a campaign trip to Cornwall and an interview with Jeremy Paxman. The piece, which purported to show that members of the public could not identify Howard and that those who recognised him did not support him, was the subject of an official complaint from the Conservative Party. The complaint argued that the Newsnight team spoke only to people who held opinions against either Michael Howard or the Conservatives and that Paxman's style was bullying and unnecessarily aggressive. In this programme, Paxman also returned to his question from 1997. Howard returned briefly to Newsnight on Jeremy Paxman's final episode on 18 June 2014 for a cameo.

==2005 general election==

At the 2005 general election, Howard's Conservative Party suffered a third consecutive defeat, although the Conservatives gained 33 seats (including five from the Liberal Democrats) and Labour's majority shrank from 167 to 66. The Conservatives were left with 198 seats to Labour's 355. The Conservative share of the national vote increased by 0.6% from 2001 and 1.6% from 1997. The party ended with 32.4% of the total votes cast, which was within 3% of Labour on 35.2%.

The day after the election, Howard stated in a speech in the newly gained Conservative seat in Putney that he would not lead the party into the next general election as, already aged 63, he would be "too old" by that stage, and that he would stand down "sooner rather than later", following a revision of the Conservative leadership electoral process. Despite Labour winning a third term in government, Howard described the election as "the beginning of a recovery" for the Conservative Party following Labour's landslide victories in 1997 and 2001.{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/frontpage/4521941.stm | work=BBC News | title=Howard will stand down as leader | date=6 May 2005 | access-date=19 December 2011 | archive-date=16 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516034013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/frontpage/4521941.stm | url-status=live }}

Howard's own constituency of Folkestone and Hythe had been heavily targeted by the Liberal Democrats as the most sought after prize of their failed "decapitation" strategy of seeking to gain seats from prominent Conservatives. Yet Howard almost doubled his majority to 11,680, while the Liberal Democrats saw their vote fall.

==Criticism of 2005 campaign==

During the 2005 general election campaign, Howard was criticised by some commentators for conducting a campaign which addressed the issues of immigration, asylum seekers, and travellers.{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Matthew |title=Howard calls for asylum cap |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jan/24/asylum.immigrationasylumandrefugees |access-date=18 November 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=24 January 2005 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=McSmith |first1=Andy |title=Howard stirs race row with attack on Gypsies |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/howard-stirs-race-row-with-attack-on-gypsies-529230.html |access-date=18 November 2022 |work=The Independent |date=20 March 2005 |language=en}} Others{{Like whom?|date=November 2022}} noted that the continued media coverage of such issues created most of the controversy and that Howard merely defended his views when questioned at unrelated policy launches.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Some evidence suggested that the public generally supported policies proposed by the Conservative Party when they were not told which party had proposed them, indicating that the party still had an image problem. Conservative John Major's 30% lead in 1992 amongst the sought after ABC1 voters (professionals) had all but disappeared by 2005.{{cite web |url=http://www.progressives.org.uk/magazine/Default.asp?action=magazine&articleid=920 |title=News and debate from the progressive community |website=progressives.org.uk|date=20 April 2018 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Progressives.org.uk. Retrieved on 15 August 2013.{{dead link|date=July 2016}}

The campaign focus on immigration may have been influenced by Howard's election adviser Lynton Crosby, who had run similar tactics in Australian elections earlier.{{cite web|url=http://www.safecom.org.au/2005/04/lynton-crosby-globetrotting-spreading.htm|date=18 April 2005|work=Fixing Australia|title=Lynton Crosby globetrotting, spreading dirty dog whistles|access-date=7 May 2005|archive-date=22 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050622045503/http://www.safecom.org.au/2005/04/lynton-crosby-globetrotting-spreading.htm|url-status=live}} Crosby was later re-hired by the Conservative Party to run their successful campaign in the 2008 London mayoral election.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

=Resignation=

Despite his impending resignation following the 2005 general election, Howard performed a substantial reshuffle of the party's front bench in which several rising star MPs were given their first shadow portfolios, including George Osborne and David Cameron. This move cleared the way for David Cameron (who had worked for Howard as a Special Advisor when the latter was Home Secretary) to run for the Conservative Party leadership.

The reforms to the party's election process took several months and Howard remained in his position for six months following the election. During that period, he enjoyed a fairly pressure-free time, often making joking comparisons between himself and Tony Blair, both of whom had declared they would not stand at the next general election. He also oversaw Blair's first parliamentary defeat, when the Conservative Party, the Liberal Democrats and sufficient Labour Party rebels voted against government proposals to extend to 90 days the period that terror suspects could be held for without charge. Howard stood down as Leader in December 2005 and was replaced by David Cameron.

Retirement

Howard announced on 17 March 2006 that he would stand down as MP for Folkestone and Hythe at the 2010 general election.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4818832.stm |title=Michael Howard stands down as MP |work=BBC News |date=17 March 2006 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108112244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4818832.stm |url-status=live }}

On 13 July 2006 the Conservatives selected Damian Collins to stand in his place at that election.

On 19 June 2006 it was reported that Howard would become chairman of Diligence Europe, a private intelligence and risk assessment company founded by former CIA and MI5 members.{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/18/bloomberg/bxshake.php |title=Former Tory leader to head risk firm |work=International Herald Tribune |date=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202125640/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/18/bloomberg/bxshake.php}}{{cite web|url=http://www.diligencellc.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=document.home&id=6&object=39 |title=Diligence announces addition of Michael Howard to Advisory Board |publisher=Diligencellc.com |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715211310/http://www.diligencellc.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=document.home&id=6&object=39 |archive-date=15 July 2007 }}

On 23 October 2006, Howard said that he had voluntarily been questioned as a potential witness as part of the investigation into the Cash-for-Honours scandal relating to fundraising for the 2005 election campaign. He was not suspected of any criminal activity,{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6078788.stm |title=Howard quizzed in honours probe |date=23 October 2006 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107170226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6078788.stm |archive-date=7 November 2006}} was not accused of any criminal activity, and gave evidence purely as a witness in an investigation focusing primarily on the Labour Government's use of the peerages system and their party fundraising.

File:Michael Howard (cropped).jpg

Howard was appointed a Conservative life peer in the 2010 Dissolution Honours with the title of Baron Howard of Lympne, of Lympne in the County of Kent.{{London Gazette |issue=59491 |date=19 July 2010 |page=13713}}{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162|title=Peerages, honours and appointments|date=28 May 2010|publisher=10 Downing Street|access-date=24 June 2010|archive-date=1 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601013232/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2010/05/peerages-honours-and-appointments-51162|url-status=live}} On 20 July 2010, he was formally introduced into the House of Lords by past colleague Norman Lamont, and attended Questions and debate later that day.{{cite web |url=http://services.parliament.uk/calendar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210102925/http://services.parliament.uk/calendar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-10 |title=House of Lords Future Business |date=20 July 2010 |website=parliament.uk}}

In 2010, David Cameron wanted Howard to join his Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition, possibly as Lord Chancellor, via the House of Lords as part of David Cameron's appeal to rightwing Tories. However, it did not happen, Howard having criticised the government's proposal for a 'rehabilitation revolution'.{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/8037566/Top-100-most-influential-Right-wingers-75-51.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006214337/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/8037566/Top-100-most-influential-Right-wingers-75-51.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 October 2010 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first1=Iain | last1=Dale | first2=Brian | last2=Brivati | author-link2 = Brian Brivati|title=Top 100 most influential Right-wingers: 75-51 | date=4 October 2010}}

File:Companion of Honour.jpg, which Howard became in 2011]]

In February 2011 there was increased speculation that Cameron would reshuffle his cabinet, with Lord Howard brought in to replace Kenneth Clarke as Secretary of State for Justice. Instead, Chris Grayling was appointed.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/feb/20/kenneth-clarke-european-court-reform | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Allegra | last=Stratton | title=Kenneth Clarke offers hope to Tory critics of human rights court | date=20 February 2011 | access-date=15 December 2016 | archive-date=27 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927191719/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/feb/20/kenneth-clarke-european-court-reform | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/feb/19/tory-mps-david-cameron-reshuffle?INTCMP=SRCH | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Toby | last=Helm | title=Tory MPs press David Cameron for cabinet reshuffle | date=19 February 2011 | access-date=15 December 2016 | archive-date=3 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403195402/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/feb/19/tory-mps-david-cameron-reshuffle?INTCMP=SRCH | url-status=live }}

Howard was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 2011 Birthday Honours for public and political services.{{London Gazette |issue=59808 |date=11 June 2011|page=26 |supp=y}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/queen%E2%80%99s-birthday-honours-list-2011 |title=The Queen's Birthday Honours List 2011 |access-date=2011-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609144934/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/queen%E2%80%99s-birthday-honours-list-2011 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |df=dmy }} Cabinet Office, 11 June 2011.

A few days after Article 50 was triggered for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, Howard was interviewed on 2 April 2017 by Sophy Ridge for her programme on Sky News. He compared the post-Brexit situation of Gibraltar's disputed sovereignty with Spain with the resolution of a similar issue by the Falklands War in 1982. Howard said he was "absolutely certain" Theresa May "will show the same resolve in standing by the people of Gibraltar" as Margaret Thatcher had done in the South Atlantic. Leading figures from the other parties rejected this viewpoint.{{cite news|last=Asthana|first=Anushka|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/02/britain-and-eu-worse-off-without-brexit-deal-says-michael-fallon|title=Theresa May would go to war to protect Gibraltar, Michael Howard says|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2017|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402225014/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/02/britain-and-eu-worse-off-without-brexit-deal-says-michael-fallon|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Peck|first=Tom|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-gibraltar-falklands-war-senior-conservatives-fallon-howard-a7662656.html|title=Brexit could turn Gibraltar in to the next Falklands, senior Conservatives suggest|work=The Independent|date=2 April 2017|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402210231/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-gibraltar-falklands-war-senior-conservatives-fallon-howard-a7662656.html|url-status=live}} A spokesman for Number 10 said such a conflict "isn't going to happen".{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Joe|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/downing-street-michael-howard-gibraltar-war-spain-uk-territory-brexit-eu-theresa-may-a7664246.html|title=Downing Street defends ex-Tory leader Michael Howard's claim UK would go to war with Spain over Gibraltar|work=The Independent|date=3 April 2017|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403125152/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/downing-street-michael-howard-gibraltar-war-spain-uk-territory-brexit-eu-theresa-may-a7664246.html|url-status=live}}

In June 2022, Howard called on Boris Johnson to resign as Prime Minister.{{Cite news |date=2022-06-24 |title=By-election defeats: Ex-leader Michael Howard calls for Boris Johnson to go |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61922077 |access-date=2022-06-26}}

=Criticism of Somali business interests=

In 2015, Soma Oil & Gas, which Howard chairs, was investigated by the Serious Fraud Office.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/report-raises-questions-over-somali-dealings-of-firm-headed-by-u-k-s-michael-howard-1440529699|title=Report Raises Questions Over Somali Dealings of Firm Headed by U.K.'s Michael Howard|author=Justin Scheck and Jenny Gross|work=Wall Street Journal|date=25 August 2015|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102131823/http://www.wsj.com/articles/report-raises-questions-over-somali-dealings-of-firm-headed-by-u-k-s-michael-howard-1440529699|url-status=live}} On 14 December 2016, the SFO closed its investigation of Soma, citing insufficient evidence of corruption.{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2016/12/15/serious-fraud-office-closes-corruption-investigation-of-soma-oil/|title=Serious Fraud Office Closes Corruption Investigation of Soma Oil|work=WSJ Risk and Compliance Journal|date=15 December 2016|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116163503/http://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2016/12/15/serious-fraud-office-closes-corruption-investigation-of-soma-oil/|url-status=live}}

=Charity work=

Howard is a keen supporter of the hospice movement and was chairman of Hospice UK from 2010 until 2018.{{cite web |title=Hospice UK Chair set to retire from board later this year |url=https://www.hospiceuk.org/about-hospice-care/media-centre/press-releases/details/2018/04/27/hospice-uk-chair-set-to-retire-from-board-later-this-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308063628/https://www.hospiceuk.org/about-hospice-care/media-centre/press-releases/details/2018/04/27/hospice-uk-chair-set-to-retire-from-board-later-this-year |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=hospiceuk.org}}

Arms

{{Infobox COA wide

|image=Coat of Arms Michael Howard, Baron Howard of Lympne.svg

|escutcheon = Argent on water barry wavy Azure and Argent in base an ancient ship rigged Gules the sails furled and statant on the fore and aft castles two figures of men respectant Proper habited Azure and each blowing a trumpet Or on a chief Azure a lion passant guardant Or.

|crest = A demi dragon Gules holding between the claws an ancient ship rigged Or the sails furled Proper.

|supporters = On either side a pike Azure.

|badge = On a billet Azure three trees Or leaved Vert.

|motto = Melior Conatus Quam Spectatio{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=2019 |page=3068}}}}

Notes

References

External links

[http://www.michaelhowardmp.com/ Michael Howard MP] official site
{{Hansard-contribs | mr-michael-howard | Michael Howard }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050607081051/https://www.conservatives.com/michaelhoward/ Conservative Party: Michael Howard] official profile of the Party Leader
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050525233315/http://www.epolitix.com/EN/MPWebsites/Michael+Howard/ ePolitix.com – Michael Howard]}} profile
[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-2540,00.html Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Michael Howard MP]
[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/michael_howard/folkestone_and_hythe They Work For You: Michael Howard MP]
[http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Michael_Howard&mpc=Folkestone+%26amp%3B+Hythe The Public Whip – Michael Howard MP] voting record
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2082655.stm BBC News – Michael Howard] profile 17 October 2002
{{YouTube|Uwlsd8RAoqI|Michael Howard on Newsnight}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004425/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/h/537/Michael+HOWARD.aspx Debrett's People of Today]
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