MicroLED

Following the first report of electrical injection microLEDs based on indium gallium nitride (InGaN) semiconductors in 2000 by the research group of Hongxing Jiang and Jingyu Lin, several groups have quickly engaged in pursuing this concept.{{cite journal | last1=Ozden | first1=I. | last2=Diagne | first2=M. | last3=Nurmikko | first3=A.V. | last4=Han | first4=J. | last5=Takeuchi | first5=T. | title=A Matrix Addressable 1024 Element Blue Light Emitting InGaN QW Diode Array | journal=Physica Status Solidi A | publisher=Wiley | volume=188 | issue=1 | year=2001 | issn=0031-8965 | doi=10.1002/1521-396x(200111)188:1<139::aid-pssa139>3.0.co;2-h | pages=139–142| bibcode=2001PSSAR.188..139O }}{{cite journal | last1=Choi | first1=H.W. | last2=Jeon | first2=C.W. | last3=Dawson | first3=M.D. | title=High-Resolution 128$times$96 Nitride Microdisplay | journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | volume=25 | issue=5 | year=2004 | issn=0741-3106 | doi=10.1109/led.2004.826541 | pages=277–279| hdl=10722/42699 | s2cid=43644267 | hdl-access=free }} Many related potential applications have been identified. Various on-chip connection schemes of microLED pixel arrays have been employed by AC LED Lighting, LLC (a company funded by Jiang and Lin) allowing for the development of single-chip high voltage DC/AC-LEDs{{cite patent|title=Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operating and general lighting|country=US|number=6957899|inventor1-last=Jiang|inventor1-first=Hongxing |inventor2-last=Lin|inventor2-first=Jingyu|inventor3-last=Jin|inventor3-first=Sixuan}}{{cite patent|country=US|number=7210819|pubdate=2007-05-01|title=Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operation and general lighting|assign1=AC LED Lighting LLC|inventor1-last=Jiang|inventor1-first=Hongxing |inventor2-last=Lin|inventor2-first=Jingyu|inventor3-last=Jin|inventor3-first=Sixuan}}{{cite patent|country=US|number=7213942|pubdate=2007-05-08|title=Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operation and general lighting|assign1=AC LED Lighting LLC|inventor1-last=Jiang|inventor1-first=Hongxing |inventor2-last=Lin|inventor2-first=Jingyu}}{{cite patent|title=Heterogeneous integrated high voltage DC/AC light emitter|country=US|number=7221044|pubdate=2007-05-22|assign1=AC LED Lighting LLC|inventor1-last=Fan|inventor1-first=Zhaoyang|inventor2-last=Jiang|inventor2-first=Hongxing |inventor3-last=Lin|inventor3-first=Jingyu}}{{cite patent|title=Micro-LED based high voltage AC/DC indicator lamp|country=US|number=7535028|pubdate=2009-05-19|assign1=AC LED Lighting LLC|inventor1-last=Fan|inventor1-first=Zhaoyang|inventor2-last=Jiang|inventor2-first=Hongxing |inventor3-last=Lin|inventor3-first=Jingyu}}{{cite patent|title=AC/DC light emitting diodes with integrated protection mechanism|country=US|number=7714348|pubdate=2010-05-11|assign1=AC LED Lighting LLC|inventor1-last=Fan|inventor1-first=Zhaoyang|inventor2-last=Jiang|inventor2-first=Hongxing |inventor3-last=Lin|inventor3-first=Jingyu}}{{cite patent|title=Light emitting diode lamp capable of high AC/DC voltage operation|country=US |number=8272757|pubdate=2012-09-25|assign1=AC LED Lighting LLC|inventor1-last=Fan|inventor1-first=Zhaoyang|inventor2-last=Jiang|inventor2-first=Hongxing |inventor3-last=Lin|inventor3-first=Jingyu}} to address the compatibility issue between the high voltage electrical infrastructure and low voltage operation nature of LEDs and high brightness self-emissive microdisplays.{{cite patent|title=Micro-emitter array based full-color micro-display|country=US|number=8058663|pubdate=2011-11-15|assign1=III-N Technology Inc.|inventor1-last=Fan|inventor1-first=Zhaoyang|inventor2-last=Li|inventor2-first=Jing|inventor3-last=Lin|inventor3-first=Jingyu|inventor4-last=Jiang|inventor4-first=Hongxing }}{{cite patent|country=US|number=9047818|title=CMOS IC for micro-emitter based microdisplay|pubdate=2015-06-02|inventor1-last=Day|inventor1-first=Jacob|inventor2-last=Li|inventor2-first=Jing|inventor3-last=Lie|inventor3-first=Donald|inventor4=Zhaoyang Fan;Jingyu Lin;Hongxing Jiang|assign1=III-N Technology, Inc.}}

The microLED array has also been explored as a light source for optogenetic applications{{cite journal | last1=Dawson | first1=Martin D | last2=Neil | first2=Mark A A | title=Micro-pixellated LEDs for science and instrumentation | journal=Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=41 | issue=9 | date=2008-04-04 | issn=0022-3727 | doi=10.1088/0022-3727/41/9/090301 | pages=090301| doi-access=free | bibcode=2008JPhD...41i0301D }}{{cite journal | last1=Poher | first1=V | last2=Grossman | first2=N | last3=Kennedy | first3=G T | last4=Nikolic | first4=K | last5=Zhang | first5=H X | last6=Gong | first6=Z | last7=Drakakis | first7=E M | last8=Gu | first8=E | last9=Dawson | first9=M D | last10=French | first10=P M W | last11=Degenaar | first11=P | last12=Neil | first12=M A A |display-authors=5| title=Micro-LED arrays: a tool for two-dimensional neuron stimulation | journal=Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=41 | issue=9 | date=2008-04-04 | issn=0022-3727 | doi=10.1088/0022-3727/41/9/094014 | page=094014| bibcode=2008JPhD...41i4014P | s2cid=14519094 }} and for visible light communications.{{cite journal | last1=McKendry | first1=Jonathan J. D. | last2=Massoubre | first2=David | last3=Zhang | first3=Shuailong | last4=Rae | first4=Bruce R. | last5=Green | first5=Richard P. | last6=Gu | first6=Erdan | last7=Henderson | first7=Robert K. | last8=Kelly | first8=A. E. | last9=Dawson | first9=Martin D. |display-authors=5| title=Visible-Light Communications Using a CMOS-Controlled Micro-Light- Emitting-Diode Array | journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | volume=30 | issue=1 | year=2012 | issn=0733-8724 | doi=10.1109/jlt.2011.2175090 | pages=61–67| bibcode=2012JLwT...30...61M | hdl=10072/51676 | s2cid=22496989 | hdl-access=free }}

Early InGaN based microLED arrays and microdisplays were primarily passively driven. The first actively driven video-capable self-emissive InGaN microLED microdisplay in VGA format ({{resx|640|480}} pixels, each 12{{nbsp}}μm in size with 15{{nbsp}}μm between them) possessing low voltage requirements was patented and realized in 2009 by Jiang, Lin and their colleagues at Texas Tech and III-N Technology, Inc.(a company funded by Jiang and Lin) via integration between microLED array and CMOS integrated circuit (IC) and the work was also published in the following years.{{cite journal | last1=Day | first1=Jacob | last2=Li | first2=J. | last3=Lie | first3=D. Y. C. | last4=Bradford | first4=Charles | last5=Lin | first5=J. Y. | last6=Jiang | first6=H. X. | title=III-Nitride full-scale high-resolution microdisplays | journal=Applied Physics Letters | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=99 | issue=3 | date=2011-07-18 | issn=0003-6951 | doi=10.1063/1.3615679 | page=031116| bibcode=2011ApPhL..99c1116D | s2cid=16751667 }}J. Y. Lin, J. Day, J. Li, D. Lie, C. Bradford, and H. X. Jiang, "High-resolution group III nitride microdisplays," SPIE Newsroom, December issue (2011). doi: 10.1117/2.1201112.004001{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=H. X. |last2=Lin |first2=J. Y. |date=2013-05-06 |title=Nitride micro-LEDs and beyond - a decade progress review |url=https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-21-S3-A475 |journal=Optics Express |volume=21 |issue=S3 |pages=A475-84 |doi=10.1364/OE.21.00A475 |pmid=24104436 |bibcode=2013OExpr..21A.475J |issn=1094-4087|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=J. Y. |last2=Jiang |first2=H. X. |date=2020-03-09 |title=Development of microLED |url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5145201 |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=100502 |doi=10.1063/1.5145201 |bibcode=2020ApPhL.116j0502L |s2cid=216297255 |issn=0003-6951|url-access=subscription }}

The first microLED products were demonstrated by Sony in 2012. These displays, however, were very expensive.{{Cite web|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/micro-led-display-explained-805148/|title=MicroLED explained: The next-gen display technology|date=October 6, 2017|website=Android Authority}}

There are several methods to manufacture microLED displays. The flip-chip method manufactures the LED on a conventional sapphire substrate, while the transistor array and solder bumps are deposited on silicon wafers using conventional manufacturing and metallization processes. Mass transfer is used to pick and place several thousand LEDs from one wafer to another at the same time, and the LEDs are bonded to the silicon substrate using reflow ovens. The flip-chip method is used for micro displays used on virtual reality headsets. Another microLED manufacturing method involves bonding the LEDs to an IC layer on a silicon substrate and then removing the LED bonding material using conventional semiconductor manufacturing techniques.{{Cite web|url=https://compoundsemiconductor.net/article/104784/Mastering_the_manufacture_of_microLED_micro-displays/feature|title=Mastering the manufacture of microLED micro-displays - News|website=Compound Semiconductor}}{{Cite press release|url=http://www.yole.fr/MicroLED_Displays_Technology_Industry_Update.aspx#.Xhs7qMhKjcd|title=MicroLEDs: status and reality check|publisher=Yole Développement|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2020-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123214447/http://www.yole.fr/MicroLED_Displays_Technology_Industry_Update.aspx#.Xhs7qMhKjcd|url-status=dead}}{{Cite press release|url=http://www.yole.fr/MicroLEDDisplay_CostAnalysis.aspx#.Xhs7qMhKjcd|title=MicroLEDs: technology advancements pave the way for cost reduction|publisher=Yole Développement|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023257/http://www.yole.fr/MicroLEDDisplay_CostAnalysis.aspx#.Xhs7qMhKjcd|url-status=dead}} The current bottleneck in the manufacturing process is the need to individually test every LED and replace faulty ones using an excimer laser lift-off apparatus, which uses a laser to weaken the bond between the LED and its substrate. Faulty LED replacement must be performed using high accuracy pick-and-place machines and the test and repair process takes several hours. The mass transfer process alone can take 18 days, for a smartphone screen with a glass substrate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20190927PD210.html|title=Researchers unveil micro LED displays without mass transfer|website=DIGITIMES|date=2 October 2019 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledinside.com/news/2019/6/challenges_microled_display_inspection_repair|title=The Challenges of Micro LED Display Inspection and Repair|website=www.ledinside.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledinside.com/news/2019/5/microled_manufacture_process_introduction_difficulties_analysis|title=Micro LED Manufacture Process Introduction and Difficulties Analysis|website=www.ledinside.com}} Special LED manufacturing techniques can be used to increase yield and reduce the amount of faulty LEDs that need to be replaced. Each LED can be as small as 5{{nbsp}}μm across.{{Cite web|url=https://semiengineering.com/microleds-the-next-revolution-in-displays/|title=MicroLEDs: The Next Revolution In Displays?|date=May 29, 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.aixtron.com/en/innovation/applications/micro-led|title=MicroLED - The Display-Technology of the Future :: AIXTRON|website=www.aixtron.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledinside.com/news/2019/10/apple_granted_64_new_patents_mass_transfer_system_microled_displays|title=Apple Granted 64 New Patents Including a Mass Transfer System for Micro LED Displays|website=www.ledinside.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sixteen-nine.net/2019/10/04/it-would-take-18-days-to-make-a-microled-based-smartphone-screen/|title=It Would Take 18+ Days To Make A MicroLED-based Smartphone Screen ...|date=October 4, 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.industrial-lasers.com/sponsored/coherent/article/16490712/laser-processing-of-microleds|title=Laser Processing of Micro-LEDs|date=November 8, 2018|website=Industrial Laser Solutions}} LED epitaxy techniques need to be improved to increase LED yields.{{Cite web|url=http://en.thelec.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=211|title=Micro LED, 9 challenges for commercialization|date=March 5, 2019|website=THE ELEC, Korea Electronics Industry Media}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledinside.com/intelligence/2019/2/ledinside_observing_the_development_trend_of_micro_led_display_from_micro_led_technology_challenges|title=LEDinside: Observing the Development Trend of Micro LED Display from Micro LED Technology Challenges|website=www.ledinside.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.leadingledtech.com/micro-led-mass-transfer/|title=The Key Technology to Micro LED: Mass Transfer|date=December 12, 2018}}

Excimer lasers are used for several steps: laser lift-off to separate LEDs from their sapphire substrate and to remove faulty LEDs, for manufacturing the LTPS-TFT backplane, and for laser cutting of the finished LEDs. Special mass transfer techniques using elastomer stamps are also being researched.{{Cite web|url=https://www.microled-info.com/x-celeprint|title=X-Celeprint | MicroLED-Info|website=www.microled-info.com}} Other companies are exploring the possibility of packaging 3 LEDs: one red, one green and one blue LED into a single package to reduce mass transfer costs.{{Cite web|url=https://www.microled-info.com/korean-companies-develop-packaged-rgb-microled-technology-easier-transfer?amp|title=Korean companies develop packaged RGB microLED technology for easier transfer process|website=www.microled-info.com}}https://www.coherent.com/assets/pdf/Coherent_Whitepaper_-_Laser_Processing_of_%C2%B5LED.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}

Quantum dots are being researched as a way to shrink the size of microLED pixels, while other companies are exploring the use of phosphors and quantum dots to eliminate the need for different-colored LEDs.{{Cite web|url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/lasers-sources/article/16566966/verlase-patents-massproduction-method-for-microled-displays|title=StackPath|website=www.laserfocusworld.com|date=26 April 2019 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/detectors-imaging/article/16566879/quantum-dots-shrink-microled-pixels-by-87|title=StackPath|website=www.laserfocusworld.com|date=8 January 2019 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.eetimes.com/quantum-dots-to-shrink-microled-display-pixels/|title=Quantum Dots to Shrink MicroLED Display Pixels|date=January 11, 2019|website=EETimes}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/microled-could-soon-replace-oled-screens-samsung-first-line-try/|title=MicroLED could soon replace OLED screens, and Samsung's first in line to try|first=Geoffrey|last=Morrison|website=CNET}} Sensors can be embedded in microLED displays.http://www.allos-semiconductors.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/171113-ALLOS-at-Huawei-forum-Micro-LED-Displays.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}

Over 130 companies are involved in microLED research and development.{{Cite web|url=https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/microled-emerging-as-next-generation-display-technology|title=MicroLED: Emerging as a Next Generation Display Technology|first=Sweta|last=Dash|date=April 8, 2019|website=DisplayDaily}} MicroLED light panels are also being made, and are an alternative to conventional OLED and LED light panels.{{Cite web|url=http://www.micro-luce.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112162238/http://www.micro-luce.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2020|title=Microluce}}

Digital pulse-width modulation is well-suited to driving microLED displays. MicroLEDs experience a color shift as the current magnitude changes. Analog schemes change current to change brightness. With a digital pulse, only one current value is used for the on state. Thus, there is no color shift that occurs as brightness changes.

Current microLED display offerings by Samsung and Sony consist of "cabinets" that can be tiled to create a large display of any size, with the display's resolution increasing with size. They also contain mechanisms to protect the display against water and dust. Each cabinet is {{convert|36.4|inch|cm}} diagonally with a resolution of {{resx|960x540}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.samsung.com/us/business/products/displays/direct-view-led/the-wall/|title=Samsung's The Wall | MicroLED Displays | Samsung Business|website=Samsung Electronics America}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/build-the-wall-check-out-samsungs-massive-direct-view-microled-display/425614?amp=1|title=Build the Wall? Check out Samsung's massive direct view microLED display | IT World Canada News|website=www.itworldcanada.com|date=5 January 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://displaysolutions.samsung.com/led-signage/detail/1346/IW008J|title=IW008J | SMART LED Signage | Samsung Display Solutions|website=displaysolutions.samsung.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://displaysolutions.samsung.com/led-signage/detail/1438/IW008R|title=IW008R | SMART LED Signage | Samsung Display Solutions|website=displaysolutions.samsung.com}}

MicroLEDs have already demonstrated performance advantages over LCD and OLED displays, including higher brightness, lower latency, higher contrast ratio, greater color saturation, intrinsic self-illumination, better efficiency and longer lifetime. Compared with OLED displays and LCDs, microLED displays stand out for their combination of high performance, durability, and energy efficiency.{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vikrant |last2=Behrman |first2=Keith |last3=Kymissis |first3=Ioannis |date=2024-06-01 |title=Putting microLED technology on display |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/77/6/30/3294598/Putting-microLED-technology-on-displayAfter-some |journal=Physics Today |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=30–36 |doi=10.1063/pt.bmot.fjtv |bibcode=2024PhT....77f..30K |issn=0031-9228}} Ultrahigh brightness is particularly relevant for applications in augmented-reality displays that compete with the Sun’s brightness in outdoor environments.

Glo and Jasper Display Corporation demonstrated the world's first RGB microLED microdisplay, measuring {{convert|0.55|inch|cm}} diagonally, at SID Display Week 2017. Glo transferred their microLEDs to the Jasper Display backplane.{{citation| url = https://www.displaydaily.com/paid-news/ldm-mdm/ldm-mdm-event-reports/press-events-market-briefings/ic04-glo-is-looking-for-partners-in-microled | title = IC04 Glo is Looking for Partners in MicroLED | work =Display Daily| date = 5 June 2017 }}

Sony launched a {{convert|55|inch|cm|adj=on}} "Crystal LED Display" in 2012 with {{resx|1920x1080}} resolution, as a demonstration product.{{citation |last=Cheng |first=Skavy |title=Overview of Micro-LED History and Current Developments |date=5 Aug 2016 |website=Led Inside |url=http://www.ledinside.com/outlook/2016/8/overview_of_micro_led_history_and_current_developments}} Sony announced its CLEDIS (Crystal LED Integrated Structure) brand which used surface mounted LEDs for large display production.InfoComm 2016: Sony Unveils New CLEDIS Display Featuring Ultrafine LEDs. {{As of|2019|August}}, Sony offers CLEDIS in {{convert|146|inch|m|adj=on}}, {{convert|182|inch|m|adj=on}} and {{convert|219|inch|m|adj=on}} displays.{{Cite web|url=https://www.microled-info.com/sony-reveals-its-cystal-led-microled-display-prices-europe|title=Sony reveals its Cystal-LED MicroLED display prices in Europe |website=MicroLED-Info|access-date=2019-09-14}} On 12 September 2019, Sony announced Crystal LED availability to consumers ranging from 1080p {{convert|110|inch|m|adj=on}} to 16K {{convert|790|inch|m|adj=on}} displays.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/company-news/press-releases/sony-electronics/2019/sony-electronics-brings-16k-capable-display-system-to-consumers-living-rooms-with-crystal-led-residential-solutions.html|title=Sony Electronics Brings 16K-capable Display System to Consumers' Living Rooms with Crystal LED Residential Solutions|website=www.sony.com|access-date=2019-09-20}}

Samsung demonstrated a {{convert|146|inch|m|adj=on}} microLED display called The Wall at CES 2018.{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/01/08/samsung-the-wall-4k-microled/|title=Our first look at Samsung's massive 146-inch 4K MicroLED TV|work=Engadget|access-date=2018-02-01}} In July 2018, Samsung announced plans on bringing a 4K microLED TV to consumer market in 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://www.microled-info.com/samsung-aims-release-premium-micro-led-consumer-tv-2019|title=Samsung aims to release a premium Micro-LED consumer TV in 2019 |website=MicroLED-Info|access-date=2019-09-14}} At CES 2019, Samsung demonstrated a {{convert|75|inch|m|adj=on}} 4K microLED display and {{convert|219|inch|m|adj=on}} 6K microLED display.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/6/18168793/samsungs-75-inch-microled-4k-tv-pitcure-quality-ces-2019|title=Samsung's 75-inch MicroLED 4K TV is a huge step into the future|last=Welch|first=Chris|date=2019-01-06|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-10-11}} On June 12 at InfoComm 2019, Samsung announced the global launch of The Wall Luxury microLED display configurable from {{convert|73|inch|m|adj=on}} in 2K to {{convert|292|inch|m|adj=on}} in 8K.{{Cite web|url=https://news.samsung.com/global/the-wall-luxury-samsungs-new-digital-display-innovations-introduced-at-infocomm-2019|title=The Wall Luxury: Samsung's New Digital Display Innovations Introduced at InfoComm 2019|publisher=news.samsung.com|access-date=2019-10-11}} On October 4, 2019, Samsung announced that The Wall Luxury microLED display shipments had begun.{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/samsung-the-wall-luxury-292-inch-8k-microled-coming-july-2019/|title=Samsung's the Wall Luxury TV Delivers 8K in up to 292 Inches|date=12 June 2019}}

In March 2018, Bloomberg reported Apple to have about 300 engineers devoted to in-house development of microLED screens.{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-19/apple-is-said-to-develop-displays-to-replace-samsung-screens | title = Apple Is Secretly Developing Its Own Screens for the First Time| newspaper = Bloomberg.com| date= 18 Mar 2018 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-screens/apple-is-designing-and-testing-screens-bloomberg-idUSKBN1GV04W|title=Apple is developing own MicroLED screens: Bloomberg|date=March 18, 2018|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2018-03-19}} At IFA 2018 in August, LG Display demonstrated a {{convert|173|inch|m|adj=on}} microLED display.

At SID's Display Week 2019 in May, Tianma and PlayNitride demonstrated their co-developed {{convert|7.56|inch|cm|adj=on}} microLED display with over 60% transparency. China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSoT) demonstrated a {{convert|3.3|inch|cm|adj=on}} transparent microLED display with around 45% transparency, also co-developed with PlayNitride. Plessey Semiconductors Ltd demonstrated a monolithic monochrome blue GaN-on-silicon wafer bonded to a Jasper Display CMOS backplane {{convert|0.7|inch|mm|adj=on}} active-matrix microLED display with an 8{{nbsp}}μm pixel pitch.{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=Products on Display at Display Week 2019|journal=Information Display|volume=35|issue=3|pages=35–52|doi=10.1002/msid.1038|issn=2637-496X|doi-access=free}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/top-trends-in-quantum-dots-at-sid-display-week-2019-part-1|title=Top Trends in Quantum Dots at SID Display Week 2019 – Part 1|last=Palomaki|first=Peter|date=2019-06-17|website=DisplayDaily|access-date=2019-10-25}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledinside.com/showreport/2019/5/displayweek2019_microled_display_products_progress_with_chinese_panel_makers_joining|title=【SID Display Week 2019】Micro LED Display Products Progress with Chinese Panel Makers Joining the Field|website=www.ledinside.com|access-date=2019-10-25}}{{citation| url = https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jasper-display-and-plessey-demonstrate-worlds-first-gan-on-silicon-monolithic-full-hd-microled-bonded-displays-300849689.html | title = Overview of Micro-LED History and Current Developments| first = Sam|last = Langridge |website=PR Newswire |date = 14 May 2019 }}

At SID's Display Week 2019 in May, Jade Bird Display demonstrated their 720p and 1080p microLED microdisplays with 5{{nbsp}}μm and 2.5{{nbsp}}μm pitch respectively, achieving luminance in the millions of candelas per square metre. In 2021, Jade Bird Display and Vuzix have entered a Joint manufacturing agreement for making microLED based projectors for smart glasses and augmented reality glasses {{Cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vuzix-confirms-that-it-has-entered-into-a-joint-manufacturing-and-supply-agreement-with-jade-bird-display-for-microled-based-display-engine-and-waveguide-products-301205372.html |title=Vuzix Confirms that it has Entered into a Joint Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Jade Bird Display for MicroLED-Based Display Engine and Waveguide Products |via=PR Newswire}}

At Touch Taiwan 2019 on September 4, 2019, AU Optronics demonstrated a {{convert|12.1|inch|cm|adj=on}} microLED display and indicated that microLED was 1{{ndash}}2 years from mass commercialization.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledinside.com/news/2019/9/auo_microled_commercialization|title=AUO Expects Micro LED Commercialization in 1-2 Years|website=www.ledinside.com|access-date=2019-09-14}} At IFA 2019 on September 13, 2019, TCL Corporation demonstrated their Cinema Wall featuring a 4K {{convert|132|inch|m|adj=on}} microLED display with maximum brightness of 1,500{{nbsp}}cd/m{{sup|2}} and {{ratio|2,500,000:1}} contrast ratio produced by their subsidiary China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSoT).{{Cite web|url=https://www.microled-info.com/tcl-shows-its-cinema-wall-ifa-2019-132-4k-tiled-micro-led-display|title=TCL shows its Cinema Wall at IFA 2019 - a 132" 4K tiled Micro-LED display|website=MicroLED-Info|access-date=2019-09-14|archive-date=2021-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025135245/https://www.microled-info.com/tcl-shows-its-cinema-wall-ifa-2019-132-4k-tiled-micro-led-display|url-status=dead}}

File:The Wall (Samsung MicroLED display).jpg

As of 2024, Samsung has already launched microLED display products including The Wall. Samsung’s microLED display technology transfers micrometer-scale LEDs into LED modules, resulting in what resembles wall tiles composed of mass-transferred clusters of almost microscopic lights.{{Cite web |title=Samsung's The Wall {{!}} MicroLED Displays {{!}} Samsung Business {{!}} undefined US |url=https://www.samsung.com/us/business/displays/direct-view-led/the-wall/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Samsung us |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=MICRO LED - The One and Only |url=https://www.samsung.com/us/tvs/micro-led/highlights/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Samsung us |language=en}}

File:Transparent MicroLED.jpg

Samsung has also debuted at 2024 CES their Transparent MicroLED display.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuw0Qr8DHuA |title=Samsung Shows World's First Transparent MicroLED, 8K Wireless Projector |date=2024-01-07 |last=CNET |access-date=2024-08-17 |via=YouTube}}

LG has also debuted at 2024 CES their microLED display, called LG MAGNIT.{{Cite web |title=LG MAGNIT |url=https://www.lg.com/global/business/led-signage/lg-lsab009 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=LG Global |language=en}}

In terms of microLED microdisplay, Jade Bird Display launched 0.13" series of MicroLED displays which has an active area of 0.13” (3.3 mm) in diagonal and a resolution of 640X480 for AR and VR display products.{{Cite web |last=Jade Bird Display |title=MicroLED 0.13" Display |url=https://www.jb-display.com |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.jb-display.com}}

Apple reportedly invested billions of dollars in development of microLED displays in the years leading up to 2024, intending to transition its products to the technology beginning with the Apple Watch Ultra, before ultimately abandoning the effort after deciding it was unviable.{{cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/03/22/apple-ends-microled-apple-watch-development/|title=Apple Drops Plans to Develop MicroLED Displays for Apple Watch|date=22 March 2024|website=MacRumors|access-date=19 January 2025}} However, the company is reportedly still "eyeing microLED for other projects down the road".

• OLED
• AMOLED
• Mini LED
• List of flat panel display manufacturers

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2457537,00.asp |title=Apple Acquires Micro-LED Display Maker LuxVue Technology |first=David |last=Murphy |date=3 May 2014 |journal=PC Mag}}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/05/13/why-apple-is-buying-this-micro-led-tech-startup.aspx |title=Why Did Apple Inc Buy This Micro-LED Tech Startup? |first=Alvaro |last=Campos |date=13 May 2014 |website=Motley Fool}}
• {{cite patent|country=US|number=8552436|title=Light emitting diode structure|pubdate=2013-10-08|assign1=LuxVue Technology Corp.|inventor1-last=Bibl|inventor1-first=Andreas|inventor2-last=Higginson|inventor2-first=John A.|inventor3-last=Law|inventor3-first=Hung-fai Stephen|inventor4-last=Hu|inventor4-first=Hsin-Hua}}

• [https://spie.org/news/4001-high-resolution-group-iii-nitride-microdisplays#_=_ First actively driven video-capable high-resolution microLED microdisplay in VGA format]
• MicroLED review (2013)
• [https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/77/6/30/3294598/Putting-microLED-technology-on-displayAfter-some Putting microLED technology on display (2024)]
• [https://pro.sony/en_GB/technology/crystal-led Crystal LED] - Sony
• [https://www.samsung.com/us/business/displays/direct-view-led/the-wall/ The Wall]
• [https://www.lg.com/us/business/direct-view-led-signage/magnit LG MAGNIT MicroLED]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ye_saLZZnk&t=4m12s "The Long View With John Doerr"], John Doerr of KPC&B describes the microLED concept, starts around the 5 minute mark.
• [https://fama.com.eg/how-to-choose-display-screens-for-electronic-ads/ LED screens are significantly different from microLED]

{{Display technology}}

Category:Display technology

Category:Light-emitting diodes