Migrant Workers Convention

{{Infobox treaty

| name = International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

| long_name =

| image = Migrant Workers Convention parties and signatories map.svg

| image_width = 310

| caption = States parties and signatories to the treaty:

| type =

| date_drafted =

| date_signed = 18 December 1990

| location_signed = New York

| date_sealed =

| date_effective = 1 July 2003

| condition_effective = 20 ratifications

| date_expiration =

| signatories = 40

| parties = 60

| ratifiers =

| depositor = Secretary-General of the United Nations

| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish

| wikisource =

}}

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is a United Nations multilateral treaty governing the protection of migrant workers and families. Signed on 18 December 1990, it entered into force on 1 July 2003 after the threshold of 20 ratifying States was reached in March 2003. The Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW) monitors implementation of the convention, and is one of the seven UN-linked human rights treaty bodies. The convention applies as of November 2024 in 60 countries.{{cite web|title=13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990|work=UN Treaty base|accessdate=2 August 2021|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4}}

Context

In his 9 November 2002 report on strengthening the organization, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan wrote: "It is time to take a more comprehensive look at the various dimensions of the migration issue, which now involves hundreds of millions of people, and affects countries of origin, transit and destination. We need to understand better the causes of international flows of people and their complex interrelationship with development."{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/maintenance/|title=United Nations Maintenance Page|website=UN|access-date=2020-01-02}}

Overview

The United Nations Convention constitutes a comprehensive international treaty regarding the protection of migrant workers' rights. It emphasizes the connection between migration and human rights, which is increasingly becoming a crucial policy topic worldwide. The Convention aims at protecting migrant workers and members of their families; its existence sets a moral standard, and serves as a guide and stimulus for the promotion of migrant rights in each country.

In the Preamble, the Convention recalls conventions by International Labour Organization on migrant workers: Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949, Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975, and on forced labour; Forced Labour Convention and Abolition of Forced Labour Convention as well as international human rights treaties including Convention against Discrimination in Education.

The primary objective of the Convention is to foster respect for migrants' human rights. Migrants are not only workers, they are also human beings. The Convention does not create new rights for migrants but aims at guaranteeing equality of treatment, and the same working conditions, including in case of temporary work, for migrants and nationals. The Convention innovates because it relies on the fundamental notion that all migrants should have access to a minimum degree of protection. The Convention recognizes that regular migrants have the legitimacy to claim more rights than irregular immigrants, but it stresses that irregular migrants must see their fundamental human rights respected, like all human beings.

In the meantime, the Convention proposes that actions be taken to eradicate clandestine movements, notably through the fight against misleading information inciting people to migrate irregularly, and through sanctions against traffickers and employers of undocumented migrants.

Article 7 of this Convention protects the rights of migrant workers and their families regardless of "sex, race, colour, language, religion or conviction, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, nationality, age, economic position, property, marital status, birth, or other status".{{cite book|last=Kinnear|first=Karen L.|title=Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=9781598844252|pages=184}} And Article 29 protects rights of child of migrant worker to name, to registration of birth and to a nationality.

This Convention is also recalled by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities at the Preamble.Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Preamble,(d)

Parties and signatories

As of September 2023 countries that have ratified the Convention are primarily countries of origin of migrants (such as Mexico, Morocco, and the Philippines). For these countries, the Convention is an important vehicle to protect their citizens living abroad. In the Philippines, for example, ratification of the Convention took place in a context characterized by several cases of Filipino workers being mistreated abroad: such cases hurt the Filipino population and prompted the ratification of the Convention. However, these countries are also transit and destination countries, and the Convention delineates their responsibility to protect the rights of migrants in their territory, and they have done little to protect those at home.{{Cite journal|last1=Palmer|first1=Wayne|last2=Missbach|first2=Antje|date=2019-05-04|title=Enforcing labour rights of irregular migrants in Indonesia|journal=Third World Quarterly|language=en|volume=40|issue=5|pages=908–925|doi=10.1080/01436597.2018.1522586|issn=0143-6597|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Wayne|date=2018|title=Back Pay for Trafficked Migrant Workers: An Indonesian Case Study|journal=International Migration|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=56–67|doi=10.1111/imig.12376|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/12839276 }}

No migrant-receiving state in Western Europe or North America has ratified the Convention. Other important receiving countries, such as Australia, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, India and South Africa have not ratified the Convention.

{{Image frame

|content={{Stacked bar

|A1=1830978000|T1=Parties|C1=#0a0

|A2=83145000|T2=Signatories|C2=#ee0

|A3=5880676000|T3=Non-signatories|C3=#c0c0c0

|Total=7794799000|height=20px|vertical_caption=lean}}

|width=600

|caption=World population covered by the treaty{{efn|name=WPP|Population figures are 2020 mid-year medium-variant projections from the United Nations World Population Prospects 2019.{{cite web |title=World Population Prospects 2019: Volume I: Comprehensive Tables |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040113/https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2022 |pages=23–32 |date=2019 |url-status=dead}}}}

}}

class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"

! Legend

! Population{{efn|name=WPP}}

! {{abbr|Per.|Percentage}}

style="text-align:left;" | {{Legend|#0a0|Parties}}

| 1,830,978,000

| {{Percentage|1,830,978,000|7,794,799,000|2}}

style="text-align:left;" | {{Legend|#ee0|Signatories}}

| 83,145,000

| {{Percentage|83,145,000|7,794,799,000|2}}

style="text-align:left;" | {{Legend|#c0c0c0|Non-signatories}}

| 5,880,676,000

| {{Percentage|5,880,676,000|7,794,799,000|2}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"

|+ Parties and signatories

! State

! colspan="2" | Status

! Signature

! Deposit

! Method

! Population{{efn|name=WPP}}

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Albania}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 5 June 2007

| Accession

| 2,878,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Algeria}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 21 April 2005

| Accession

| 43,851,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Argentina}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 10 August 2004

| 23 February 2007

| Ratification

| 45,196,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Armenia}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 26 September 2013

| 2,963,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 11 January 1999

| Accession

| 10,139,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Bangladesh}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 7 October 1998

| 24 August 2011

| Ratification

| 164,689,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Belize}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 14 November 2001

| Accession

| 398,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Benin}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 September 2005

| 6 July 2018

| Ratification

| 12,123,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Bolivia}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 16 October 2000

| Accession

| 11,673,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 13 December 1996

| Accession

| 3,281,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 16 November 2001

| 26 November 2003

| Ratification

| 20,903,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Cabo Verde}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 16 September 1997

| Accession

| 556,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Cambodia}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 27 September 2004

| 16,719,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Cameroon}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 15 December 2009

| 26,546,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Chad}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 26 September 2012

| 22 February 2022

| Ratification

| 16,426,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Chile}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 24 September 1993

| 21 March 2005

| Ratification

| 19,116,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Colombia}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 24 May 1995

| Accession

| 50,883,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Comoros}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 22 September 2000

| 870,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Congo, Republic of the}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 29 September 2008

| 31 March 2017

| Ratification

| 5,518,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 26 September 2023

| Accession

| 25,717,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Ecuador}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 5 February 2002

| Accession

| 17,643,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Egypt}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 19 February 1993

| Accession

| 102,334,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|El Salvador}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 13 September 2002

| 14 March 2003

| Ratification

| 6,486,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Fiji}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 19 August 2019

| Accession

| 896,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Gabon}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 15 December 2004

| 2,226,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Gambia}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 20 September 2017

| 28 September 2018

| Ratification

| 2,417,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Ghana}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 7 September 2000

| Ratification

| 31,073,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Guatemala}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 7 September 2000

| 14 March 2003

| Ratification

| 17,916,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Guinea}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 7 September 2000

| Accession

| 13,133,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 12 September 2000

| 22 October 2018

| Ratification

| 1,968,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Guyana}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 September 2005

| 7 July 2010

| Ratification

| 787,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Haiti}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 5 December 2013

| 11,403,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Honduras}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 9 August 2005

| Accession

| 9,905,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Indonesia}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 22 September 2004

| 31 May 2012

| Ratification

| 273,524,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Jamaica}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 25 September 2008

| Ratification

| 2,961,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 29 September 2003

| Accession

| 6,524,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Lesotho}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 24 September 2004

| 16 September 2005

| Ratification

| 2,142,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Liberia}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 22 September 2004

| 5,058,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Libya}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 18 June 2004

| Accession

| 6,871,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Madagascar}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 24 September 2014

| 13 May 2015

| Ratification

| 27,691,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Malawi}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 23 September 2022

| Ratification

| 19,130,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Mali}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 5 June 2003

| Accession

| 20,251,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Mauritania}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 22 January 2007

| Accession

| 4,650,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Mexico}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 22 May 1991

| 8 March 1999

| Ratification

| 128,933,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Montenegro}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 23 October 2006

| 628,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Morocco}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 August 1991

| 21 June 1993

| Ratification

| 36,911,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Mozambique}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 March 2012

| 19 August 2013

| Ratification

| 31,255,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Nicaragua}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 26 October 2005

| Accession

| 6,625,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Niger}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 18 March 2009

| Accession

| 24,207,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Nigeria}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 27 July 2009

| Accession

| 206,140,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Palau}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 20 September 2011

| 18,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Paraguay}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 13 September 2000

| 23 September 2008

| Ratification

| 7,133,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Peru}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 22 September 2004

| 14 September 2005

| Ratification

| 32,972,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Philippines}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 November 1993

| 5 July 1995

| Ratification

| 109,581,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Rwanda}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 December 2008

| Accession

| 12,952,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 6 September 2000

| 10 January 2017

| Ratification

| 219,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Senegal}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 9 June 1999

| Accession

| 16,744,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Serbia}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 11 November 2004

| 8,737,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Seychelles}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 December 1994

| Accession

| 98,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}

| style="background-color:#ee0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Signatory

| 15 September 2000

| 7,977,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 11 March 1996

| Accession

| 21,413,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 29 October 2010

| Accession

| 111,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Syria}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 2 June 2005

| Accession

| 17,501,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Tajikistan}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 7 September 2000

| 8 January 2002

| Ratification

| 9,538,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Timor-Leste}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 30 January 2004

| Accession

| 1,318,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Togo}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 November 2001

| 16 December 2020

| Ratification

| 8,279,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Turkey}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 13 January 1999

| 27 September 2004

| Ratification

| 84,339,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Uganda}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 14 November 1995

| Accession

| 45,741,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Uruguay}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 15 February 2001

| Accession

| 3,474,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Venezuela}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 4 October 2011

| 25 October 2016

| Ratification

| 28,436,000

style="text-align:left;" | {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}

| style="background-color:#0a0;" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Party

| 5 November 2024

| Accession

| 30,965,000

Intersessional panel discussion

In June/July 2022, at the Human Rights Council Fiftieth session, the Human Rights Council held an Intersessional panel discussion on the human rights of migrants in vulnerable situations that were previously stated under 35/17 and 47/12 resolutions. The High Commissioner pointed out concerns related to the criminalization of migration, gender-based violence, arbitrary detention, family separation, loss of lives, harmful and dehumanizing narratives, and pervasive discrimination owing to personal factors, including age, gender, or disability. The broader impact of COVID-19 was also highlighted. Statements were provided by panelists reiterating that all migrants, regardless of status, were entitled to all human rights. Concerns on situations of vulnerability that migrants encountered in transit and at borders and violence perpetrated against migrants, including by State and non-State actors were also referred. Calls were made for independent mechanisms to monitor human rights violations, increase attention to the human rights of migrants, the importance of international cooperation, and the need to translate these rights into adequate legal and regulatory provisions. Additional recommendations included the need for implementing comprehensive protection regimes to identify and address situations of vulnerability in the process of migration. Remarks were made on the need for the international community to understand the root causes of migration and the challenges associated with it, and the range of measures that are needed to respond adequately to those challenges. Annual panel discussions were suggested by the High Commissioner.{{cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=Intersessional panel discussion on the human rights of migrants in vulnerable situations, 21 February 2022 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/events/events/2022/intersessional-panel-discussion-human-rights-migrants-vulnerable-situations-21 |access-date=2 October 2022 |publisher=United Nations}}{{cite report |author=Human Rights Council |date=21 February 2022 |title=Summary of the intersessional panel discussion on the human rights of migrants in vulnerable situations; Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/events/events/2022/intersessional-panel-discussion-human-rights-migrants-vulnerable-situations-21 |publisher=United Nations |page= |docket=A/HRC/50/52 |access-date=2 October 2022}}

Notes

References

External links

[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx Full text of the Convention (English)]
[http://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx Full text of the Convention (Spanish)]
[http://indicators.ohchr.org/ Signatures and ratifications]
[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CMW/ The Committee on Migrant Workers] (which monitors the implementation of the convention)
[https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ittmig2002/ittmigrep2002.htm The 2002 International Migration Report published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division]
[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/i2othmig.htm Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants]
[http://www.unesco.org/migration UNESCO Programme on International Migration and Multicultural Policies: Project on the UN Convention on Migrants’ Rights]
[http://www.ilo.org/migrant International Labour Organization]
[http://www.iom.int International Organization for Migration]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20051018081527/http://www.migrantwatch.org/ Migrants Rights International]
[http://www.mfasia.org Migrant Forum in Asia]
[http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/humanrights/pdf/DRAFT%20Declaration%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20Expelled%20and%20Deported%20Persons.pdf Declaration on the Rights of Expelled and Deported Persons]