Minggatu

{{Short description|Mongolian astronomer and mathematician}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Minggatu

| image = Myangat.jpg

| alt =

| caption =

| birth_name = Sharavyn Myangat

| birth_date = c.1692

| birth_place = Plain White Banner, {{flag|Qing Dynasty}}
(now Plain and Bordered White Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia)

| death_date = {{Death year and age|1763|1692}}

| death_place =

| other_names = Ming Antu
Jing An

| known_for = Catalan numbers

| occupation = Mathematician, Astronomer

}}

File:割圜密率捷法卷一.JPG

File:Geyuan milv jiefa figure 1.JPG

File:MingAntu Catalan number.JPG

Minggatu (Mongolian script: {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠲᠦ}}; {{zh|c=明安图|p=Míng'āntú}}, c.1692-c. 1763), full name Sharavyn Myangat ({{langx|mn|Шаравын Мянгат}}), also known as Ming Antu, was a Mongolian astronomer, mathematician, and topographic scientist at the Qing court.{{cite web |url=http://i-wasan.jp/seki/abstract/Luo_abstract.pdf |title=Ming'antu and His Power Series Expansions |last1=Luo Jianjin |publisher=Institute for the History of Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University; Institute of Science, Technology and Culture, Zhejiang University |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075126/http://i-wasan.jp/seki/abstract/Luo_abstract.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead }} His courtesy name was Jing An (静安).

Minggatu was born in Plain White Banner (now Plain and Bordered White Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia) of the Qing Empire. He was of the Sharaid clan. His name first appeared in official Chinese records in 1713, among the Kangxi Emperor's retinue, as a shengyuan (state-subsidized student) of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau. He worked there at a time when Jesuit missionaries were in charge of calendar reforms. He also participated in the work of compiling and editing three very important books in astronomy and joined the team of China's area measurement.

From 1724 up to 1759, he worked at the Imperial Observatory. He participated in drafting and editing the calendar and the study of the armillary sphere.

His seminal work The Quick Method for Obtaining the Precise Ratio of Division of a Circle ({{zh|c=割圜密率捷法|p=Gēyuán Mìlǜ Jiéfǎ}}), which was completed after his death by his son Mingshin,{{cite web |url=http://www.mongolinternet.com/famous/MyangatBiography.htm |title=Их Эрдэмтэн Мянгат |last1=A |first1=Damdinsuren |access-date=26 March 2012}} and students (among them his most gifted pupil Chen Jihin and an intendant in the minister of finance, Zhang), was a significant contribution to the development of mathematics in China.

He was the first person in Inner Mongolia who calculated infinite series and obtained more than 10 formulae. In the 1730s, he first established and used what was later to be known as Catalan numbers.[https://www.math.ucla.edu/~pak/lectures/Cat/Larcombe-The_18th_century_Chinese_discovery_of_the_Catalan_numbers.pdf The 18th century Chinese discovery of the Catalan numbers] The Jesuit missionaries' influence can be seen by many traces of European mathematics in his works, including the use of Euclidean notions of continuous proportions, series addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, series reversion, and the binomial theorem. Minggatu's work is remarkable in that expansions in series, trigonometric and logarithmic were apprehended algebraically and inductively without the aid of differential and integral calculus.{{cite book |title=A History of Chinese Mathematics |last= Martzloff |first=Jean-Claude |year=1987 |url=http://www.mongolinternet.com/famous/Myangat.htm |access-date=26 March 2012}}

In 1742 he participated in the revision of the Compendium of Observational and Computational Astronomy. In 1756, he participated in the surveying of the Dzungar Khanate (renamed Xinjiang), which was incorporated into the Qing Empire by the Qianlong Emperor. It was due to his geographical surveys in Xinjiang that the Complete Atlas of the Empire (the first atlas of China drawn with scientific methods) was finished.

From 1760 to 1763, shortly before his death, he was administrator of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau.