Minix

Andrew S. Tanenbaum created MINIX at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam to exemplify the principles conveyed in his textbook, Operating Systems: Design and Implementation (1987). (Despite sharing a name, it has no relation to the older MINIX from Digital Systems House, Inc.{{cite magazine |title=MINIX advertisement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1979-07-30_13_31/page/n39/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |magazine=Computerworld |issue=31 |date=1979-07-30 |volume=13 |page=38}} based on AT&T Unix code.)

An abridged 12,010 lines of the C source code of the kernel, memory manager, and file system of MINIX 1.0 are printed in the book. Prentice-Hall also released MINIX source code and binaries on floppy disk with a reference manual. MINIX 1 was system-call compatible with Seventh Edition Unix.{{cite book |last1=Tanenbaum |first1=Andrew S. |author1-link=Andrew S. Tanenbaum |last2=Woodhull |first2=Albert S. |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/operatingsystems00tane |title=Operating Systems Design and Implementation |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-638677-6 |access-date=2 August 2011 |edition=Second |orig-year=1986 |oclc=35792209 |url-access=registration}}

Tanenbaum originally developed MINIX for compatibility with the IBM PC and IBM PC/AT 8088 microcomputers available at the time.

There is a version of MINIX floating around that supports the Peripheral Technology PT68K-2 and PT68K-4 computers. The PT68K-2 and the PT68K-4 are both 68000 based computers with a standard 8 bit IBM PC ISA bus that has 6 connectors on the main board. It was ported to the PT68K machines by Gary Mills and Sidney Thompson. The port was adapted from the Atari port since it too is a 68000 based machine. The PT68K version has added support for the PT XT-IDE card from Peripheral Technology. It currently only supports the MDA display adapter (no CGA, EGA or VGA). For this reason, it has not yet been ported to the PT68K-5 (aka CDS68020). There is an SD Card image available from https://github.com/mevenson/minix-for-the-PT68K-2-4.

MINIX 1.5, released in 1991, included support for MicroChannel IBM PS/2 systems and was also ported to the Motorola 68000 and SPARC architectures, supporting the Atari ST, Amiga, Macintosh,{{cite web|url=https://github.com/macminix|title=MacMinix|website=GitHub|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226193955/https://github.com/macminix|url-status=live}} and Sun SPARCstation computer platforms. There were also unofficial ports to Intel 386 PC compatibles (in 32-bit protected mode), National Semiconductor NS32532, ARM and Inmos transputer processors. Meiko Scientific used an early version of MINIX as the basis for the MeikOS operating system for its transputer-based Computing Surface parallel computers.

File:MINIX 2.0.4 Startup Login.png

File:MINIX 2.0.4 Shell Interaction.png interaction]]

Demand for the 68k-architectures waned, however, and MINIX 2.0, released in 1997, was only available for the x86 and Solaris-hosted SPARC architectures. It was the subject of the second edition of Tanenbaum's textbook, cowritten with Albert Woodhull and was distributed on a CD-ROM included with the book. MINIX 2.0 added POSIX.1 compliance, support for 386 and later processors in 32-bit mode and replaced the Amoeba network protocols included in MINIX 1.5 with a TCP/IP stack. A version of MINIX running as a user process under SunOS and Solaris was also available, a simulator named SMX (operating system) or just SMX for short.{{cite web|url=http://www.minix3.org/previous-versions/CD-ROM-2.0/README.TXT|title=Welcome to MINIX|format=TXT|date=22 July 2005|access-date=2 August 2011|first1=Andrew S.|last1=Tanenbaum|author-link1=Andrew S. Tanenbaum|first2=Albert S.|last2=Woodhull|first3=Kees|last3=Bot|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173558/http://www.minix3.org/previous-versions/CD-ROM-2.0/README.TXT|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy345/assignments/99b/smx_howto.html |title=Installing and running MINIX for Solaris (SMX) |access-date=2 August 2011 |first=M. |last=Flouris |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512214241/http://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy345/assignments/99b/smx_howto.html |url-status=dead }}

Version 2.0.3 was released in May 2001. It was the first version after MINIX had been relicensed under the BSD-3-Clause license, which was retroactively applied to all previous versions.{{cite web|title=BSD-3-Clause|url=http://www.cs.vu.nl/pub/minix/LICENSE|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-date=2000-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000414094106/http://www.cs.vu.nl/pub/minix/LICENSE|url-status=dead}}

Minix-vmd is a variant of MINIX 2.0 for Intel IA-32-compatible processors, created by two Vrije Universiteit researchers, which adds virtual memory and support for the X Window System.

{{Main|MINIX 3}}

File:Minix 3.png with the twm window manager]]

File:The MINIX 3 Microkernel Architecture.png

MINIX 3 was publicly announced on 24 October 2005 by Tanenbaum during his keynote speech at the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). Although it still serves as an example for the new edition of Tanenbaum's textbook, coauthored by Albert S. Woodhull, it is comprehensively redesigned to be "usable as a serious system on resource-limited and embedded computers and for applications requiring high reliability."{{cite journal |last1=Herder |first1=J. N. |last2=Bos |first2=H. |last3=Gras |first3=B. |last4=Homburg |first4=P. |last5=Tanenbaum |first5=A. S. |author5-link=Andrew S. Tanenbaum |date=July 2006 |title=MINIX 3: a highly reliable, self-repairing operating system |doi=10.1145/1151374.1151391 |journal=ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=80–89 |s2cid=30216714}}

MINIX 3 currently supports IA-32 and ARM architecture systems. It is available in a live CD format that allows it to be used on a computer without installing it on the hard drive, and in versions compatible with hardware emulating and virtualizing systems, including Bochs, QEMU, VMware Workstation and Fusion, VirtualBox, and Microsoft Virtual PC.

Version 3.1.2 was released on 18 April 2006. It was the first version after MINIX had been relicensed under the BSD-3-Clause license with a new fourth clause.{{cite web|title=License |website=GitHub |url=https://github.com/Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation/minix/blob/v3.1.2/LICENSE|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615005833/https://github.com/Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation/minix/blob/v3.1.2/LICENSE|url-status=live}}

File:Minix3.png with the EDE]]

Version 3.1.5 was released on 5 November 2009. It contains X11, emacs, vi, cc, gcc, perl, python, ash, bash, zsh, ftp, ssh, telnet, pine, and over 400 other common Unix utility programs. With the addition of X11, this version marks the transition away from a text-only system. In many cases it can automatically restart a crashed driver without affecting running processes. In this way, MINIX is self-healing and can be used in applications demanding high reliability. MINIX 3 also has support for virtual memory management, making it suitable for desktop OS use.{{cite web|url=http://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/86c914a0c13376fe|title=New to minix|date=10 November 2010|access-date=2 August 2011|first=Ulrich|last=Schmidt|archive-date=28 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528083817/http://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/86c914a0c13376fe|url-status=live}} Desktop applications such as Firefox and OpenOffice.org are not yet available for MINIX 3 however.

File:MINIX 3.2 Top Command.png" system monitoring command]]

As of version 3.2.0, the userland was mostly replaced by that of NetBSD and support from pkgsrc became possible, increasing the available software applications that MINIX can use. Clang replaced the prior compiler (with GCC now having to be manually compiled), and GDB, the GNU debugger, was ported.{{cite web|title=MINIX Releases|url=http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases|work=wiki.minix3.org|access-date=29 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531025416/http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases|archive-date=31 May 2012}}{{Cite web |last=Vervloesem |first=Koem |date=7 March 2012 |title=MINIX 3.2: A microkernel with NetBSD applications |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/485658/ |website=lwn.net |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220042/https://lwn.net/Articles/485658/ |url-status=live }}

MINIX 3.3.0, released in September 2014, brought ARM support.

MINIX 3.4.0RC, Release Candidates became available in January 2016.{{Cite web|url=http://download.minix3.org/iso/snapshot/|title=Index of /iso/snapshot/|website=download.minix3.org|access-date=2016-10-14|archive-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225110512/http://download.minix3.org/iso/snapshot/|url-status=live}} However, a stable release of MINIX 3.4.0 is yet to be announced, and MINIX development has been dormant since 2018.{{Cite web|url=https://git.minix3.org/index.cgi?p=minix.git;a=summary|title=git.minix3.org Git - minix.git/summary|website=git.minix3.org|access-date=2022-09-23|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116100026/https://git.minix3.org/index.cgi?p=minix.git;a=summary|url-status=live}}

MINIX supports many programming languages, including C, C++, FORTRAN, Modula-2, Pascal, Perl, Python, and Tcl.

Over 50 people attended MINIXCon 2016, a conference to discuss the history and future of MINIX.{{Cite web|url=http://www.minix3.org/conference/2016/program.html|title=MINIXCon 2016|website=www.minix3.org|access-date=2016-10-14|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603231446/http://www.minix3.org/conference/2016/program.html|url-status=live}}

All Intel chipsets post-2015 are running MINIX 3 internally as the software component of the Intel Management Engine.{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ptsecurity.com/2017/08/disabling-intel-me.html|title=Positive Technologies research|website=blog.ptsecurity.com|access-date=2017-09-06|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828150536/http://blog.ptsecurity.com/2017/08/disabling-intel-me.html|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |last=Vaughan-Nichols |first=Steven |date=6 November 2017 |title=MINIX: Intel's hidden in-chip operating system |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/minix-intels-hidden-in-chip-operating-system/ |website=ZDNET |language=en |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803092513/https://www.zdnet.com/article/minix-intels-hidden-in-chip-operating-system/ |url-status=live }}

Linus Torvalds used and appreciated MINIX,{{cite news |last=Moody |first=Glyn |date=2015-08-25 |title=How Linux was born, as told by Linus Torvalds himself |url=http://arstechnica.co.uk/business/2015/08/how-linux-was-born-as-told-by-linus-torvalds-himself/ |newspaper=Ars Technica |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825165300/http://arstechnica.co.uk/business/2015/08/how-linux-was-born-as-told-by-linus-torvalds-himself/ |url-status=live }} but his design deviated from the MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a monolithic kernel instead of a microkernel. This was disapproved of by Tanenbaum in the Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate. Tanenbaum explained again his rationale for using a microkernel in May 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/reliable-os|title=Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate: Part II|date=12 May 2006|access-date=2 August 2011 |first=Andrew S. |last=Tanenbaum |author-link1=Andrew S. Tanenbaum}}

Early Linux kernel development was done on a MINIX host system, which led to Linux inheriting various features from MINIX, such as the MINIX file system. Eric Raymond claimed that Linus hasn't actually written Linux from scratch, but rather reused source code of MINIX itself to have working codebase. As the development progressed, MINIX code was gradually phased out completely.{{cite book|first1=Eric|last1=Raymond|author-link1=Eric Raymond|date=1999|title=The Cathedral & the Bazaar|title-link=The Cathedral and the Bazaar|publisher=O'Reilly Media|page=33|isbn=1-56592-724-9}}

In May 2004, Kenneth Brown of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution made the accusation that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from the MINIX codebase, in a book named Samizdat.{{cite web |url=http://adti.net/samizdat/brown.reply.june.04.html |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041022073106/http://www.adti.net/samizdat/brown.reply.june.04.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 October 2004 |title=Samizdat's critics… Brown replies |date=4 June 2004 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Alexis de Tocqueville Institution |first=Kenneth |last=Brown |author-link=Kenneth Brown (author)}} These accusations were rebutted universally—most prominently by Tanenbaum, who strongly criticised Brown and published a long rebuttal on his own personal Web site, also claiming that Brown was funded by Microsoft.

At the time of MINIX's original development, its license was relatively liberal. Its licensing fee was very small ($69) relative to those of other operating systems. Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as accessible as possible to students, but his publisher was unwilling to offer material (such as the source code) that could be copied freely, so a restrictive license requiring a nominal fee (included in the price of Tanenbaum's book) was applied as a compromise. This prevented the use of MINIX as the basis for a freely distributed software system.

When free and open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and 386BSD became available in the early 1990s, many volunteer software developers abandoned MINIX in favor of these. In April 2000, MINIX became free and open-source software under the BSD-3-Clause license, which was retroactively applied to all previous versions. However, by this time other operating systems had surpassed its capabilities, and it remained primarily an operating system for students and hobbyists. In late 2005, MINIX was relicensed with a fourth clause added to the BSD-3-Clause license.

{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}

• MINIX file system
• Redox, an operating system in Rust using a MINIX-like kernel
• Xinu
• xv6

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{sisterlinks|auto=1|d=Q187906|b=Minix 3}}

• {{Official website|http://www.MINIX3.org/}}
• {{github|Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation}}
• [http://minix1.woodhull.com The Minix Operating System (Minix 2 support)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100818183310/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/ History of MINIX from Andrew Tanenbaum]
• {{YouTube|bx3KuE7UjGA|MINIX 3: a Modular, Self-Healing POSIX-compatible Operating System}}

{{Unix-like}}

{{FOSS}}

{{Microkernel}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minix}}

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