Miracles of Muhammad

{{Short description|Miracles believed to have been performed by Muhammad}}

Miracles of Muhammad are miraculous claims attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Mehmet Özdemir (prof.dr.) regarding sirah draws attention to the almost non-existent number of miracles (dalāʾil al-nubuwwa) in the first records and the hundreds of additions made in later periods.Özdemir, Mehmet, (2007). Siyer Yazıcılığı Üzerine, Milel ve Nihal, 4 (3), 129-162

History

Several Quranic verses highlight instances where Muhammad's contemporaries challenged him to validate his prophetic claims by demanding that he demonstrate phenomena that defied the ordinary course of nature, such as causing a fountain to gush from the ground, creating a lush garden with flowing rivers, manifesting a golden house, or delivering a readable book from heaven.Q [https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=90 17:90–3]see also Q [https://quran.com/74?startingVerse=52 74:52]{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=45}}{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=40}}

However, Muhammad refused to fulfill any of those challenges on the basis of Quranic revelations, reasoning that prophets could not produce a sign without God's authorization.Q [https://quran.com/13?startingVerse=38 13:38]Q [https://quran.com/14?startingVerse=11 14:11]Q [https://quran.com/40?startingVerse=78 40:78]{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=45}} He argued that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majestyQ [https://quran.com/10?startingVerse=5 10:5-6]{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=40}} and contended that miracles were pointless because they had not prevented past civilizations from rejecting their own prophets.Q [https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=59 17:59]{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=45}}{{sfn|McAuliffe|2003|p=397}} He maintained that he served solely as a warnerQ [https://quran.com/29?startingVerse=50 29:50] and underscored that the Qur'an alone was adequate for his opponents.Q [https://quran.com/29?startingVerse=51 29:51]{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=45}}{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=40}}

Later, a range of miraculous incidents related to Muhammad have been reported in post-Qur'anic texts such as the Hadith and the Sira.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=375}}{{sfn|Peters|2010|p=204}}{{sfn|Wensinck|1993|p=295}} Some of them relied on ambiguous Qur'anic verses that were then developed into elaborate narratives. Notably, the Quranic verses [https://quran.com/en/an-najm 53:1-2], which is said to have originally forecasted a forthcoming event linked to the Day of Judgment based on a sighting of a lunar eclipse, were ultimately transformed into a historical miracle, the splitting of the moon.{{sfn|Brockopp|2010|p=39–40, 44}}{{sfn|Peters|2010|p=205}}

List of miracles

Contrary to those of biblical prophets, claims of miracles attributed to Muhammad are not consistently incorporated into a cohesive life narrative. Some collections simply list these miracles, primarily aiming to showcase that Muhammad performed miracles similar to earlier prophets, particularly Jesus, rather than delving into doctrinal aspects or interpreting specific life events. One example is a book by the 12th-century Islamic scholar al-Ghazali titled Ihya' 'ulum ad-din (The Revival of the Science of Religion) which provides the following list of Muhammad's miracles:{{sfn|Woodward|2001|p=185}}

Quran – The revelation of the Quran is considered by Muslims to be Muhammad's greatest miracle{{cite book|editor1-last=Ibrāhīm|editor1-first=Zaynab|editor2-last=Aydelott|editor2-first=Sabiha T.|editor3-last=Kassabgy|editor3-first=Nagwa|title=Diversity in Language: Contrastive Studies in Arabic and English Theoretical and Applied Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/diversitylanguag00ayde|url-access=limited|date=1 Jan 2000|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774245787|page=[https://archive.org/details/diversitylanguag00ayde/page/n47 31]|edition=illustrated}}{{cite book|author1=David Whitten Smith|author2=Elizabeth Geraldine Burr|title=Understanding World Religions: A Road Map for Justice and Peace|date=21 Aug 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442226449|page=142|edition=2}}{{cite book|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Brian Arthur|title=Three Testaments: Torah, Gospel, and Quran|date=1 Jan 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442214934|page=403|edition=illustrated, reprint}} and a miracle for all times, unlike the miracles of other prophets, which were confined to being witnessed in their own lifetimes.{{cite book|author1=Edward Sell|title=The Faith of Islam|date=5 Nov 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136391699|page=218}}
Scientific miracles: The theory of the scientific miracle of the Qur'an claims that the Qur'an has a miracle in expressing some scientific material (some modern scientific discoveries that were unknown at the time of writing the Qur'an). The history of writing in connection with the science and religion of Islam dates back to the works of Ibn Sina, Fakhr al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, but has increased significantly in recent times. Authors in this field include Naeem Al-Mohassi, Maurice Bucaille, Rafiei Mohammadi, Mostarhameh, Makarem Shirazi and Rezaei Isfahani. These interpretations state that some verses of the Qur'an reflect prophetic statements about the nature and structure of the universe, physics, fetal biological growth, biological evolution, geology, mountain structure, and other phenomena that have been later confirmed by scientific research. This group of Quran-commentators present this as a proof of the divinity of the Qur'an.Ahmad Dallal, Quran and science, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an رضایی اصفهانی، محمد علی. «حركات خورشید و اعجاز علمی قرآن». دریافت‌شده در ۱۸ ژوئن ۲۰۲۰.{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Keith L. |date=1986-06-25 |title=A Scientist's Interpretation of References to Embryology in the Qur'an |url=https://jima.imana.org/article/view/8693 |journal=Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5915/18-1-8693 |via=Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.18}}
Splitting of the Moon; While standing on the Mount Abu Qubays, Muhammad splits the moon into two parts.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3868 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 58, Hadith 208]
Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey); occurring in 621, in which Muhammad leads the prayers to previous prophets in Al-Aqsa.[https://sunnah.com/muslim:172 Sahih Muslim, Book 1, Hadith 328]
Radd al-Shams: According to tradition, Muhammad asked God to return the sun to its position before the sunset, so that Ali could have enough time to say his Asr prayer.{{cite journal |title=Radd al-Shams |journal=Encyclopedia of Islamic World |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details?id=13830}}
When Abu Jahl was going to trample Muhammad's neck or smear his face with dust as he was engaged in prayer, Abu Jahl came near him but turned upon his heels and tried to repulse something with his hands. It was said to him: "What is the matter with you?" He said: "There is between me and him. A ditch of fire and terror and wings." Thereupon Muhammad said: "If he were to come near me the angels would have torn him to pieces."[https://sunnah.com/muslim/52/21 Sahih Muslim, Book 39, Hadith 6718]

According to Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Muhammad's success and victory against his enemies was one of his miracles. Muhammad Himself claimed multiple miraculous deeds during his battles, including angels fighting for him, the wind being on his side, him blinding his opponents with dust, summoning slumber and Allah purifying the Muslims With rain {{cite book|author1=Laurence Edward Browne|title=The Eclipse of Christianity in Asia: From the Time of Muhammad Till the Fourteenth Century|date=1933|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive|page=90}} Similarly, many modern Muslim historians believe Muhammad's greatest miracles were his worldly accomplishments, in a short time span, in various fields (such as the religious, social, proselytising, political, military and literary spheres) and "the transformation of the Arabs from marauding bands of nomads into world conquerors."{{cite book|author1=Daniel W. Brown|title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingtradit00brow_408|url-access=limited|date=4 Mar 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653947|page=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingtradit00brow_408/page/n35 65]|edition=reprint, revised}}{{cite book|author1=Patricia Blundell|author2=Trevor Jordan|title=Exploring Religion and Ethics: Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students|date=7 Mar 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521187169|pages=129–30}}
The events which occurred during his Hijrah (migration from Mecca to Medina):
The blindness of the Qurashite warriors who assembled at his door to assassinate him. He sprinkled a handful of dust at the assassins and summoned two barriers inbetween them as he recited the 9th verse of Surah Ya Sin and went away invisibly without being seen by them.{{cite book |last1=al-Mubarakpuri |first1=Safiur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar (Ar-Raheequl Makhtum) |date=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9781591440710 |page=169}}
something similar occurred after the revelation of Surah Al-Masad when Abu Lahab's wife got offended and wanted to confront him

He could cure the blind by only spitting or blowing on the patient.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/64/246 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 59, Hadith 517][https://sunnah.com/abudawud/29/40 Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 28, Hadith 3885][https://sunnah.com/bukhari/56/154 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 192]

The day Muhammad came to Medina, everything there became illuminated, and the day he died, everything in Medina became dark.[https://sunnah.com/urn/1903920 Ash-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiyah 393][https://sunnah.com/urn/734800 Tirmidhi, Vol. 1, Book 46, Hadith 3618][https://sunnah.com/urn/1317010 Sunan Ibn Majah, Vol. 1, Book 6, Hadith 1631]
When Muhammad and Abu Bakr migrated to Medina, Suraqa bin Malik pursued them. When they realized they were discovered, Muhammad looked at Suraqa so his horse sank into the earth. Suraqa then begged Muhammad to rescue him, and Muhammad prayed to Allah for him; hence he was saved.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/63/134 Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 58, Hadith 248][https://sunnah.com/muslim/36/113 Sahih Muslim, Book 23, Hadith 4984][https://sunnah.com/bukhari/61/122 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, Hadith 812][https://sunnah.com/muslim/55/95 Sahih Muslim, Book 42, Hadith 7150]
Prophecies made by him. This includes:
Muhammad telling his companion and Uthman, that a calamity would befall him, which would be followed with his entering paradise; this eventuated during Uthman's Caliphate.[https://sunnah.com/muslim:2403a Sahih Mulsim, Book 31, Hadith 5909]
He told his companion, Ammar ibn Yasir, that the unjust party would kill him; this eventuated during the First Fitna.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2812 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 67]
He prophesied to Suraqa bin Malik that he would wear the bracelets of Kosroe.
He said that Allah would make peace between two large Muslim groups through his grandson Hasan ibn Ali; this eventuated with the Hasan–Muawiya treaty.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2704 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 3, Book 49, Hadith 867]
He said that a man who was apparently fighting for the Muslim cause would actually be of the people of Hell; this was proven when the man committed suicide in order to remove his suffering following a wound in battle.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2898 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 147]
He said that he would kill one of the enemies of the Muslims, Ubay ibn Khalaf, which he achieved at the Battle of Uhud.[https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/73/9302/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81#:~:text=%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%20%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%20%D8%8C%20%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84,%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%20%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%20%D9%85%D8%A7%20%D9%82%D9%84%D8%AA%20%D8%9F 9731 مصنف عبد الرزاق]{{cite book|author1=Kenneth L. Woodward|title=The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam|date=10 Jul 2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780743200295|page=188|edition=reprint}}
Before the Battle of Badr, he showed exactly where each of the enemy chiefs would be killed; they all died in the exact locations stated.
He said that his daughter Fatimah would be the first of his family to die after him; which eventuated.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3623 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, Hadith 819]
On several occasions he provided food and water supernaturally.{{cite book|editor1-last=Leaman|editor1-first=Oliver|title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415326391|page=[https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/423 423]|edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated|url=https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/423}}
He quenched the thirst of thousands of his soldiers during the Battle of Tabouk and enabled them to use water for ablution after causing water to pour forth.{{cite book|author1=Kenneth L. Woodward|title=The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam|date=10 Jul 2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780743200295|page=186|edition=reprint}}
He caused two trees to move at his command.
He caused a well to swell with water after he rinsed his mouth with some water and then threw it out into the well. This was during the event of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, enabling his followers with him to drink and use the water for ablution.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/61/86 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, Hadith 777]
He threw a handful of dust at some of the enemy during the Battle of Hunain, causing them to be blinded. [https://quran.com/8?startingVerse=17 8:17]
He caused Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud to convert to Islam after he made a barren ewe, which produced no milk, to produce milk.
He used his saliva to cure Ali's sick eye, during the Battle of Khaybar, and it became healthy.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3009 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 253]{{cite book |author1=Kenneth L. Woodward |title=The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2001 |isbn=978-0743200295 |edition=reprint |page=189}}
His companions would hear the food before him praising Allah.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3579 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, Hadith 779]
He caused it to rain during a drought in Medina.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:6093 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 8, Book 73, Hadith 115]{{cite book|author1=Kenneth L. Woodward|title=The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam|date=10 Jul 2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780743200295|pages=197–8|edition=reprint}}
His prayers were instantly answered.[https://sunnah.com/muslim/44/206 Sahih Muslim, Book 31, Hadith 6063]
Stones and trees used to greet him before and during his prophethood.[https://sunnah.com/muslim/43/2 Sahih Muslim, Book 30, Hadith 5654][https://sunnah.com/urn/734930 Tirmidhi, Vol. 1, Book 46, Hadith 3626]
He used to understand the language of animals.[https://sunnah.com/abudawud/15/73 Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 14, Hadith 2543][https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin/8/12 Riyad as-Salihin 1002]
He comforted a palm tree that was crying and upset after he stopped leaning on it during his sermons.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/61/94 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 56, Hadith 785]
He had The Seal of Prophethood (Khatam an-Nabiyyin) between his shoulders, specifically on the end of his left shoulder blade, It is depicted as a mole, in size compared to the egg of a partridge or to a pigeon's egg and its color was the same as that of Muhammad's body.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/4/56 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 4, Hadith 189][https://sunnah.com/bukhari/75/31 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 7, Book 70, Hadith 575][https://sunnah.com/muslim/43/146 Sahih Muslim, Book 30, Hadith 5793][https://sunnah.com/urn/1900190 Ash-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiyah 19][https://sunnah.com/muslim/43/142 Sahih Muslim, Book 30, Hadith 5789] It is believed that each prophet sent by Allah had this Seal on a certain part of his body.{{Cite book|title=Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra|last=al-Suyūṭī|first=Abū al-Faḍl|pages=1/103}}
It is reported, that Muhammad did not cast a shadow, interpreted as a sign of his "light".Lālana Śāha City of Mirrors Oxford University Press 2017 {{ISBN|978-0-190-68022-0}} page 524
When Muhammad ascended Mount Uhud and he was accompanied by Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman. The mountain shook beneath them. Muhammad then hit it with his foot and said, "O Uhud! Be firm, for upon you there is none but a Prophet, a supporter of truth and two martyrs."[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/25 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 57, Hadith 24][https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3686 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 57, Hadith 35][https://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/50 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 57, Hadith 50][https://sunnah.com/urn/735760 Tirmidhi, Vol. 1, Book 46, Hadith 3697][https://sunnah.com/abudawud/42/56 Sunan Abid Dawud, Book 41, Hadith 4634]
The same event occurred on Jabal al-Nour in Mecca.[https://sunnah.com/muslim/44/77 Sahih Muslim, Book 31, Hadith 5942][https://sunnah.com/muslim/44/78 Sahih Muslim, Book 31, Hadith 5943][https://sunnah.com/urn/735750 Tirmidhi, Vol. 1, Book 46, Hadith 3696][https://sunnah.com/urn/1301380 Sunan Ibn Majah, Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 134][https://sunnah.com/urn/735780 Tirmidhi, Vol. 1, Book 46, Hadith 3699]
Muhammad used to hear the voices of persons who were being tortured in their graves.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/4/82 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 4, Hadith 215][https://sunnah.com/nasai/21/252 Sunan an-Nasa'i, Vol. 3, Book 21, Hadith 2071]

He used to speak to the dead and hear them. It also occurred with the bodies of the enemy chiefs after the Battle of Badr in the presence of his companions.[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/64/29 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 59, Hadith 314][https://sunnah.com/bukhari/23/123 Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 2, Book 23, Hadith 453][https://sunnah.com/muslim/53/92 Sahih Muslim, Book 40, Hadith 6869]

Interpretations

=Sunni views=

According to the consensus of Sunni scholars, rejecting a single letter of the Qur'an or a hadith which is {{transliteration|ar|mutawatir}} causes one to become a non-Muslim. Belief in the miracles of Muhammad in the Qur'an and in hadith which are transmitted by {{transliteration|ar|mutawatir}} are obligatory.{{cite web |title=Establishing Matters of Aqidah With Hadith Ahad |url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/islamic-belief/establishing-matters-of-aqidah-with-hadith-ahad/ |website=SeekersGuidance |accessdate=6 September 2020 |date=27 May 2009}}{{cite book |last1=Ibn 'Abd al-Barr |first1=Yusuf |title=Al-Tamhîd limâ fîl-Muwatta' min al-Ma'ânî wal-Asânîd |isbn=9789777710473 |pages=Volume 1, page 142, and Volume 4, page 266}}{{cite book |last1=al-Ghazali |first1=Abu Hamid |title=Faysal al-tafriqah bayna al-Islam wa-al-zandaqah. |publisher='Īsá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī |page=144 |oclc=977737394 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977737394 |language=Arabic}}{{cite web |title=Denying the Mutawaatir Hadeeth - Islamweb - Fatwas |url=https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/97262/denying-the-mutawaatir-hadeeth |website=www.islamweb.net |accessdate=6 September 2020}}

=Views on Muslim views=

American scholar of Islam Marcia Hermansen states that "Miracles in the Islamic tradition play less of an evidentiary role than in some other religions since the prophet Muhammad's humanity is stressed."{{cite book |author1=Marcia Hermansen |authorlink1=Miracles |editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Richard C. |title=Encyclopedia or Islam and the Muslim World |date=2004 |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |page=454}}

References

= Quran Primary Sources =

=Hadith Primary Sources =

=Other Citations=

=Bibliography=

{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |title=Muḥammad |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |pages=360–376 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }}
{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Wensinck |first1=A. J. |date=1993 |title=Mu'djiza |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |pages=295 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }}
{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-muhammad/916CDE471CFE5251DA6A492248613D5B |title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88607-9 |editor-last=Brockopp |editor-first=Jonathan E. |series= |location=}}
{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olEi-1LZYYQC |title=Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-978004-4 |language=en}}
{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān: Volume Three |date=2003-10-15 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12354-0 |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |edition=1st |location=Leiden |language=English}}
{{Cite book |last=Phipps |first=William E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR_mDAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings |date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-8935-1 |language=en}}
{{cite book|last=Woodward |first=Kenneth L. |title=The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780743200295|edition=reprint}}