Modane

File:Modane, panorama (2015).JPG.]]

The commune of Modane is located in the Alps in the department of Savoie between the Vanoise massif to the north and between the {{Interlanguage link multi|Massif du Mont-Cenis|fr}} and the Massif des Cerces to the south. Crossed by the Arc river, it extends to the doors of the Haute-Maurienne. The issue of the attachment or not of Modane in the Maurienne Valley or Haute-Maurienne differs depending on the disciplines of economics, geography or geology. For economists, Modane is attached to Haute Maurienne, arguing that the city has a very strong influence on the villages of Haute Maurienne, through economic and administrative infrastructure such as shopping centres, schools or the railway station for example. However, for the great majority of analysts, Modane is a commune attached to the middle part of this valley, both by the relief (encompassing the whole canton is a dug coal-bearing furrow which extends to Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne), and by the industrial history of this sector.{{cite web|url=http://www.savoie-archives.fr/archives73/dossiers_sabaudia/mauriennemoyenne/public10.php|title=Pierre Dompnier, La Moyenne Maurienne}}

With an area of {{convert|7104|acre|ha}} [{{convert|28.74|km2|sqmi}}], the commune extends along a north–south axis on both sides of the valley. To the north, Modane is bounded by the Roc des Saints Pères, and the Aiguille de Péclet (northwest) and the Dôme de Polset (northeast). To the south, also from west to east, these are the Refuge du Mont Thabor (marking the boundary with the department of Hautes-Alpes), the Cime de la Planette, the {{Interlanguage link multi|Pointe du Fréjus|fr}} and the Cime du Grand Vallon (marking the boundary with Italy) which delimit the neighbouring communes of Modane and Italy.

The Modane territory extends in a particular form. Indeed, a relatively short east–west width on the north side of the valley (a few hundred meters to a maximum of {{convert|5|km}} between the peaks), is much larger on the south side (about {{convert|2 to 8|km}} from the South shore of the CRA to peaks). From north to south, the municipality extends however over a length of around {{convert|15|km}}.

In Vanoise, the town is dominated by the Dent Parrachée at {{convert|3697|m}}, the Pointe de l'Échelle at {{convert|3427|m}}, the {{Interlanguage link multi|Rateau d'Aussois|fr}} at {{convert|3117|m}}, the Aiguille Doran at {{convert|3039|m}}, the Dôme de Polset at {{convert|3566|m}} or the Pointe Rénod at {{convert|3374|m}}. To the south stand the Pointe de Longecôte at {{convert|3100|m}}, the Aiguille de Scolette at {{convert|3508|m}}, the Belle Plinier at {{convert|3076|m}}, the Pointe d’Arrondaz at {{convert|2937|m}} and also the {{Interlanguage link multi|Pointe du Fréjus|fr}} at {{convert|2934|m}}.

These peaks, however, leave easy passages, particularly frequented during summer by hiking tourists, either to the Tarentaise Valley or to Italy. In addition, some welcome ski resorts located within walking distance of the town, among which are Aussois, La Norma and Valfréjus.

According to the Köppen climate classification, Modane features a continental mountain climate (Köppen: Dfb), with long, snowy and very cold winters and warm, somewhat dry summers.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|location = Modane (altitude 1228m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1985–2014)

|single line = Y

|metric first = Y

|Jan record high C = 10.6

|Feb record high C = 13.7

|Mar record high C = 19.8

|Apr record high C = 23.9

|May record high C = 29.8

|Jun record high C = 31.7

|Jul record high C = 32.3

|Aug record high C = 33.1

|Sep record high C = 29.1

|Oct record high C = 24.1

|Nov record high C = 18.0

|Dec record high C = 14.5

|Jan record low C = -21.0

|Feb record low C = -20.5

|Mar record low C = -14.5

|Apr record low C = -8.5

|May record low C = -7.2

|Jun record low C = -0.5

|Jul record low C = 3.1

|Aug record low C = 2.5

|Sep record low C = -0.6

|Oct record low C = -5.9

|Nov record low C = -15.0

|Dec record low C = -17.8

|Jan high C = 1.3

|Feb high C = 3.2

|Mar high C = 8.0

|Apr high C = 11.3

|May high C = 16.8

|Jun high C = 19.8

|Jul high C = 22.5

|Aug high C = 22.2

|Sep high C = 17.7

|Oct high C = 12.7

|Nov high C = 5.0

|Dec high C = 1.8

|year high C = 11.9

|Jan mean C = -1.4

|Feb mean C = -0.4

|Mar mean C = 3.3

|Apr mean C = 6.4

|May mean C = 11.4

|Jun mean C = 14.4

|Jul mean C = 16.9

|Aug mean C = 16.6

|Sep mean C = 12.8

|Oct mean C = 8.7

|Nov mean C = 2.2

|Dec mean C = -0.8

|year mean C = 7.6

|Jan low C = -4.1

|Feb low C = -4.1

|Mar low C = -1.3

|Apr low C = 1.4

|May low C = 6.1

|Jun low C = 9.0

|Jul low C = 11.4

|Aug low C = 11.1

|Sep low C = 8.0

|Oct low C = 4.6

|Nov low C = -0.6

|Dec low C = -3.3

|year low C = 3.2

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 55.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 55.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 46.5

|Apr precipitation mm = 50.0

|May precipitation mm = 56.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 58.0

|Jul precipitation mm = 41.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 55.5

|Sep precipitation mm = 53.4

|Oct precipitation mm = 66.1

|Nov precipitation mm = 62.5

|Dec precipitation mm = 57.0

|year precipitation mm = 658.1

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 8.0

|Feb precipitation days = 7.4

|Mar precipitation days = 7.5

|Apr precipitation days = 8.2

|May precipitation days = 9.2

|Jun precipitation days = 9.6

|Jul precipitation days = 6.9

|Aug precipitation days = 8.2

|Sep precipitation days = 6.8

|Oct precipitation days = 7.5

|Nov precipitation days = 8.6

|Dec precipitation days = 7.9

|year precipitation days = 95.9

|source 1 = Météo-France{{cite web

| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_73157002.pdf

| title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records

| language = fr

| publisher = Météo-France

| access-date = September 6, 2022}}}}

The commune of Modane is bordered by nine other communes in France, besides its southern limit marked by the Franco-Italian border. To the west, Modane mainly borders Saint-André and Fourneaux, but also to the south-west, Freney, Orelle, and Névache in the neighbouring department of Hautes-Alpes. To the north, in the Vanoise National Park, the bordering communes are Saint-Martin-de-Belleville to the north-west, with Les Allues and Pralognan-la-Vanoise to the north-east. To the east lies Villarodin-Bourget, with Avrieux to the south-east.

{{Geographic location

|Centre = Modane

|N = Les Allues

|NE = Pralognan-la-Vanoise

|E = Villarodin-Bourget

|SE = Avrieux

|S = Névache (Hautes-Alpes)
Bardonecchia (Italy)

|SW = Orelle
Freney

|W = Saint-André
Fourneaux

|NW = Saint-Martin-de-Belleville

}}

File:Entrée Modane (73).JPG arriving from the Col du Mont-Cenis]]

File:Entrée Tunnel du Fréjus.JPG in Modane]]

File:TGV Artésia à Modane.JPG-Milan TGV in the Gare de Modane]]

The commune is at the French end of the Fréjus Road Tunnel, one of the major transalpine road crossings along with the Mont Blanc Tunnel, linking France and Italy. Out of the tunnel, the A43 autoroute begins and which leads to Chambéry and Lyon, also passes on the heights of the commune (in Charmaix).

In addition, the D 1006 (former Route Nationale 6), an important route coming from Chambéry, also passes through Modane before continuing up to the Col du Mont-Cenis and the Italian border. The road is also the main axis of the commune, which it crosses through the full length of the centre. However, it has several street names including, from west to east: Avenue de la Liberté, Rue de la République, Avenue Jean Jaurès and the Cours Aristide Briand.

The commune of Modane is home to an international railway station, the Gare de Modane, in which receives trains from Turin in Italy, through the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, and with trains to Chambéry, as well as the TGV on the Milan (Italy) to Paris route. The whole of the French part of the line is owned by the Réseau Ferré de France (RFF), the upstream network is managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, society of FS (Ferrovie dello Stato), the lower part and the station being under the management of the SNCF. There is therefore an electrical disconnection and signaling changes upstream (catenary supports also bear inscriptions in Italian).

The railway line serving Modane is the Maurienne line, or its official name the ligne de Culoz à Modane (frontière) [line of Culoz to Modane (border)]. It marks the territory of the commune of Modane looping 180° between its exit from the station and its entry into the Fréjus tunnel.

File:modane PLM 1900.jpg

• Rue de Chavière: A 'survivor' street of the misfortunes of the city where you can still notice some houses with half-engaged spiral staircases.
• The Le Paquier quarter: The last historic quarter of the town composed of traditional houses grouped around the parish church.

The modern spelling Modane is not attested before circa. 1700. Previously, there were Amoudane, Amaudane, Amaldanus. The initial vowel has therefore fallen from use (taken for the preposition à [to]). The word could come from a proper name, that of the keeper of a manso, Amaudanes, mentioned in a cartulary of the 12th century.

In 1871, following the opening of the Mont-Cenis rail tunnel Modane quickly became a border city. The Italian journey began between Italian immigration and transit trade and the population increased significantly. However, the increasingly strained relations between France and Italy lead to the construction in 1885 of the Fort du Replaton, an interdiction fort to monitor the entrance of the tunnel.

During World War I, a train carrying some 1,000 French troops from the Italian front derailed while descending a steep hill in Modane; at least half of the soldiers were killed in France's greatest rail disaster.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Modane-train-crash-of-1917|title = Modane train crash of 1917 | French history | Britannica}}

During World War II, the city was bombed on 13 or 17 September 1943 by Allied aircraft. The objective of the bombing was the station, an important centre of transit between France and Italy. The bombing caused 60 victims and 100 houses were destroyed. A second bombing took place on the night of 10–11 November 1943, killing five civilians.{{cite web|url=http://www.apmfs.fr/1c1001.html|title=1C 1001 SNCF ex-1CC1 3805 SNCF (161DE 5 PLM)|access-date=9 May 2015}}

In 1969, the city turned to tourism. A chairlift departing from Fourneaux and joining the hamlet of Charmaix on the commune of Modane, at {{convert|1550|m}} altitude, was indeed created, like the d'Arrondaz snow stadium, allowing skiing at {{convert|1550 to 2500|m}} altitude.

In 1983, the promoter of Tignes, Pierre Schnebelen, created a new station from d'Arrondaz. It built the estate on the hamlet, two cable cars of {{convert|1550 to 2737|m}}, joining the top of Punta Bagna. A new international ski resort was created: Valfréjus (station attached to the municipality of Modane). Between 1983 and 2008, the station evolved to have 7,000 tourist beds.

File:Modane, hôtel de ville (2007).JPG

{{Interlanguage link multi|2014 municipal elections in Savoie|fr|3=Élections municipales de 2014 en Savoie}}

Modane is twinned with:

• Bardonecchia, Italy since the 1980s
• Ohmden, Germany since 2000

In 2017, the commune had 3,097 inhabitants.

{{Historical populations

|align = center

|cols = 3

|footnote = Population without double counting from 1962 to 1999; municipal population for the dates afterwards

| source = EHESS{{Cassini-Ehess|22651|Modane}} and INSEE[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-73157#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE

| percentages = pagr

|1793|902

|1800|948

|1806|1139

|1822|1076

|1838|1200

|1848|1217

|1858|1204

|1861|1227

|1866|1343

|1872|1599

|1876|2144

|1881|2394

|1886|2572

|1891|2725

|1896|2771

|1901|2603

|1906|2676

|1911|3260

|1921|2958

|1926|3616

|1931|4441

|1936|4930

|1946|1654

|1954|4064

|1962|4735

|1968|5633

|1975|4974

|1982|4798

|1990|4250

|1999|3658

|2007|3754

|2012|3345

|2017|3097

}}

{{clear left}}

Daycare:

• Halte garderie "Les petits poucets"
• After-school daycare of the schools of Modane

Schools:

• Paul Bert kindergarten school
• Jules Ferry Elementary School

Collège: La Vanoise Collège

{{Multiple image|total_width = 450

| align =

| direction =

| image1 = Secherie de Modane. Mode d'employ du porteur Decauville.jpg

| alt1 =

| caption1 =

| image2 = Le criblage de graines sur les aires. Secherie de Modane (Cliche de Ch. Kuss, N° 59p, 15 Juin 1893).jpg

| alt2 =

| caption2 =

| image3 = Secherie de Modane. Aires cote gauche et droite (Cliche de Ch. Kuss, N° 15 et 18p, 8 Aout 1892).jpg

| alt3 =

| caption3 =

| footer = Decauville railway on the drying site for Swiss stone pine cones in Modane (Sécherie de Modane), 1892-1893

}}

In Modane existed around 1892 a large, fortified drying place for Swiss stone pine cones, which was accessed via a Decauville narrow gauge railway. The cones and seeds were used to produce pine liqueur and food, respectively.Ch. Kuss: Sécherie de Modane. In: [https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/consultationIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_055073&udId=c-5mhcpv6n7--hqv7j1hiidys&details=true&gotoArchivesNums=false&auSeinIR=true Série de Modane classée dans l’ordre numérique des photographies.] 14 June 1888 to 24 June 1963.

{{Expand section|date=May 2015}}

File:Onera.jpg.]]

• The French society of the Fréjus Road Tunnel (SFTRF), whose head office is located on the platform of the tunnel in Modane, in addition to the road tunnel manages all of the Maurienne autoroute (connecting Aiton at the platform of the tunnel of Modane).
• The Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM), centre of basic research of the IN2P3 (CNRS) and the CEA, located in the middle of the Fréjus Road Tunnel
• Headquarters of the Jacquemmoz International Transport{{cite web|url=http://www.jacquemmoz.com/implantations.htm#modane|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010405214118/http://www.jacquemmoz.com/implantations.htm#modane|url-status=dead|archive-date=2001-04-05|title=Jacquemmoz Agence de Modane}} company founded in 1955. The company saw its fleet of vehicles very strongly affected by the mudslide at Saint-Antoine in 1987. It had 16 trucks and during the mudslide, it lost thirteen. The company now has five branches: Modane, Saint-Rémy-de-Maurienne, Montmélian (Chambéry), Corbas (Lyon), and Puiseaux (Montargis). The transport capacity is 233 vehicles, recent semi-trailers and trailer trucks, operated as a family business accompanied by 320 employees.
• The Albaron national training centre of the Red Cross{{cite web|url=http://albaron.croix-rouge.fr/centre.html|title=CRF de l'Albaron|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127071240/http://albaron.croix-rouge.fr/centre.html|archive-date=2013-01-27|url-status=dead}}
• SNCF border station of Modane
• Wind tunnel of Modane, ONERA, the largest in the world. This wind tunnel where many civil and military aircraft have been tested mainly employs technicians and a few researchers, actually located administratively on the commune of Avrieux (adjacent to Modane). It will be closed "if nothing is done to secure its soil", while a renewed interest for wind tunnel testing is emerging in the world, there are yet imperfect digital models.Article entitled "Paradoxe", in Air & Cosmos, n° 2430, 21 November 2014, page 4
• From 1885 to 1993, the paper mill of the Groupe Matussière & Forest{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzdHxL4OjhoC&q=Matussi%E8re+forest+histoire+modane&pg=PA135|title=Matussière et Forest GoogleBook - Histoire de l'énergie hydraulique|isbn=9782859784140|last1=Viollet|first1=Pierre-Louis|year=2005}} harnessing the power of the Arc at the entrance of Fourneaux, provides work for many people of Modane. The Grenoble papermakers of the Matussiere family gave their name to the current namesake shopping area.

In 2014, the capacity of the commune, estimated by the organisation of {{Interlanguage link multi|Tourism in Pays de Savoie|fr|3=Tourisme en pays de Savoie|lt=Savoie Mont Blanc}}, is 7,849 tourist beds in 870 establishments.{{refn|group=note|{{Interlanguage link multi|Tourism in Pays de Savoie|fr|3=Tourisme en pays de Savoie|lt=Savoie Mont Blanc's}} structure, for this statistical data, the capacity in terms of tourist beds of a station or a commune adds merchant establishments, which belong to the hospitality sector, and non-market accommodation, which implies no commercial transaction as secondary residences.{{cite web|url=http://pro.savoie-mont-blanc.com/Observatoire/Nos-donnees-brutes/Capacites-d-accueil|title=La capacité d'accueil touristique en Savoie-Mont-Blanc |series=Observatoire |work=le site Savoie-Mont-Blanc - pro.savoie-mont-blanc.com |id= Les données détaillées par commune, et par station : nombre de structures, nombre de lits par type d'hébergements (fichier : Détail des capacités 2014, .xlsx) |date=19 December 2014}}}} Valfréjus ski station concentrates most of these beds and structures (over 70%). The accommodation of the commune is as follows: 139 furnished; 8 apartment hotels; 5 hotels; an outdoors facility; one holiday village and one gîte or overnight gîte.

The Tour de France cycling race came to Modane, starting stage 19 there, in 2011. Modane is due to welcome the return of the race during the 2015 Tour de France, for the start of stage 20, the penultimate stage, on 25 July.

File:Ancienne entrée tunnel ferroviaire du Mont-Cenis.JPG]]

File:Chapelle Saint-Jacques (Modane).JPG

• The fountain in front of the town hall (Place de la Mairie) is listed as an historical monument. It dates from 1572.
• The leaning house: The leaning house is located on the road of Modane to Valfréjus. Formerly known as la poudrière [the powder magazine], it was used to shelter a stock of powder intended to destroy the tunnel in the event of war. The house was made of dry stone. In 1939, it was overcome by the construction of a concrete blockhouse. In 1944 the Germans dynamited the railway tunnel and the dry stone house collapsed. The blockhouse flew {{convert|30|m}} and on falling, sank into the ground while remaining intact. When one enters one easily loses balance, because it is tilted at two angles. It is the most visited monument of the Savoie (free visit).{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The leaning house is part of the Association of the Saint-Gobain Fort Museum. It belongs to the army, SNCF and the commune of Modane.
• The Fort du Replaton was built to defend the entrance of the railway tunnel at the end of the 19th century. This Séré de Rivières-type fort cannot be visited. The walk departing from Loutraz (30 min) is worthwhile as one can see the illuminations of the fort at night.
• The monumental entrance of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel was built during the first breakthrough of the Alps between 1857 and 1871. This former entrance of the Fréjus rail tunnel is situated on the road linking Modane to Valfréjus.
• The Saint-Jacques Chapel: A unique baroque building of the town, this small Romanesque chapel, in its construction, has been completely restored. Visits are on request from the association for the restoration of the chapel.
• The parish church: A testimony of reconstruction, it is due to the architect and also author of the best-known church of the Plateau d'Assy. Only the bell tower of this building pre-dates World War II, the rest having been destroyed during bombings.
• The Fort of Saint-Gobain: A structure of the Maginot Line built in 1933 to protect the national road and railway.{{cite web |url=http://www.fortifications-maurienne.com/saintgobain.htm |title= L'ouvrage de Saint-Gobain |work=fortifications-maurienne.com}}
• Modane internment camp: 539th group of foreign workers in 1940.voir le livre L’Occupation italienne, Jean-Louis Panicacci, 2010 aux Presses universitaires de Rennes

{{cite web|url=http://www.musee-resistance.com/spip.php?article194|title=L'Occupation italienne|author=Jean-Louis Panicacci|year=2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131100939/http://www.musee-resistance.com/spip.php?article194|archive-date=2011-01-31}}

• The Museobar:{{cite web|url=http://museobar.com|title=Le Museobar}} Through four reconstructions of cafes from different eras ranging from 1880 to 1935, the Museobar traces and brings to life the history of Modane and Fourneaux. Trompe-l'œil, music of pianolas, testimonies and especially images are illustrations of this extraordinary story.
• The Rizerie des Alpes, a rice mill, an historical monument and labelled as {{Interlanguage link multi|Heritage of the 20th century|fr|3=Label " Patrimoine du XXe siècle "}}: It was the function of this "Greek temple" in the middle of the city on the edge of the Arc. To view in passing, this building is included in the supplementary inventory of historical monuments. Now converted into an exhibition centre for the future Lyon-Turin link.
• Carré Sciences: An interactive space of {{convert|120|m2}} dedicated to scientific culture,{{cite web|url=http://www-lsm.in2p3.fr/EspaceCom.htm|title=Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane}} with the emanation to the general public of the Modane Underground Laboratory of the CNRS.

• {{Interlanguage link multi|Adrien Badin|fr}} (1873-1917), engineer and leader of the aluminium conglomerate Pechiney during the years before World War I{{cite book|first1=Michel|last1=Germain|title= Personnages illustres des Savoie|language=fr|trans-title=Famous people of Savoie|publisher=Autre Vue|year=2007|id=619|page=44|isbn=978-2-9156-8815-3}}
• {{Interlanguage link multi|Aurel Ramat|fr}}, typographer, and grammairen, born in 1926 in Modane
• {{Interlanguage link multi|Fabrice Melquiot|fr}}, playwright, born in Modane in 1972.

{{Blazon-arms

| img1=Blason ville Fr Modane (Savoie).svg

| legend1=Arms of Modane

| text=The arms of Modane are blazoned :
Gules two bars of or raised in pale, to a cross drilled and lowered argent, the cross stitched on the bars, surmounted by a Fleur-de-lis or; and to a tower crenellated five pieces of the same, open of sable and stitched on the cross.

}}

• Communes of the Savoie department
• Fréjus Road Tunnel
• Fréjus Rail Tunnel
• Turin–Lyon high-speed railway

• {{cite book|first1=Virginie|last1=Bourgoin|title=Découvrir le patrimoine naturel de Modane|language=fr|trans-title=Discover the natural heritage of Modane|publisher= Parc national de la Vanoise|isbn=978-2-901617-26-6|location=Chambéry

|series=Découvrir le patrimoine naturel de...|date=2008}}

{{reflist|group=note|2}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202104904/http://modane-valfrejus.com/ Official site]

{{Savoie communes}}

{{authority control}}

Category:Communes of Savoie