Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla

Born in 1940 in the Nouadhibou region (either in then-Spanish Sahara[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0038) "Mauritania: Consolidation of Power"], Library of Congress Country Studies or colonial Mauritania{{citation needed|date=August 2010}}), into a family of the Sahrawi Laaroussien tribe, he passed to secondary education in Rosso near the border to French-administered Senegal. He earned a baccalaureat in science in Dakar, Senegal, in 1961. After joining the Mauritanian army in 1962,[http://www.rulers.org/indexh1.html Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidallah], Rulers.org he studied in French military colleges, notably Saint-Cyr.

After 1975, he commanded forces in the north of Mauritania and Tiris al-Gharbiya (Western Sahara), in the war against Polisario Front guerrillas, notably in the Zouerate region and Bir Moghrein. In 1978, with the country in severe disorder, he participated in a coup d'état that overthrew Mauritanian President Mokhtar Ould Daddah. As a member of the CRMN military junta, he was promoted to the post of Chief of the General Staff.

Mohamed Khouna became prime minister on 31 May 1979, a few days after the death in an airplane crash of the previous prime minister, Col. Ahmed Ould Bouceif, with whom he had seized power for the CMSN just a month earlier, from Col. Mustafa Ould Salek and the CRMN. On 4 January 1980 he seized power from Ould Salek's successor as head of state, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly. He continued to also hold the position of prime minister until December of that year, when a civilian, Sid'Ahmed Ould Bneijara, was appointed to the post.

His tenure was marked by severe political turbulence, as Mauritania extracted itself from the war with the Polisario Front — started by Ould Daddah in 1975 — and his regime faced a number of coups attempts and military intrigues.[http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/22.htm "Mauritania: The Haidalla Regime"], Library of Congress Country Studies[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E3DD143BF930A1575AC0A962948260 "Mauritanian Group Says It Killed Libyan in Rome"], New York Times, September 23, 1984. On March 16, 1981, a violent coup attempt against Mohamed Khouna failed.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313181359/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/132087452.html?dids=132087452:132087452&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=MAR+17%2C+1981&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Mauritanian+Coup+Attempt+Fails+After+Bloody+Clashes&pqatl=google "Mauritanian Coup Attempt Fails After Bloody Clashes"], Washington Post, March 17, 1981. Mohamed Khouna accused Morocco of being behind the coup, which Morocco denied, and in the next month Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was appointed prime minister.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E2DA1638F934A15757C0A967948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fMauritania "Career Soldier Takes Over As Premier of Mauritania"], New York Times, April 27, 1981. Another attempted coup was allegedly sponsored by Libya.

On 8 March 1984, Mohamed Khouna took the office of prime minister again, replacing Taya, in a move to strengthen his personal power.[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0039) "Mauritania: Political Disintegration"], Library of Congress Country Studies

On December 12, 1984, however, Taya ousted Mohamed Khouna in a coup while the latter was out of the country. Mohamed Khouna had been at a Franco-African Summit in Burundi[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E0DF1338F937A25751C1A962948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fMauritania "Mauritania's President Arrested by Coup Leader"], UPI, New York Times, December 14, 1984.[http://apanews.net/article_eng.php3?id_article=22922 "Former Mauritanian President Ould Haidalla seeks new term in office"]{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, African Press Agency, March 7, 2007. and learned of the coup in Brazzaville, during his return to Mauritania, from Denis Sassou Nguesso, the president of the Republic of the Congo.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Mohamed Khouna returned to Mauritania anyway and was arrested at the airport in Nouakchott; he was eventually released in December 1988.

Taya promised to install democracy, but his rule was considered as authoritarian by many; he was deposed by a military coup in August 2005.

Mohamed Khouna's main achievement was to make peace with the Western Sahara-based Polisario Front, which had been fighting Mauritania since it annexed part of the former Spanish colony in 1975. The CMSN opted for complete withdrawal from the conflict, evacuating southern Rio de Oro (which had been annexed as Tiris El Gharbiya) and recognizing the POLISARIO as the representative of the Sahrawi people. This led to a crisis in relations with the country's until-then ally Morocco, which had similarly annexed the remainder of Western Sahara, with Mohamed Khouna's government facing an attempted coup, troop clashes and military tension.[http://www.arab.net/mauritainia/ma_polisario.htm "Mauritania: The Polisario Problem"], Arab.net. Relations were completely severed between 1981 and 1985, when they were restored by Mohamed Khouna's successor.[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8584.html "Mauritania: Regional Security Concerns"], Library of Congress Country Studies.[http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/64.htm "Mauritania: Morocco"], Library of Congress Country Studies. However, relations improved with POLISARIO's main regional backer, Algeria, with the Algerian government sending arms, ammunitions and supplies to bolster his regime.[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8576.html Mauritania: Relations with Other States of the Maghrib], Library of Congress Country Studies Mohamed Khouna's 1984 recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR, the POLISARIO's government-in-exile) as a sovereign nation appears to have been one of the triggering causes for Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya's coup in late 1984.

On the domestic front, his most notable policies were the institution of Islamic Sharia law in 1980-83,{{cite web |last1=Kjeilen |first1=Tore |title=Mauritania / History |url=http://looklex.com/e.o/mauritania.history.htm |website=LookLex Encyclopedia |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000241/http://looklex.com/e.o/mauritania.history.htm |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}} as well as several failed attempts to rebuild the political system shattered by the 1978 coup—first as a multiparty system, and then, after the first coup attempt against him, as a one-party state. It was also during Mohamed Khouna's rule that slavery was formally and completely abolished in Mauritania, although the practice continues at a diminished level still today. He made a statement announcing the abolition of slavery in July 1980, and this was followed by a legal decree in November 1981.{{cite web |title=Mauritania: A future free from slavery. |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr38/003/2002/en/ |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=7 November 2002}}

Political opponents were treated harshly, with imprisonments[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/28/africa/AF_POL_Mauritania_Elections.php "Mauritanian ruler from the 1980s enters post-coup presidential race"], International Herald Tribune, December 28, 2006. and those responsible for one of the failed coups against his government were executed.

After returning to Mauritania in late 1984, Mohamed Khouna was held in administrative detention for several years by Ould Taya, during which time he fell sick. After his release, he stayed outside politics until 2003, when he returned to head the opposition. He then unsuccessfully ran for president against Taya in November, campaigning on a moderately Islamist platform, whereas Taya, who had established full diplomatic ties with Israel, was considered pro-Western. Mohamed Khouna officially came in second place with about 19% of the vote, although he alleged fraud; he was arrested immediately after the election, accused of plotting a coup.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=47459 "MAURITANIA: Ould Haidallah trial to begin on Monday"], IRIN, 27 November 2003. Mohamed Khouna had also been briefly detained just prior to the vote.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3254431.stm "Top Mauritanian politician held"], BBC News Online, November 9, 2003.[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR380102003?open&of=ENG-MRT "Mauritania: Fear of ill-treatment or torture / Incommunicado detention / Medical concern"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128223646/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR380102003?open&of=ENG-MRT |date=2006-11-28 }}, Amnesty International, 14 November 2003[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3256567.stm "Charges for Mauritania candidate"], BBC News Online, November 10, 2003.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=47144 "Peaceful election, but opposition cries foul"], IRIN, November 7, 2003. On December 28, 2003 he received a five-year suspended sentence and therefore was set free, but barred from politics for five years.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=47832 "Haidalla walks free with suspended sentence"], IRIN, December 29, 2003. An appeals court confirmed this sentence in April 2004.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=49617 "Opposition leader stripped of political rights as putchists prepare to face trial"], IRIN, April 22, 2004. Also in April, his supporters attempted to register a political party, the Party for Democratic Convergence.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=49446 "Mauritania: Haidalla supporters create new opposition party"], IRIN, April 7, 2004.

Mohamed Khouna was arrested again on November 3, 2004, accused of involvement in coup plots.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=51946 "Mauritania: Three opposition leaders arrested in connection with coup plots"], IRIN, November 4, 2004. The prosecutor sought a five-year prison sentence, but he was acquitted on February 3, 2005, at the end of a mass trial of 195 people.[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=52899 "Mauritania: Coup plotters get life in prison but escape death sentence"], IRIN, February 3, 2005.

Following a military coup against Taya in August 2005, an amnesty in early September freed Mohamed Khouna from his sentences, along with more than a hundred others sentenced for political offenses.{{cite news| url= http://www.middle-east-online.com/English/mauritania/?id=14508 |title= Political exiles flocking back to Mauritania |work= Middle East Online| date= 12 September 2005| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061020021104/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/mauritania/?id=14508 | archivedate= 20 October 2006 | accessdate= 21 April 2015}}

On December 27, 2006, Mohamed Khouna announced that he would be a candidate in the presidential election scheduled for March 11, 2007. He campaigned on a nationalist-Islamist platform,{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} citing the struggle against poverty and slavery as priorities. On February 3, he gained the support of another registered presidential candidate, former opposition politician and prisoner under Ould Taya, Chbih Ould Cheikh Melainine, who dropped out of the race.{{cite news |url= http://www.ami.mr/fr/articles/2007/fevrier/3/3.html |title= Ch'Bih Ould Cheikh Melainine retire sa candidature à la présidentielle de mars 2007 |publisher= Agence Mauritanienne d'Information |date= 3 February 2007 |language= fr |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070327102711/http://www.ami.mr/fr/articles/2007/fevrier/3/3.html |archivedate= 27 March 2007 }}{{cite news |url= http://www.cridem.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7041 |title= Nouvelle coalition de parti et Ould Cheikh Melainine se retire en faveur de Ould Haidalla |work= Convergence Républicaine pour l'Instauration de la Democratie en Mauritanie |date= 3 February 2007 |language= fr |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074948/http://www.cridem.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7041 |archivedate= 28 September 2007 }}

However, no longer having the political base that came with being the main candidate of the opposition under Ould Taya, Mohamed Khouna was even less successful in the 2007 election, coming in tenth place and receiving 1.73% of the vote.{{cite news|url= http://www.ami.mr/fr/articles/2007/mars/15/5.html|title= Le conseil constitutionnel proclame les résultats du premier tour de l'élection présidentielles du 11 mars 2007|publisher= Agence Mauritanienne d'Information|date= 15 March 2007|language= fr}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

After the election, which was won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Mohamed Khouna announced his support for Abdallahi in October 2007.[http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=45108 "Former Mauritanian leader pledges support for current president"]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, African Press Agency, October 25, 2007. However, following the coup that ousted Abdallahi in August 2008, Mohamed Khouna expressed his support for the coup in a statement on August 29, 2008, saying that it was necessary under the circumstances and urging all Mauritanians to support it. He also criticized the negative reactions of Western governments to the coup, alleging that they were interfering in Mauritanian affairs.{{cite news|url= http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article&id_article=73968|title= L'ancien président Ould Haidalla défend le nouveau pouvoir en Mauritanie|publisher= African Press Agency|date= 29 August 2008|language= fr}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In July 2007, Sidi Mohamed Ould Haidalla (Mohamed Khouna's son) was detained in Morocco for drug trafficking charges. In 2008 he was judged and condemned to 7 years in prison.{{cite news |title= La Cour d'appel condamne les accusés à des peines de prison | url= http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=100147 | publisher= Le Matin | date= 2008-10-17 | accessdate= 2010-05-08|language=fr}}

On June 18, 2010, Mohamed Khouna wrote an open letter to the heads of state who have good relations with the king of Morocco, requesting for help to bring his son back to Mauritania or to liberate him. He denounced the conditions of imprisonment of his son, who is handicapped.{{cite news|title= Appel pour des raisons humanitaires |url= http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=44786 |publisher= Carrefour de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (CRIDEM) |date= 2010-06-18 |accessdate= 2010-05-08| language= fr}} On June 24, 2010, El Ghassem Ould Bellali, a Mauritanian deputy, declared that the imprisonment of Sidi Mohamed Ould Haidalla is a Moroccan "political vengeance" against his's father, for the recognition he gave to the SADR and to the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people, when he was president of Mauritania.{{cite news |title= Diputado considera "venganza" encarcelamiento en Marruecos hijo ex presidente |url= http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=432144 |publisher= ABC (EFE) |date= 2010-06-24 |accessdate= 2010-05-08 |language= es |archive-date= 2011-06-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110616045835/http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=432144 |url-status= dead }}

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{{s-bef | before = Ahmed Salim Ould Sidi }}

{{s-ttl | title = Prime Minister of Mauritania | years=1979–1980 }}

{{s-aft | after = Sid Ahmed Ould Bneijara }}

{{s-bef | before = Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly }}

{{s-ttl | title = President of Mauritania | years=1980–1984 }}

{{s-aft | after = Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya }}

{{s-bef | before = Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya }}

{{s-ttl | title = Prime Minister of Mauritania | years=1984 }}

{{s-aft | after = Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya }}

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Category:1940 births

Category:Living people

Category:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni

Category:Mauritanian military personnel

Category:21st-century Mauritanian politicians

Category:20th-century Mauritanian politicians

Category:Mauritanian Sunni Muslims

Category:Mauritanian prisoners and detainees

Category:Leaders who took power by coup

Category:Leaders ousted by a coup

Category:Heads of state of Mauritania

Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned