Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was opposed to the Persian Constitution of 1906, which had been ratified during the reign of his father, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Therefore, he was frequently criticized by the publications of the period, including a weekly newspaper Musavat.{{cite journal|author=Iago Gocheleishvili|title=Georgian Sources on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911): Sergo Gamdlishvili's Memoirs of the Gilan Resistance|journal=Iranian Studies |date=February 2007|volume=40|issue=1|page=60|doi=10.1080/00210860601138632|jstor=4311875|s2cid=153631653 }} In 1907, Mohammad Ali dissolved the National Consultative Assembly and declared the Constitution abolished because it was contrary to Islamic law.{{cite book

| last =Donzel

| first =Emeri "van"

| year =1994

| title =Islamic Desk Reference

| publisher =BRILL

| isbn =90-04-09738-4

| url-access =registration

| url =https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0

}} p. 285-286 He bombarded the Majles (Iranian parliament) with the military and political support of Russia and Britain.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/2006/07/060724_pm-ma-constitution-sem.shtml | title=گزارشی از سمینار 'سده انقلاب مشروطیت ایران' در لندن | publisher=BBC Persian|date=24 July 2006|access-date=23 May 2020}}

In July 1909, pro-Constitution forces marched from Iran's provinces to Tehran led by Sardar As'ad, Sepehdar A'zam, Sattar Khan, Bagher Khan and Yeprem Khan, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution.

On 16 July 1909, the parliament voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Mohammad Ali Shah abdicated following the new Constitutional Revolution and he has since been remembered as a symbol of dictatorship.

Having fled to Odesa, Russia (currently Ukraine), Mohammad Ali plotted his return to power. In 1911 he landed at Astarabad, Iran, but his forces were defeated. Mohammad Ali Shah returned to Russia, then in 1920 to Constantinople (present day Istanbul) and later to San Remo, Italy, where he died on 5 April 1925. He was buried at the Shrine of Imam Husain in Karbala, Iraq. Every Shah of Iran since Mohammad Ali has died in exile.

His son and successor, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last sovereign of the Qajar dynasty.Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar, 'Mohammad Ali Shah: The Man and the King', in: Qajar Studies. Travellers and Diplomats in the Qajar Era. Journal of the International Qajar Studies Association, volume VII, 2007.

• Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (1900)
• French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1907)
• Ottoman Empire: Exalted Order of the House of Osman (1905)
• Russian Empire:
• Knight of the Order of St. Andrew (1905)
• Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1905)
• Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1905)
• Knight of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class (1905)
• Knight of the Order of St. Anna, 1st Class (1905)

File:Brooklyn Museum - Mohammad 'Ali Shah with Mirza Mohammad Ebrahim Khan the Moavin al-Dowleh and Company One of 274 Vintage Photographs (cropped).jpg, the Mo'avin al-Dowleh, and Company, {{c.|1907}}]]

File:2000dinar (1).jpg/2 Qiran coin of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar era]]

Mohammad Ali Shah had two wives:

1. Robabeh Khanum "Malih-os-Saltaneh"
2. Princess Zahra Qajar "Malekeh Jahan", daughter of Kamran Mirza "Nayeb-os-Saltaneh"

Mohammad Ali Shah had six sons and two daughters:

;Sons

1. Hossein Ali Mirza "E'tezad Saltaneh"
2. Gholam Hossein Mirza (died in infancy)
3. Sultan Ahmad Mirza (later Ahmad Shah Qajar)
4. Mohammad Hassan Mirza
5. Sultan Mahmoud Mirza
6. Sultan Majid Mirza

;Daughters:

1. Khadijeh Khanum "Hazrat-e Ghodsieh"
2. Assieh Khanum

File:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar - AFTER deposal.jpg

• Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir od-Dowleh (till 17 March 1907)
• Mirza Ali-Asghar Khan Amin os-Soltan (1 May 1907 – 31 August 1907)
• Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni (1st Term) (13 September 1907 – 21 December 1907)
• Hossein Khan Nezam os-Saltaneh Mafi (21 December 1907 – 21 May 1908)
• Morteza-Qoli Khan Hedayat Sani od-Dowleh (21 May 1908 – 7 June 1908)
• Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh (7 June 1908 – 29 April 1909)

• Qajar dynasty
• Qajar family tree
• Attempts at Constitutionalization in Iran
• Persian Constitutional Revolution
• Persian Cossack Brigade
• Anglo-Russian Entente
• 1908 bombardment of the Majlis
• History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last=Shablovskaia|first=Alisa|title=Treacherous friends or disenchanted masters? Russian diplomacy and Muhammad 'Ali (Shah) Qajar, 1911-1912|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|year=2019|volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=1–18|doi=10.1080/13530194.2019.1683717|s2cid=210459869 }}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.qajarpages.org/mohammadalishah.html Portrait of Mohammad Ali Shah]
• [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c33962 Portrait in Library of Congress collection]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090423035640/http://www.yadegaran.com/ Photos of Qajar kings]

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou|Qajar dynasty||21 June 1872||5 April 1925}}

{{s-roy|ir|}}

{{S-bef|before=Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar}}

{{S-ttl|title=Shah of Persia

|years=1907–1909}}

{{S-aft|after=Ahmad Shah Qajar}}

{{S-end}}

{{Qajar dynasty}}{{Qajar princes}}{{Persian Constitutional Revolution Persions}}

{{Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1872 births

Category:1925 deaths

Category:20th-century monarchs of Persia

Category:Qajar monarchs

Category:Iranian royalty

Category:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution

Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)

Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

Category:Monarchs who abdicated

Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

Category:Iranian emigrants to Italy

Category:Iranian exiles

Category:Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire