Mongolian script multigraphs

{{Main|Mongolian script|Mongolian writing systems|Mongolian language}}

{{Short description|Letter combinations used for the Mongolian language when written in the Mongolian script}}

This article describes two- and three-letter combinations (so-called digraphs and trigraphs) used for the Mongolian language when written in the Mongolian script.

{{Infobox Mongolian script letter

|heading = Mongolian script multigraphs

|image = Mongolian Script Interrogative Particle.svg

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Vowel and consonant combinations

The intervocalic letters {{Transliteration|Mong|ɣ}}/{{Transliteration|Mong|g}}, and {{Transliteration|Mong|y}} has in some combinations come to help form long vowels, namely:{{Cite book |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas |url=https://archive.org/details/poppegrammarofwrittenmongolian1974/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Grammar of Written Mongolian |year=1974 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-00684-2 |language=en}}{{Rp|pages=36–37}}''

Long {{Em|a}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|aɣa}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|iɣa}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|iya}}.
Long {{Em|e}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|ege}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ige}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|iye}}.
Long {{Em|i}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|igi}}.
Long {{Em|o}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|oɣa}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|oɣo}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|uɣa}}.
Long {{Em|u}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|aɣu}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|iɣu}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|uɣu}}.
Long {{Em|ö}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|öge}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|üge}}.
Long {{Em|ü}} with: {{Transliteration|Mong|egü}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|igü}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ügü}}.

Sometimes intervocalic {{Transliteration|Mong|b}} and {{Transliteration|Mong|m}} is silent: as in {{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|debel}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|дээл}} {{Transliteration|khk|deel}}) 'robe, garment' or {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|kümün}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хүн}} {{Transliteration|khk|khün}}) 'human, person; man'.{{Cite book |last=Kara |first=György |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSlkAAAAMAAJ |title=Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian |year=2005 |publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies |isbn=978-0-933070-52-3 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=64}}{{Cite web |title=Mongolian State Dictionary |url=https://mongoltoli.mn/dictionary/index.php |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Mongol toli |language=mn}}

Vowel combinations

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; display: inline-table;" ! colspan="5" style="text-align: left" \|Doubled vowels{{Rp\|pages=10, 30}}{{Cite book \|last1=Grønbech \|first1=Kaare \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YanEBJXGRMC \|title=An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary \|last2=Krueger \|first2=John Richard \|year=1993 \|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag \|isbn=978-3-447-03298-8 \|language=en}}{{Rp\|page=59}}
{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ii}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|oo}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|uu}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|üü}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Transliteration{{NoteTag\|Scholarly transliteration.{{Cite web \|title=Mongolian transliterations \|url=https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Mongolian.pdf \|date=2006-05-06 \|website=Institute of the Estonian Language}}}}
{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ī}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ŏ}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ū}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ǖ}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Pronunciation
rowspan="3" \|— \| rowspan="3" \|— \| colspan="2" \|{{Nowrap\|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠤᠤ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}} {{Nowrap\|{{Angbr\|18px}}}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|Interrogative {{Transliteration\|Mong\|uu/üü}} particle (subject to vowel harmony; Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|уу/үү/юу/юү}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|uu/üü/yuu/yuü}}) used after the predicate.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960\|{{Cite book \|last=Lessing \|first=Ferdinand \|url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Lessing.pdf \|title=Mongolian-English Dictionary \|year=1960 \|publisher=University of California Press \|language=en}} Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations {{Transliteration\|Mong\|c}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ø}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|x}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|y}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|z}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ai}}, and {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ei}}; instead of {{Transliteration\|Mong\|č}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ö}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|q}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ü}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ǰ}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ayi}}, and {{Transliteration\|Mong\|eyi}};{{Rp\|page=xii}} as well as problematically and incorrectly treats {{Em\|all}} rounded vowels ({{Transliteration\|Mong\|o/u/ö/ü}}) after the initial syllable as {{Transliteration\|Mong\|u}} or {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ü}}.{{Refn\|{{Cite web \|title=Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription \|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/wiki/tibetan-script/Mongolian%20Transliteration%20&%20Transcription.html \|access-date=2023-03-26 \|website=collab.its.virginia.edu}}}}}}{{Rp\|pages=437, 889, 1014}}{{Rp\|page=172}}{{Rp\|page=38}}{{Cite book \|last=Janhunen \|first=Juha \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ \|title=The Mongolic Languages \|date=2006-01-27 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-135-79690-7 \|language=en}}{{Rp\|page=53}}{{Cite book \|last=Janhunen \|first=Juha A. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAlwcg9ioPMC \|title=Mongolian \|year=2012 \|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing \|isbn=978-90-272-3820-7 \|language=en}}{{Rp\|page=183}} The positional variant {{Nowrap\|{{Angbr\|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠶᠤᠤ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}}}}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|yuu/yüü}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|юу/юү}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|yuu/yuü}}) is only used in the modern language.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=437}}{{Rp\|page=53}}}} ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" \|Alone
{{MongolUnicode\|ᠣᠣ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in {{MongolUnicode\|ᠣᠣ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode\|ᠠᠭᠤᠤ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|uu/aɣuu}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|—/агуу}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|—/aguu}}) 'vast, great[ly], large', etc.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|pages=18, 889}}{{Rp\|page=30}}}} \|—
{{MongolUnicode\|ᠤᠤ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠦᠦ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|The tooth here is not from the semivowel y but is part of the first vowel itself, it's the only sign that distinguishes a u from a ü. Sample word: {{MongolUnicode\|ᠦᠷ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode\|ᠦᠦᠷ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ür/üür}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|үүр}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|üür}}) 'dawn, daybreak'.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|pages=1010, 1014}}}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Initial
{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠢᠢ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \| colspan="2" \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠣᠣ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in {{MongolUnicode\|ᠲᠤᠤᠯᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|tuuli}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|тууль}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|tuuli}}) 'old tale, story, epic, epic poem'.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=847}}{{Cite book \|last=Bawden \|first=Charles \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cULYAQAAQBAJ \|title=Mongolian English Dictionary \|date=2013-10-28 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-136-15588-8 \|language=en}}{{Rp\|page=834}}}} \|{{Nowrap\|({{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠦ{{fvs\|1}}ᠦ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}})}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|Written with an intervocalic long tooth, as in the loanword {{MongolUnicode\|ᠫᠦᠳ\|lang=mn\|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode\|ᠫᠦᠦᠳᠡ\|lang=mn\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|püd/püüde}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|пуд}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|pud}}) 'pud', a Russian weight.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=650}}}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Medial
— \|— \| colspan="2" \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠤᠤ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|Final {{Transliteration\|Mong\|uu/üü}} in the prohibitive particle {{MongolUnicode\|ᠪᠤᠤ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Nowrap\|(19px)}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|buu/büü}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|бүү}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|büü}}) 'don't' lacks an intervocalic long tooth.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|pages=141, 153}}{{Rp\|page=166}}{{Rp\|page=38}} Contrast with the visually similar conjunction {{MongolUnicode\|ᠪᠤᠶᠤ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Nowrap\|(19px)}}{{Rp\|page=xiii}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|buyu}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|буюу}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|buyuu}}) 'or',{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=132}}{{Rp\|page=44}} and noun {{MongolUnicode\|ᠬᠦᠦ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|küü}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|хүү}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|khüü}}) 'son, young boy', a colloquial form of {{MongolUnicode\|ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ\|lang=mn\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|köbegün}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|хөвүүн/хөвгүүн}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|khövüün/khövgüün}}),{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|pages=494, 509}}{{Rp\|page=20}}{{Rp\|page=11}}{{Rp\|page=816}}{{Cite book \|last=Skorodumova \|first=L. G. \|url=http://altaica.ru/manuals/skorodumova_staromong.pdf \|title=Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk \|year=2000 \|publisher=Muravey-Gayd \|isbn=5-8463-0015-4 \|language=ru \|script-title=ru:Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык}}{{Rp\|page=37}}{{Cite book \|last1=Bat-Ireedui \|first1=Jantsangiyn \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk1sBAAAQBAJ \|title=Colloquial Mongolian (eBook And MP3 Pack): The Complete Course for Beginners \|last2=Sanders \|first2=Alan J. K. \|date=2014-10-14 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-136-22246-7 \|language=en}}{{Rp\|page=395}}}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Final

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; display: inline-table;"

! colspan="5" style="text-align: left" |Doubled vowels{{Rp|pages=10, 30}}{{Cite book |last1=Grønbech |first1=Kaare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YanEBJXGRMC |title=An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary |last2=Krueger |first2=John Richard |year=1993 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03298-8 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=59}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|oo}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|uu}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|üü}}

! style="text-align: left" |Transliteration{{NoteTag|Scholarly transliteration.{{Cite web |title=Mongolian transliterations |url=https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Mongolian.pdf |date=2006-05-06 |website=Institute of the Estonian Language}}}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|ŏ}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|ū}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|ǖ}}

! style="text-align: left" |Pronunciation

rowspan="3" |—

| rowspan="3" |—

| colspan="2" |{{Nowrap|{{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}} {{Nowrap|{{Angbr|18px}}}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|Interrogative {{Transliteration|Mong|uu/üü}} particle (subject to vowel harmony; Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|уу/үү/юу/юү}} {{Transliteration|khk|uu/üü/yuu/yuü}}) used after the predicate.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960|{{Cite book |last=Lessing |first=Ferdinand |url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Lessing.pdf |title=Mongolian-English Dictionary |year=1960 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en}} Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations {{Transliteration|Mong|c}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ø}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|x}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|y}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|z}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ai}}, and {{Transliteration|Mong|ei}}; instead of {{Transliteration|Mong|č}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ö}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|q}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ayi}}, and {{Transliteration|Mong|eyi}};{{Rp|page=xii}} as well as problematically and incorrectly treats {{Em|all}} rounded vowels ({{Transliteration|Mong|o/u/ö/ü}}) after the initial syllable as {{Transliteration|Mong|u}} or {{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}.{{Refn|{{Cite web |title=Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription |url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/wiki/tibetan-script/Mongolian%20Transliteration%20&%20Transcription.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=collab.its.virginia.edu}}}}}}{{Rp|pages=437, 889, 1014}}{{Rp|page=172}}{{Rp|page=38}}{{Cite book |last=Janhunen |first=Juha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ |title=The Mongolic Languages |date=2006-01-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79690-7 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=53}}{{Cite book |last=Janhunen |first=Juha A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAlwcg9ioPMC |title=Mongolian |year=2012 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-3820-7 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=183}} The positional variant {{Nowrap|{{Angbr|{{MongolUnicode|ᠶᠤᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}}}}} {{Transliteration|Mong|yuu/yüü}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|юу/юү}} {{Transliteration|khk|yuu/yuü}}) is only used in the modern language.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=437}}{{Rp|page=53}}}}

! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |Alone

{{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠣ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in {{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠣ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠭᠤᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|uu/aɣuu}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|—/агуу}} {{Transliteration|khk|—/aguu}}) 'vast, great[ly], large', etc.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|pages=18, 889}}{{Rp|page=30}}}}

|—

{{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠤ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|ᠦᠦ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|The tooth here is not from the semivowel y but is part of the first vowel itself, it's the only sign that distinguishes a u from a ü. Sample word: {{MongolUnicode|ᠦᠷ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠦᠦᠷ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ür/üür}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|үүр}} {{Transliteration|khk|üür}}) 'dawn, daybreak'.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|pages=1010, 1014}}}}

! style="text-align: left" |Initial

{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠢᠢ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠣᠣ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠤᠤᠯᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|tuuli}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|тууль}} {{Transliteration|khk|tuuli}}) 'old tale, story, epic, epic poem'.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=847}}{{Cite book |last=Bawden |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cULYAQAAQBAJ |title=Mongolian English Dictionary |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-15588-8 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=834}}}}

|{{Nowrap|({{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠦ{{fvs|1}}ᠦ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}})}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|Written with an intervocalic long tooth, as in the loanword {{MongolUnicode|ᠫᠦᠳ|lang=mn|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠫᠦᠦᠳᠡ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|püd/püüde}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|пуд}} {{Transliteration|khk|pud}}) 'pud', a Russian weight.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=650}}}}

! style="text-align: left" |Medial

—

|—

| colspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠤᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|Final {{Transliteration|Mong|uu/üü}} in the prohibitive particle {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠤᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Nowrap|(19px)}} {{Transliteration|Mong|buu/büü}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|бүү}} {{Transliteration|khk|büü}}) 'don't' lacks an intervocalic long tooth.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|pages=141, 153}}{{Rp|page=166}}{{Rp|page=38}} Contrast with the visually similar conjunction {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠤᠶᠤ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Nowrap|(19px)}}{{Rp|page=xiii}} {{Transliteration|Mong|buyu}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|буюу}} {{Transliteration|khk|buyuu}}) 'or',{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=132}}{{Rp|page=44}} and noun {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠦᠦ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|küü}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хүү}} {{Transliteration|khk|khüü}}) 'son, young boy', a colloquial form of {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|köbegün}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хөвүүн/хөвгүүн}} {{Transliteration|khk|khövüün/khövgüün}}),{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|pages=494, 509}}{{Rp|page=20}}{{Rp|page=11}}{{Rp|page=816}}{{Cite book |last=Skorodumova |first=L. G. |url=http://altaica.ru/manuals/skorodumova_staromong.pdf |title=Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk |year=2000 |publisher=Muravey-Gayd |isbn=5-8463-0015-4 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык}}{{Rp|page=37}}{{Cite book |last1=Bat-Ireedui |first1=Jantsangiyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk1sBAAAQBAJ |title=Colloquial Mongolian (eBook And MP3 Pack): The Complete Course for Beginners |last2=Sanders |first2=Alan J. K. |date=2014-10-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-22246-7 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=395}}}}

! style="text-align: left" |Final

The doubled vowels {{Transliteration|Mong|ii}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|uu}}, and {{Transliteration|Mong|üü}} mark these out as long. Doubled {{Transliteration|Mong|oo}} is instead both used in a few words to mark the vowel as short, and to distinguish it from {{Transliteration|Mong|u}}.{{Rp|page=30}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; display: inline-table;" ! colspan="6" style="text-align: left" \|Diphthongs{{Rp\|pages=10, 31–32}}{{Rp\|page=58}}{{Cite book \|last1=Svantesson \|first1=Jan-Olof \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQVREAAAQBAJ \|title=The Phonology of Mongolian \|last2=Tsendina \|first2=Anna \|last3=Karlsson \|first3=Anastasia \|last4=Franzen \|first4=Vivan \|date=2005-02-10 \|publisher=OUP Oxford \|isbn=978-0-19-151461-6 \|language=en}}{{Rp\|page=111}}{{Rp\|pages=41–42}}
style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ai}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ei}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|oi}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ui}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|öi}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|üi}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Transliteration
style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|āi̯}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ēi̯}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ōi̯}}, {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ūi̯}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|— ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|ǖi̯}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Pronunciation
{{MongolUnicode\|ᠠᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in {{MongolUnicode\|ᠠᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ai}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|ай}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|ai}}) 'category; sound, noise', or an pity/sympathy/worry-expressing interjection.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=19}}}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠡᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in {{MongolUnicode\|ᠡᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ei}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|ий}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|ii}}), an compassion/sorrow/fright/disgust-expressing interjection.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=303}}}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠣᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in {{MongolUnicode\|ᠣᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|oi}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|ой}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|oi}}) 'woods, forest, grove; mind, intellect; memory',{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|pages=603–604}} or {{MongolUnicode\|ᠤᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|ui}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|уй}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|ui}}) 'mourning, sorrow'.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=866}}}} \| colspan="2" \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠥᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in {{MongolUnicode\|ᠥᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode\|ᠥᠶᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|öi/öyi}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|өөе}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|ööye}}), an exclamatory interjection meaning 'hello', 'I say', or 'look here',{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=633}} or {{MongolUnicode\|ᠦᠢ\|lang=mn\|valign=middle}} {{MongolUnicode\|ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ\|lang=mn\|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration\|Mong\|üi}} (Khalkha: {{Lang\|khk-Cyrl\|үй}} {{Transliteration\|khk\|üi}}) {{Transliteration\|Mong\|tümen}} 'multitude; innumerable'.{{Refn\|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp\|page=999}}}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Alone
{{MongolUnicode\|ᠠᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠡᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠣᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|— \|{{MongolUnicode\|ᠣᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Initial
colspan="2" \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠠᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠣᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|— \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠦᡳ{{fvs\|2}}{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Medial
colspan="2" \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠠᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠣᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|— \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠦᠢ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Final

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; display: inline-table;"

! colspan="6" style="text-align: left" |Diphthongs{{Rp|pages=10, 31–32}}{{Rp|page=58}}{{Cite book |last1=Svantesson |first1=Jan-Olof |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQVREAAAQBAJ |title=The Phonology of Mongolian |last2=Tsendina |first2=Anna |last3=Karlsson |first3=Anastasia |last4=Franzen |first4=Vivan |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-151461-6 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=111}}{{Rp|pages=41–42}}

style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ai}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ei}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|oi}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ui}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|öi}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|üi}}

! style="text-align: left" |Transliteration

style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|āi̯}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ēi̯}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ōi̯}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ūi̯}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |—

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ǖi̯}}

! style="text-align: left" |Pronunciation

{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in {{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ai}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|ай}} {{Transliteration|khk|ai}}) 'category; sound, noise', or an pity/sympathy/worry-expressing interjection.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=19}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in {{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ei}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|ий}} {{Transliteration|khk|ii}}), an compassion/sorrow/fright/disgust-expressing interjection.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=303}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in {{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|oi}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|ой}} {{Transliteration|khk|oi}}) 'woods, forest, grove; mind, intellect; memory',{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|pages=603–604}} or {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ui}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|уй}} {{Transliteration|khk|ui}}) 'mourning, sorrow'.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=866}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|ᠥᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in {{MongolUnicode|ᠥᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠥᠶᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|öi/öyi}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|өөе}} {{Transliteration|khk|ööye}}), an exclamatory interjection meaning 'hello', 'I say', or 'look here',{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=633}} or {{MongolUnicode|ᠦᠢ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|üi}} (Khalkha: {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|үй}} {{Transliteration|khk|üi}}) {{Transliteration|Mong|tümen}} 'multitude; innumerable'.{{Refn|name=Lessing1960}}{{Rp|page=999}}}}

! style="text-align: left" |Alone

{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|ᠡᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|ᠣᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|—

|{{MongolUnicode|ᠣᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

! style="text-align: left" |Initial

colspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠣᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|—

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠦᡳ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

! style="text-align: left" |Medial

colspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠣᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|—

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠦᠢ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

! style="text-align: left" |Final

Most of the {{Transliteration|Mong|i}}'s of these diphthongs derive from an earlier {{Transliteration|Mong|yi}}, but is no longer recognized as such. The {{Transliteration|Mong|yi}} origin can for instance be seen in the two long teeth of {{Nowrap|{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ|lang=mn|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}} {{Transliteration|Mong|sayin}} 'good'. These has become a pair of short and long teeth {{Nowrap|({{MongolUnicode|᠊{{zwj}}ᠢ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}})}} in recent manuscripts. The diphthongs only appears with the single form of {{Transliteration|Mong|i}}, as in {{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|dalai̯}} 'sea', at the end of words.{{Rp|pages=10, 31}}{{Rp|pages=9, 58}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; display: inline-table;" ! colspan="5" style="text-align: left" \|Diphthongs, continued{{Rp\|pages=11, 31–32}}
style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|au}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|eü}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|u{{nbh}}a}} ! style="min-width: 1.75em" \|{{Transliteration\|Mong\|uu{{nbh}}a}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Transliteration
{{Transliteration\|Mong\|aū}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|eǖ}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|uă/uā}} !{{Transliteration\|Mong\|{{Gray\|ūā}}}}? ! style="text-align: left" \|Pronunciation
{{MongolUnicode\|ᠠᠤ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} \|— \| rowspan="2" \|— \| rowspan="2" \|— ! style="text-align: left" \|Initial
colspan="2" \|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠠᠤ{{zwj}}\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Medial
colspan="2" \|— \|{{Nowrap\|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠤ{{mvs}}ᠠ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}} {{Nowrap\|{{Angbr\|{{MongolUnicode\|File:3mg ouöü final.PNG File:3mg ae2 final 2.png\|valign=middle}}}}}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag\|As in the final diphthongs {{Transliteration\|Mong\|u-a}} and {{Transliteration\|Mong\|uu-a}}.{{Rp\|page=31}}}} \|{{Nowrap\|{{MongolUnicode\|{{zwj}}ᠤᠤ{{mvs}}ᠠ\|lang=mn\|font-size=1.6em\|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}} ! style="text-align: left" \|Final

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; display: inline-table;"

! colspan="5" style="text-align: left" |Diphthongs, continued{{Rp|pages=11, 31–32}}

style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|au}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|eü}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|u{{nbh}}a}}

! style="min-width: 1.75em" |{{Transliteration|Mong|uu{{nbh}}a}}

! style="text-align: left" |Transliteration

!{{Transliteration|Mong|eǖ}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|uă/uā}}

!{{Transliteration|Mong|{{Gray|ūā}}}}?

! style="text-align: left" |Pronunciation

{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠤ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

|—

| rowspan="2" |—

! style="text-align: left" |Initial

colspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠᠤ{{zwj}}|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}

! style="text-align: left" |Medial

colspan="2" |—

|{{Nowrap|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠤ{{mvs}}ᠠ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}} {{Nowrap|{{Angbr|{{MongolUnicode|File:3mg ouöü final.PNG File:3mg ae2 final 2.png|valign=middle}}}}}}{{Break}}{{NoteTag|As in the final diphthongs {{Transliteration|Mong|u-a}} and {{Transliteration|Mong|uu-a}}.{{Rp|page=31}}}}

|{{Nowrap|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠤᠤ{{mvs}}ᠠ|lang=mn|font-size=1.6em|valign=middle}}Mongolian script#Unicode}}

! style="text-align: left" |Final

Notes

References

Category:Articles containing Mongolian script text

Category:Mongolic letters

Category:Mongolian language

Category:Multigraphs (orthography)