Mongondow language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Mongondow
|altname=Bolaang Mongondow
|states=Indonesia
|region=North Sulawesi
|ethnicity=Mongondow people
|speakers=230,000
|date=2000 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Philippine
|fam4=Greater Central Philippine
|fam5=Gorontalo–Mongondow
|fam6=Mongondowic
|iso3=mog
|glotto=mong1342
|glottorefname=Mongondow
}}
Mongondow, or {{Lang|mog|Bolaang Mongondow}}, is one of the Philippine languages spoken in Bolaang Mongondow Regency as well as Kotamobagu city and neighbouring regencies (North Bolaang Mongondow Regency, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency and East Bolaang Mongondow Regency) of North Sulawesi (Celebes) and Gorontalo Provinces, Indonesia.{{cite book|author=Christopher Moseley|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-1357-9640-2}} With more than 200,000 speakers, it is the major language of the regency. Historically, it served as the official language of the Bolaang Mongondow Kingdom.{{sfnp|Sneddon|1991|p=301}}
There is some lexical influence from Malay and Ternate,{{sfnp|Dunnebier|1929a|p=312}}{{sfnp|Sneddon|1989|p=92}}{{sfnp|Babcock|1990|p=192}} as well as the Indonesian national language.{{sfnp|Usup|Rompas|Kuhon|Moningkey-Rumambi|1981|p=213}} It is a threatened language, with a shift to Manado Malay in the younger generation.{{Citation | first = Chairil Anwar | last = Korompot | title = Menyelamatkan Bahasa Bolaang-Mongondow | journal = Tribun Totabuan | date = 10–11 September 2008 |language =id}}
The moribund Lolak language has borrowed much of its lexicon from Mongondow, but appears to be more closely related to Gorontalo.{{sfnp|Sneddon|1991}}{{citation | editor-first = David M. | editor-last = Eberhard | editor-first2 = Gary F. | editor-last2 = Simons | editor-first3 = Charles D. | editor-last3 = Fennig | title = Lolak | work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | edition = 22 | location = Dallas, Texas | publisher = SIL International | year = 2019 | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/llq |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190606040744/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/llq | archive-date = 2019-06-06 }}
Phonology
Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:{{sfnp|Dunnebier|1929a|p=297}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels ! !Back |
| Close
| {{IPA link|i}} | | {{IPA link|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} | | {{IPA link|o}} |
| Open
| | {{IPA link|a}} | |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+caption | Consonants ! colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}) |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
| |{{IPA link|s}} | | |{{IPA link|h}} |
| colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Rhotic
| |{{IPA link|r}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
The lateral {{IPA|/l/}} is pronounced as alveolar {{IPA|[l]}} when adjacent to the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}. In all other environments, it is a retroflex {{IPA|[ɭ]}}.{{sfnp|Dunnebier|1929a|pp=317–324}}
Grammar
=Pronouns=
The personal pronouns are:{{sfnp|Dunnebier|1930|pp=105–111}}
| class="wikitable"
! !nominative !genitive !oblique |
| 1.sg.
| {{Lang|mog|akuoy}} | {{Lang|mog |
|---|
| ku}}
| {{Lang|mog|inako'}} |
| 2.sg.
| {{Lang|mog|iko}} | {{Lang|mog |
| mu}}
| {{Lang|mog|inimu}} |
| 3.sg.
| {{Lang|mog|sia}} | {{Lang|mog |
| ea/-nya}}
| {{Lang|mog|inia}} |
| 1.pl.inclusive
| {{Lang|mog|kita}} | {{Lang|mog |
| naton}}
| {{Lang|mog|inaton}} |
| 1.pl.exclusive
| {{Lang|mog|kami}} | {{Lang|mog |
| nami}}
| {{Lang|mog|inami}} |
| 2.pl.
| {{Lang|mog|mo'iko}} | {{Lang|mog |
| monimu}} {{Lang|mog |
| namu-}}*
| {{Lang|mog|imonimu}} |
| inamu-}}* |
| 3.pl.
| {{Lang|mog|mosia}} | {{Lang|mog |
| monia}} {{Lang|mog |
| naya-}}*
| {{Lang|mog|imonia}} |
| colspan="4" |* {{Lang|mog|kamu-}}, {{Lang|mog|taya-}} etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g. {{Lang|mog|taya-tolu}} 'the three of them' |
=Numerals=
| class="wikitable"
! 1 | {{Lang|mog|inta'}} / {{Lang|mog|mita'}}{{sfnp|Dunnebier|1930|pp=75ff.}} |
| 2
| {{Lang|mog|dua'}} / {{Lang|mog|doyowa'}} |
|---|
| 3
| {{Lang|mog|tolu'}} |
| 4
| {{Lang|mog|opat}} |
| 5
| {{Lang|mog|lima}} |
| 6
| {{Lang|mog|onom}} |
| 7
| {{Lang|mog|pitu}} |
| 8
| {{Lang|mog|ualu}} |
| 9
| {{Lang|mog|siow}} |
| 10
| {{Lang|mog|mopulu'}} |
| 11
| {{Lang|mog|mopulu' bo mita'}} |
| 12 (...) | {{Lang|mog|mopulu' bo doyowa'}} |
| 20
| {{Lang|mog|doyowa no pulu'}} |
| 21 (...) | {{Lang|mog|doyowa no pulu' bo mita'}} |
| 30
| {{Lang|mog|tolu no pulu'}} |
| 40 (...) | {{Lang|mog|opat no pulu'}} |
| 100
| {{Lang|mog|mogatut}} |
| 200 (...) | {{Lang|mog|doyowa no gatut}} |
| 1000
| {{Lang|mog|tongo ribu}} |
| 2000 (...) | {{Lang|mog|doyowa no ribu}} |
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Dunnebier |first=W. |date=1929a |title=Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |language=Dutch |trans-title=Bolaang Mongondow Grammar |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=297–468 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90001486 |doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Dunnebier |first=W. |date=1929b |title=Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Tweede gedeelte) |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |language=Dutch |trans-title=Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (second part)|volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=524–621 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90001490 |doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Dunnebier |first=W. |date=1930 |title=Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Slot) |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |language=Dutch |trans-title=Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (final part) |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=42–177 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90001466 |doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite book | chapter = The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections | first = J.N. | last = Sneddon | title = Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I | editor-first = J.N. | editor-last = Sneddon | series = NUSA 31 |year = 1989 | pages = 83–107 |publisher = Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA |location = Jakarta}}
- {{Cite book | chapter = The position of Lolak | first = J.N. | last = Sneddon | editor-first = Ray | editor-last = Harlow | title = VICAL 2. Western Austronesian and Contact Languages. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics | volume = | year = 1991 | pages = 299–318 | oclc = 59606647 | location = Auckland | publisher = Linguistic Society of New Zealand | isbn = 0-908928-00-9}}
- {{Cite book |first = Hunggu Tadjuddin |last = Usup |first2 = Henkie |last2 = Rompas |first3 = J. |last3 = Kuhon |first4 = S.V. |last4 = Moningkey-Rumambi |first5 = M.M. |last5 = Toding Datu |first6 = A.B.G. |year = 1981 |last6 = Rattu |title = Morfologi dan Sintaksis bahasa Bolaang Mongondow |url = http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3170/ |oclc = 568558060 |location = Jakarta |publisher = Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |language = Indonesian }}
- {{cite book |first = Tim |last = Babcock |chapter = History: Colonial Stronghold in the North |editor-first = Toby Alice |editor-last = Volkman |editor-first2 = Ian |editor-last2 = Caldwell |title = Sulawesi: Island Crossroads of Indonesia |year = 1990 |isbn = 0-8442-9906-5 |location = Lincolnwood |publisher = Passport Books |pages = 192–193 |oclc = 26056424 }}
{{refend}}
External links
{{incubator|mog}}
- [http://systematic-mongondow.blogspot.com Website about Mongondow grammar]
- {{citation|first = David | last = Mead | url = http://sulang.org/languages/mongondow | title = Mongondow | website = Sulawesi Language Alliance }}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Philippine languages}}
Category:Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
Category:Languages of Sulawesi
{{GCPhilippine-lang-stub}}