Monorchism#References
{{Short description|Having only one testicle within the scrotum}}
{{distinguish|Monarchism}}
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Monorchism (also monorchidism) is the state of having only one testicle within the scrotum.
Terminology
An individual having monorchism can be referred to as monorchid.
Causes
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This can be due to one testicle:
- Not descending into the scrotum during normal embryonic or fetal development (3–4% of "normal" live births), also known as undescended testis or cryptorchidism. In this case the testis is within the abdominal cavity, somewhere along the normal route of descent – most commonly, within the inguinal canal. Such a testis has an increased risk of malignancy.
- Disappearing during development (the so-called vanishing testis) due to some intrauterine insult. This is thought to be most likely vascular, such as testicular torsion.
- Not being created in the first place (gonadal agenesis), known as congenital monorchism. (As of 1974, this was believed to occur in roughly 1 in every 5,000 people with a male phenotype. In contrast, absence of both testes, known as congenital anorchism, was believed to occur in roughly 1 in 20,000.){{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Leon |last2=Skaist |first2=Leonard |last3=Morrow |first3=James |date=June 1974 |title=Congenital Absence of Testes: Anorchism and Monorchism |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=111 |publisher=The Williams & Wilkins Co.}}
- Being surgically removed through orchiectomy.
- Being injured.
Notable cases
=Due to testicular cancer=
- Lance Armstrong, American bicyclist.{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Arthur |title=Triumph of the cure |url=https://www.salon.com/1999/07/29/lance/ |work=Salon |date=29 July 1999 }}
- Frank Church, former U.S. Senator and Presidential candidate.{{cite magazine |title=Milestones: Jan. 23, 1984 |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949974,00.html |magazine=Time |date=23 January 1984 }}
- Tom Green, Canadian comedian-actor.http://www.usrf.org/tomgreen.shtml Urological Sciences Research Foundation page on Tom Green
- Richard Herring, English comedian and writer
- John Kruk, former baseball player
- Mark Latham, former Australian politician.{{cite web |title=Testicular Cancer And Mark Latham |url=http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/health/Transcripts/s951129.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040730041203/http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/health/Transcripts/s951129.htm |archive-date=30 July 2004 |work=George Negus Tonight }}
- Geoff Horsfield, English footballer.{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/portvale/Port-Vale-Horsfield-hoping-luck-rub-Valiants/article-1184110-detail/article.html|title=Port Vale: Horsfield hoping his luck can rub off on Valiants|last=Baggaley|first=Michael|date=July 22, 2009|work=The Sentinel|access-date=2009-07-22}}
- Nenê, Brazilian basketball player.{{cite news |title=Nuggets: Nene's testicular tumor malignant, but cancer isolated |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2008/01/22/nuggets-nenes-testicular-tumor-malignant-but-cancer-isolated/ |work=The Denver Post |agency=The Associated Press |date=22 January 2008 }}
- Kevin Curtis, American football player.{{cite news |last1=Volin |first1=Ben |title=After surgery for cancer, wide receiver Kevin Curtis gets a chance with Miami Dolphins |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/nfl/2010/12/18/after-surgery-for-cancer-wide/7274174007/ |work=The Palm Beach Post |date=17 December 2010 }}
- Nigel Farage, former leader of the UK Independence Party.{{cite news |last1=Farage |first1=Nigel |title=Nigel Farage: Cancer, a lemon-sized testicle and how the NHS failed me |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/nigel-farage/11466515/Nigel-Farage-Cancer-a-lemon-sized-testicle-and-how-the-NHS-failed-me.html |work=The Telegraph |date=13 March 2015 }}
- Bobby Moore, English footballer and World Cup winner.{{cite news |last1=Parsons |first1=Tony |title=David Beckham is great, but Bobby Moore was one of a kind |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/david-beckham-is-great-but-bobby-moore-376869 |work=Mirror |date=14 February 2009 }}
- Jimmy White, English snooker player.{{cite book | last1 = White | first1 = Jimmy | last2= Kingsland |first2 = Rosemary | year = 1998 | title = Behind the White Ball: My Autobiography | publisher=Hutchinson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-09-180126-7}}{{pn|date=July 2022}}
- Darren Kendall, former master of the noseflute.
=Due to injury=
- Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, magnate of the Kingdom of Scotland, and Peer of France. Lost in 1403, while fighting at the Battle of Shrewsbury (The previous year he had lost an eye at the Battle of Homildon Hill).Chronicle of John Hardyng, ed. Ellis, H., p.381. London, 1812. [https://archive.org/stream/chronicleiohnha00grafgoog#page/n4/mode/2up]
- Troy Bayliss, world superbike champion in 2001, 2006 and 2008. In 2007 he lost a testicle during a race at Donington Park.{{cite web|url=http://www.visordown.com/features/hard-man-bayliss/4009.html|title=Hard Man Bayliss|work=Visordown|access-date=7 December 2015}}
- Brian Foster, American mixed martial artist.{{cite web|url=http://www.fightlinker.com/mma-cost-brian-foster-a-nut|title=MMA cost Brian Foster a nut|date=April 13, 2011|work=Rebellion Media|access-date=2012-02-19}}
- John Starks, American basketball player.{{cite news |title=Starks has twisted testicle removed |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/playoffs2001/2001/0423/1184757.html |work=ESPN |agency=Associated Press |date=30 May 2001 }}
- Paul Wood, English rugby league player who sustained a ruptured testicle during a match and subsequently had it removed.{{cite news |title=Wire's Wood has testicle removed |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/19863795 |work=BBC Sport |date=7 October 2012 }}
- Thurgood Marshall, United States Supreme Court Justice who injured a testicle during a fraternity event in university.{{cite news |last1=Merry |first1=Stephanie |title=The new Thurgood Marshall biopic is trying not to be a 'good for you' movie |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/the-new-movie-about-thurgood-marshall-aims-to-please/2017/10/05/807fe72e-a77c-11e7-b3aa-c0e2e1d41e38_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |date=5 October 2017 }}
- Dave England, who lost one of his testicles after suffering a double hernia during a snowboard accident in New Zealand in 1997.{{cite web |last=Raab |first=Chris |title=Bathroom Break Podcast #27 - Dave England: Entertainer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16_eEQhctpo |website=YouTube |access-date=April 14, 2022 |date=February 18, 2019}}
=Due to cryptorchidism=
=Due to congenital monorchism=
- Dara Ó Briain, Irish comedian related that he has a single testicle in a standup routine.
=Unknown=
Monorchism in nonhuman animals
Although extremely rare, monorchism has been observed to be characteristic of some animal species, notably in beetles.{{cite journal |last1=Will |first1=Kipling W. |last2=Liebherr |first2=James K. |last3=Maddison |first3=David R. |last4=Galián |first4=José |title=Absence asymmetry: The evolution of monorchid beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae): Carabid Beetle Testes |journal=Journal of Morphology |date=April 2005 |volume=264 |issue=1 |pages=75–93 |doi=10.1002/jmor.10319 |pmid=15732050 |s2cid=38195864 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3pw1g621/qt3pw1g621.pdf?t=nq8dk1 }}