Montebello Islands#British nuclear weapons tests

The islands of the archipelago have a collective land area of about {{convert|22|km2|abbr=on}}. The largest islands, Hermite and Trimouille, have an area of {{convert|1022|abbr=on|ha|0}} and {{convert|522|abbr=on|ha|0}} respectively. They consist of limestone rock and sand. The rocky parts are dominated by Triodia hummock grassland with scattered shrubs, while the sandy areas support grasses such as sedges, and shrubs, mainly Acacia. Patches of mangroves grow in sheltered bays and channels of the archipelago, especially on Hermite Island. The climate is hot and arid with an annual average rainfall of about 320 mm.BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Montebello Islands. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/08/2011.

The islands have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support over 1% of the world populations of fairy and roseate terns, and of sooty oystercatchers.{{cite web |url=http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm |title=IBA: Montebello Islands |access-date=2011-08-16 |work= Birdata |publisher=Birds Australia }} Greater crested terns breed there irregularly, sometimes in large numbers. Other birds breeding on the islands include ospreys, white-bellied sea eagles, pied oystercatchers, Caspian terns and bridled terns. The islands support 12–15 breeding pairs of beach stone-curlews. Yellow white-eyes have been recorded.

Invasive feral cats and black rats have been eradicated from the islands, allowing endangered rufous hare-wallabies (mala) and Shark Bay mice to be translocated to the islands under the conservation management strategy for those threatened species, and they are now common on many of the larger islands.

File:Haematopus fuliginosus - Doughboy Head.jpg|alt=Sooty oystercatcher standing on a rock|The islands are an important site for sooty oystercatchers

File:Beach Thick-knee Inskip Pt2.JPG|alt=Beach stone-curlew|Beach stone-curlews inhabit the islands

File:Rufous hare wallaby.jpg|alt=Lithograph of a pair of mala|Mala have been introduced to the islands

Archaeological remains show that the islands were visited by indigenous Australians until about 8248 BP, when a period of global warming and rising sea levels caused the Montebellos to become separated from the mainland, and forced their abandonment.{{cite journal |last1=Manne |first1=Tiina |last2=Veth |first2=Peter |title=Late Pleistocene and early Holocene exploitation of estuarine communities in northwestern Australia |journal=Quaternary International |date=January 2015 |volume=385 |issue=385 |pages=112–123 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.049|bibcode=2015QuInt.385..112M }}{{cite book|last1=Veth |first1=Peter |last2=Aplin |first2=Ken |last3=Wallis |first3=Lynley |last4=Manne |first4=Tiina |last5=Pulsford |first5=Tim |last6=White |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Chappell |first7=Alan |title=The Archaeology of Montebello Islands, North-West Australia: Late Quaternary foragers on an arid coastline |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262603060 |publisher=Archaeopress |access-date=18 May 2023 |location=Oxford |doi=10.30861/9781407301037|isbn=9781407301037 |date=2007}}

In 1622 Tryall, an English East India Company-owned East Indiaman, was wrecked on the Tryal Rocks, a reef of uncharted submerged rocks about {{convert|32|km}} north-west of the outer edge of the Montebello Islands. The ship's factor, Thomas Bright, along with 35 others, sailed a longboat to the Montebello Islands and spent seven days ashore there, before sailing the longboat to Bantam in Java. It was the first recorded shipwreck in Australian waters and the first extended stay in Australia by Europeans.{{cite journal |authorlink=Ida Lee |first=Ida |last=Lee |title=The First Sighting of Australia by the English |journal=The Geographical Journal |publisher=Royal Geographical Society |date=April 1934 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=317–321 |doi=10.2307/1786489 |jstor=1786489 |bibcode=1934GeogJ..83..317L |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0609031h.html|url-access=subscription }}{{cite book|editor1-last=Sainsbury|editor1-first=W. Noel|title=Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Persia, 1625-1629|date=1884|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts |location=London |page=13}}

In 1801, Nicolas Baudin, leading a French Navy exploration expedition, named the island group after the Battle of Montebello of 1800, Hermite Island after Admiral Jean-Marthe-Adrien L'Hermite, and Trimouille Island after French general Louis II de la Trémoille.

The islands were economically significant for pearl fishing from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of the Second World War.{{cite book |last1=Stansbury |first1=Myra |title=A survey of sites associated with early pearling activities in the Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia |date=January 1986 |publisher=Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum |location=Fremantle |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/sites/default/files/no._035_monte_bello_pearling_0.pdf |access-date=11 August 2021}}

{{Main|British nuclear weapons tests}}

The Montebello Islands were the site of three atmospheric nuclear weapon tests by the British military: one in 1952, and two in 1956.{{cite book|author1=Cooper, M.B.|author2=Hartley, B.M.|title=Residual Radioactive Contamination of the Monte Bello Islands from Nuclear Weapon Tests Conducted in 195 and 1956 |url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/11/543/11543646.pdf |publisher=Australian Radiation Laboratory|date=April 1979}}{{cite book|author=Benjamin C. Garrett|title=Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rQvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|date=25 August 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-5381-0684-6|pages=202–}}

HMS Plym, moored in Main Bay on Trimouille Island, was the site of Operation Hurricane, the first atomic weapon tested by the United Kingdom, on 3 October 1952.{{cite book|author1=Richard Tykva|author2=Dieter Berg|title=Man-Made and Natural Radioactivity in Environmental Pollution and Radiochronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqJfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT119|date=14 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-0496-0|pages=119–}}{{cite book|author=Michael Wainwright|title=Game Theory and Postwar American Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAEhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|date=14 February 2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-60133-9|pages=116–}}

While subsequent British tests were conducted at sites on mainland Australia, in 1956 there were two land-sited tower-mounted tests, on Trimouille and Alpha Islands.{{cite web |title=British Nuclear Testing |url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Uk/UKTesting.html |website=Britain's Nuclear Weapons |access-date=13 August 2021 |date=23 August 2007}} The second of those, codenamed "Mosaic G2", was the largest nuclear explosion in Australia, with an official yield of 60 kilotons. Mosaic G2 was later described as an "exceptionally dirty explosion", the fallout from which contaminated large areas of mainland Australia, as far away as the Queensland towns of Mount Isa, Julia Creek, Longreach and Rockhampton.{{cite news|title=The nuclear blast that Britain kept secret |first1=Steve|last1=Connor|work=New Scientist |location=London |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=groo4XloNfcC&pg=PA4 |accessdate=13 August 2021|date=24 May 1984|issn=0262-4079}}{{cite book|first1=Frank |last1= Walker|title=Maralinga: The chilling expose of our secret nuclear shame and betrayal of our troops and country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjqEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|date=26 August 2014|publisher=Hachette Australia|isbn=978-0-7336-3205-1|pages=58–}}Cross, Roger. (2001). Fallout. Wakefield Press. (p.179).

{{Further|List of named islands in the Montebello Islands archipelago}}

File:Montebello Islands-NASA.jpg satellite image of the main Montebello Island group (2006)]]

Of the smaller islands, the largest are:

• North-West Island
• Primrose Island
• Bluebell Island
• Alpha Island
• Crocus Island
• Campbell Island
• Delta Island
• Renewal Island
• Ah Chong Island

There are also 10 named groups of small islets, whose individual islands have not yet been named:

• Corkwood Islands
• Fig Islands
• Hakea Islands
• Jarrah Islands
• Jasmine Islands
• Karri Islands
• Marri Islands
• Minnieritchie Islands
• Mulga Islands
• Quandong Islands

{{Reflist}}

• Acaster, Ray (1995). "British nuclear testing at the Monte Bello Islands". Early Days Vol. 11, no. 1. pp. 66–80.
• Arnold, Lorna; Smith, Mark (2006). Britain, Australia and the Bomb: The Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath. Palgrave MacMillan. {{ISBN|1-4039-2102-4}}
• Bird, Peter (1989). Operation Hurricane. Square One Publications: Worcester. (First published in 1953). {{ISBN|1-872017-10-X}}
• Burbidge, A. A. (1971). The Fauna and Flora of the Monte Bello Islands. Department of Fisheries and Fauna: Perth.
• Deegan, P. M. (1992). Monte Bello and Lowendal Islands: bibliography, summary report of marine resources. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management: Perth.
• Duyker, Edward (2006). François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager. Miegunyah/MUP: Melbourne. {{ISBN|978-0-522-85260-8}}
• Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter; and West-Sooby, John (2004). Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders. Wakefield Press: Kent Town, South Australia. {{ISBN|1-86254-625-8}}
• Horner, Frank (1987). The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia 1801–1803. Melbourne University Press: Melbourne. {{ISBN|0-522-84339-5}}.
• Tuckfield, Trevor (1 August 1951). "The Monte Bello Islands". Walkabout, Vol. 17, No. 8. pp. 33–34.

{{Commons category|Montebello Islands}}

• [http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=167 Video footage of the Operation Hurricane detonation on Trimouille Island in 1951]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095739/http://www.mlssa.asn.au/journals/2001Journal.htm Nicolas Baudin's Scientific Expedition to the Terres Australes by Steve Reynolds] – Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc.
• [http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/distribution_detail.asp?si=24&di=23976&pc=* Details of a feral cat eradication program on Hermite Island in 1999]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310142107/http://www.montebello.com.au/atomic_tests.html Nuclear testing details]

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Category:Important Bird Areas of Western Australia

Category:Nuclear test sites in Australia

Category:Protected areas of Western Australia