Moro Rebellion#History

{{History of the Philippines}}

The Moros have a 400-year history of resisting foreign rule. The violent armed struggle against the Spanish, against the Americans, against the Japanese, and against the Filipinos, is considered by current Moro leaders as part of the four centuries-long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation){{Dubious|Neologism, again|date=March 2021}}.[https://www.academia.edu/1921767/Al_Harakatul_Al_Islamiyyah_Essays_on_the_Abu_Sayyaf_Group_by_Rommel_Banlaoi Banlaoi 2012], p. 24. This conflict persisted and developed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state.[https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/f54ece77-3d67-4c32-bfaa-02b476a569d8/Maritime-Terrorism-in-Southeast-Asia--The-Abu-Sayy Banlaoi 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210125358/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/f54ece77-3d67-4c32-bfaa-02b476a569d8/Maritime-Terrorism-in-Southeast-Asia--The-Abu-Sayy |date=February 10, 2016 }}, p. 68. A "culture of jihad" emerged among the Moros due to the centuries-long war against the Spanish invaders.{{cite thesis |last=Dphrepaulezz |first=Omar H. |date=June 5, 2013 |title= "The Right Sort of White Men": General Leonard Wood and the U.S. Army in the Southern Philippines, 1898–1906 |url=http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6251&context=dissertations |type=Doctoral Dissertations |access-date=August 11, 2015}}{{rp|16}}

The ethnic Moro population of the southern Philippines resisted both Spanish and American colonization. The Moro areas of Western Mindanao have been the most rebellious areas in the Philippines along with Samar and the Bicol Region. The Spaniards were restricted to a handful of coastal garrisons or forts and they made occasional punitive expeditions into the vast interior regions. After a series of unsuccessful attempts during the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Spanish forces occupied the abandoned city of Jolo, Sulu, the seat of the Sultan of Sulu, in 1876. The Spaniards and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Spanish Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878. Control of the Sulu archipelago outside of the Spanish garrisons was handed to the Sultan. The treaty had translation errors: According to the Spanish-language version, Spain had complete sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago, while the Tausug version described a protectorate instead of an outright dependency.{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm|title=The Bates Treaty|first=Madge|last=Kho|publisher=PhilippineUpdate.com |access-date=December 2, 2007}} Despite the very nominal claim to the Moro territories, Spain ceded them to the United States in the Treaty of Paris which signaled the end of the Spanish–American War.

Following the American occupation of the Northern Philippines during 1899, Spanish forces in the Southern Philippines were abolished, and they retreated to the garrisons at Zamboanga and Jolo. American forces took control over the Spanish government in Jolo on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899.{{cite book|url=http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html|title=Swish of the Kris|last=Hurley|first=Victor|year=1936|chapter=17. Mindanao and Sulu in 1898|chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175811/http://www.bakbakan.com/swishk/swk3-17.html|location=New York|publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175811/http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html|archive-date=July 12, 2008}}

{{See also|Kiram–Bates Treaty}}

After the American government informed the Moros that they would continue the old colonial protectorate relationship that they had with Spain, the Moro Sulu Sultan rejected this and demanded that a new treaty be negotiated. The United States signed the Kiram–Bates Treaty with the Moro Sulu Sultanate which guaranteed the Sultanate's autonomy in its internal affairs and governance if they stayed out of the Philippine–American War. This allowed Brigadier General John C. Bates to concentrate his forces on repressing the Filipino resistance in Luzon. Once the Americans defeated the northern Filipinos, the treaty with the Moros was canceled by Bates, the sultan was betrayed, and the Americans invaded Moroland.{{cite web|last1=Kho|first1=Madge|title=The Bates Treaty|url=http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm|website=Philippine Update|access-date=June 26, 2015}}[http://dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA406868 Article title] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413144653/http://dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA406868 |date=April 13, 2013 }} Luga p. 22.{{cite web|url=http://www.morolandhistory.com/00.Text%20Document/a_brief_history_of_.htm|title=A Brief History of America and the Moros 1899–1920|access-date=January 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309231552/http://www.morolandhistory.com/00.Text%20Document/a_brief_history_of_.htm|archive-date=March 9, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.morolandhistory.com/07.PG-Bates%20Mission/Bates_mission_Agreement_1899.htm|title=The Bates Mission 1899|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603061655/http://www.morolandhistory.com/07.PG-Bates%20Mission/Bates_mission_Agreement_1899.htm|archive-date=June 3, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iiipeace.org/Philippines%20Causes%20of%20Conflict%20between%20Christians%20and%20Muslims.htm|title=Causes of Conflict between Christians and Muslims in the Philippines}}{{cite news|author=Staff|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50F11FA3B5913738DDDAC0994DB405B848CF1D3|title=AMERICA ABROGATES TREATY WITH MOROS; Rights Conferred by the Bates Agreement Forfeited. NATIVES FIGHT FOR SLAVERY United States Troops Defeat Them and Capture Cannon and Ammunition.|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 15, 1904}}

{{More citations needed section|date=November 2016}}

First Republic forces in the southern Philippines were commanded by General Nicolas Capistrano, and American forces conducted an expedition against him in the winter of 1900–1901. On March 27, 1901, Capistrano surrendered. General Emilio Aguinaldo had been captured a few days earlier in Luzon.{{cite book|author=Benjamin Runkle|title=Wanted Dead or Alive: Manhunts from Geronimo to Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbFLWGHj20cC&pg=PA73|year= 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-33891-3|pages=73–74}} This major victory in the war in the north allowed the Americans to devote more resources to the south, and they began to push into Moroland.

On August 31, 1901, Brigadier General George Whitefield Davis was appointed commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo, relieving William August Kobbé. Davis adopted a conciliatory policy towards the Moros. American forces under his command had standing orders to buy Moro produce when possible and to have "heralds of amity" precede all scouting expeditions. Peaceful Moros would not be disarmed. Polite reminders of America's anti-slavery policy were allowed.

One of Davis' subordinates, Captain John J. Pershing, assigned to the American garrison at Iligan, set out to improve relations with the Moros of the Maranao tribes on the northern shore of Lake Lanao. He established friendly relations with Amai-Manabilang, the retired Sultan of Madaya. Although retired, Manabilang was the single most influential person among the inhabitants of the northern shore of the lake. His alliance did much to secure American standing in the area.

Not all of Davis' subordinates were as diplomatic as Pershing. Many veterans of the American Indian Wars took the "only good Indian is a dead Indian" mentality with them to the Philippines, and "civilize 'em with a Krag" became a similar catchphrase.{{cite book |first=Edwin H. |last=Simmons |title=The United States Marines: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3SWUovKGzIC |date=2003 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md. |isbn=978-1-55750-868-3 |page=68 |chapter=Civilize 'Em with a Krag |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3SWUovKGzIC&pg=PA68}}{{cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Hunt |title=Colorado's Volunteer Infantry in the Philippine Wars, 1898–1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IJa8cESNv0C |year=2006 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |isbn=978-0-8263-3700-9 |page=198 |chapter=Civilize 'Em with a Krag |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IJa8cESNv0C&pg=PA147}}

{{More citations needed section|date=November 2016}}

File:Basilanmap012.jpg

Relations between American troops and the Moros abruptly deteriorated in March of 1902. On March 9, an American soldier was killed by unidentified assailants outside the port of Parang. Three days later, an 18-man cavalry detachment in the same area was ambushed by Moros and one soldier was killed. On March 30, another American was hacked to death by Moros outside the nearby port of Malabang.{{sfn|Arnold|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA27 27–28]}}

These ambushes of American troops by Moros, one of which involved juramentados, occurred to the south of Lake Lanao, outside of Manabilang's sphere of influence. These events prompted Major General Adna Chaffee, then the military governor of the Philippines, to issue a declaration on April 13, 1902. The declaration began, "Under the Treaty of Paris between Spain and the United States, ... the Philippine Islands, including the island of Mindanao, were ceded by Spain to the United States.", and demanded that the killers of American troops and stolen government property be handed over to the United States.{{sfn|GPO|1982|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iK5TAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA485 485–486]}} Chafee's declaration was an attempt at a peaceful resolution. However the Moros had never heard of the Treaty of Paris and considered that Spain, which had never successfully conquered Mindanao, could not cede their land to anyone. They considered Chaffee's declaration arrogant and rejected his demands.{{sfn|Arnold|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA29 29–30]}}

The Americans, unaware of the long history of internecine Moro feuding which could have moved one Moro group to attack American troops friendly with another group, sent an intermediary to open talks with a local group. Also unknown to the Americans, the leader of that group had a personal dislike of the intermediary. The intermediary was told that Americans were intent on proselytizing the Moros away from Islam and taking their lands. The Americans viewed this as defiance.{{sfn|Arnold|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA29 29]}}

The Moros being non-compliant, a punitive expedition under Colonel Frank Baldwin set out to settle matters with the south-shore Moros. Although an excellent officer, Baldwin was "eager", and a worried Davis joined the expedition as an observer. On May 2, 1902, Baldwin's expedition attacked a Moro cotta (fortress) at the Battle of Pandapatan, also known as the Battle of Bayan. Pandapatan's defenses were unexpectedly strong, leading to 18 American casualties during the fighting. On the second day, the Americans used ladders and moat-bridging tools to break through the Moro fortifications, and a general slaughter of the Moro defenders followed.

The expeditionary force built in Camp Vickers one mile south of Pandapatan, and Davis assigned Pershing to Baldwin's command as an intelligence officer and as director of Moro affairs. As director, 'Black Jack' Pershing had a veto over Baldwin's movements, which was an unstable arrangement. This arrangement was tested when survivors of Pandapatan began building a cotta at Bacolod. Baldwin wanted to move on the hostile Moros immediately, but Pershing warned that doing so could create an anti-American coalition of the surrounding Datus, while some patient diplomacy could establish friendly relations with most of the Moros, isolating the hostile minority. Baldwin grudgingly agreed. On June 30, Pershing assumed command of Camp Vickers, and Baldwin returned to Malabang. A command the size of Camp Vickers would normally have gone to an officer with the rank of major, and a careful shuffling of personnel would be required to ensure that reinforcements to the Camp did not include officers that were senior to Pershing.

On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt issued a proclamation declaring an end to the Philippine Insurrection and a cessation of hostilities in the Philippines "except in the country inhabited by the Moro tribes, to which this proclamation does not apply."{{cite web|url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/tr020704.html|title=President Theodore Roosevelt's Proclamation Formally Ending the Philippine 'Insurrection' and Granting of Pardon and Amnesty|date=July 4, 1902|publisher=MSC Institute of Technology|access-date=December 2, 2007}} Later that month, Davis was promoted and replaced Chaffee as the supreme commander of American forces in the Philippines. Command of the Mindanao-Jolo Department went to Brigadier General Samuel S. Sumner. Meanwhile, Pershing settled down to conduct diplomacy with the surrounding Moros, and a July 4 celebration had 700 guests from neighboring rancherias. In September 1902, he led the Masiu Expedition, which resulted in a victory that did much to establish American dominance in the area. On February 10, 1903, Pershing was declared a Datu by the formerly hostile Pandita Sajiduciaman of the Bayan Moros (who had been defeated at the Battle of Pandapatan){{snd}}the only American to be so honored. Pershing's career at Camp Vickers culminated in the march around Lake Lanao during April and May 1903. Dansalan also known as the Marawi Expedition, it included the Battle of Bacolod and First Battle of Taraka but was otherwise peaceful. This expedition quickly became a symbol of American control of the Lake Lanao region and was regarded with dismay by the Moro Maranao inhabitants of that region.

While Pershing was working to the south of Lake Lanao, Major Robert Lee Bullard was working to the north, building a road from Iligan to Marawi. Although never officially declared one, like Pershing, he was regarded as a Datu by the Moros. Because of the Lake Lanao Moros' very personalistic style of leadership, they had troubles seeing them as two officers in the same army. Instead, they saw them as two powerful chieftains who might become rivals. During Pershing's March Around Lake Lanao, one Moro ran to Bullard, exclaiming that Pershing had gone Juramentado, meaning berserk and that Bullard had better run up the white flag (signaling that they had no quarrel with Pershing's troops). Bullard was unable to explain to the Moro why he was not worried about Pershing's approach. On another occasion, a powerful datu proposed an alliance with Bullard, for the purposes of defeating Pershing and establishing overlordship over the entire Lake Lanao region. On June 1, 1903, the Moro Province was created, which included "all of the territory of the Philippines lying south of the eight parallel of latitude, excepting the island of Palawan and the eastern portion of the northwest peninsula of Mindanao."{{cite book|url=http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html|title=Swish of the Kris|last=Hurley|first=Vic|year=1936|chapter=18. The Formation of the Moro Province|chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512001221/http://www.bakbakan.com/swishk/swk3-18.html|publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co|location=New York|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175811/http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html|archive-date=July 12, 2008}} The province had a civil government, but many civil service positions, including the district governors and their deputies, were held by members of the American military. The governor of the province served as the commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo. This system of combined civil and military administration had several motivations behind it. One was the continued Moro hostilities. Another was the Army's experience during the Indian Wars when it came into conflict with the civilian Bureau of Indian Affairs. A third was that the Moros, with their feudal, personalistic style of government, would have no respect for a military leader who submitted to the authority of a non-combatant.

In addition to the executive branch, under the governor, the province also had a legislative branch: the Moro Council. This Council "consisted of the governor, a state attorney, a secretary, a treasurer, a superintendent of schools, and an engineer."{{Harvnb|Hagedorn|1931|p=14, Volume 2}} Although the governor appointed all of the other members of the council, this body was permanent and provided a more solid foundation for laws than the fiats of the governor, which might be overturned by his successor.

The province was divided into five districts, with American officers serving as district governors and deputy governors. These districts included: Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Sulu, and Zamboanga. The districts were sub-divided into tribal wards, with major datus serving as ward chiefs and minor datus serving as deputies, judges, and sheriffs. This system took advantage of the existing structure of Moro political society, which was based on personal ties while paving the way for a more individualistic society, where the office, not the person holding it, would be given respect.

On August 6, 1903, Major General Leonard Wood assumed his position as the governor of Moro Province and commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo. Wood was somewhat heavy-handed in his dealing with the Moros, being "personally offended by the Moro propensity for blood feuds, polygamy, and human trafficking"{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/03/12/what_happened_at_bud_dajo/|title=What happened at Bud Dajo|first=Andrew J.|last=Bacevich|date=March 12, 2006|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=December 2, 2007}} and with his "ethnocentrism sometimes [leading] him to impose American concepts too quickly in Moroland."{{Harvnb|Birtle|1998|p=164}} In addition to his views of the Moros, Wood also faced an uphill Senate battle over his appointment to the rank of major general, which was finally confirmed on March 19, 1904. This drove him to seek military laurels in order to shore up his lack of field experience, sometimes leading the Provincial army on punitive expeditions over minor incidents that would have been better handled diplomatically by the district governors. The period of Wood's governorship had the hardest and bloodiest fighting of America's occupation of Moroland.

Some of the Moros fighting against the American troops were women who dressed exactly the same as men. This led to the song sung by American troops called "If a Lady's Wearin' Pantaloons".{{cite web|url=http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621224454/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm|archive-date=June 21, 2012|title=Bearers of the Sword Radical Islam, Philippines Insurgency, and Regional Stability|date=June 21, 2012}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrU9KVW3i-IC&q=If+a+Lady%27s+Wearin%27+Pantaloons.%22&pg=PA152|title=Tin Pan Alley and the Philippines: American Songs of War and Love, 1898–1946: a Resource Guide|first=Thomas P.|last=Walsh|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-8608-7|via=Google Books}}{{cite web|url=http://www.8notes.com/scores/5255.asp?ftype=gif|title=If a Lady's Wearin' Pantaloons sheet music for Treble Clef Instrument |website= 8notes.com}}{{cite web|url=http://abcnotation.com/tunePage?a=back.numachi.com:8000/dtrad/abc_dtrad.tar.gz/abc_dtrad/LADYPANT/0000|title=abc – If a Lady's Wearin' Pantaloons }}{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tentstrouble00runygoog|title=The Tents of Trouble|first=Damon|last=Runyon|year= 1911|publisher=Desmond FitzGerald, Incorporated|via=Internet Archive}}{{cite web|url=http://mudcat.org/@displaysong.cfm?SongID=2918|title=IF A LADY'S WEARIN' PANTALOONS|first=Max|last=Spiegel}}

Wood instituted many changes during his tenure as governor of Moro Province:

• On Wood's recommendation, the United States unilaterally abrogated the Kiram–Bates Treaty, citing continuing piracy and attacks on American personnel. The Sultan of Sulu was demoted to a purely religious office, with no more power than any other datu, and was provided with a small salary. The United States assumed direct control over Moroland.
• Slavery was abolished. Slave trading and raiding were repressed, but slaves were left with their owners. Wood announced that slaves were "at liberty to go and build homes for themselves wherever they like[d]," and pledged the military's protection for any former slaves that did so. Similar actions had been taken by individual commanders in the past, but Wood's edict had the backing of the Moro Council, giving it more permanent weight.
• The Cedula Act of 1903 created an annual registration poll tax. This registration poll tax was highly unpopular with the Moros, since they interpreted it as a form of tribute. According to Hurley, participation in the Cedula was very low as late as 1933.
• The legal code of Moroland was reformed. Disputes between Moros and non-Christians had been left to Moro laws and customs, with Philippine laws only applying to disputes with Christians. This led to a double standard, with a Moro who killed a Christian facing a stiff prison sentence, but with a Moro who killed another Moro facing only a maximum fine of 150 pesos. Wood attempted to codify Moro law, but there was simply too much variance in laws and customs between the different tribes and even between neighboring cottas. Wood placed the Moros underneath the Philippine criminal code, but actual enforcement of this proved difficult.
• Private land ownership was introduced, in order to help the Moros transition to a more individualistic society from their traditional tribal society. Each family was given 40 acres (16 ha) of land, with datus given additional land in accordance with their status. Land sales had to be approved by the district governments in order to prevent fraud.
• An educational system was established. By June 1904, there were 50 schools with an average enrollment of 30 students each. Because of difficulties in getting teachers that spoke native languages, classes were conducted in English after initial training in that language. Many Moros were suspicious of the schools, but some offered buildings for use as schools.
• Trade was encouraged in order to give the Moros an alternative to fighting. Trade had been discouraged by banditry, piracy, and the possibility of intertribal disputes between Moro merchants and local customers. When trading with foreign merchants (usually maritime Chinese), a lack of warehousing made for a buyer's market, leading to low prices. Wood handled banditry and piracy by establishing military posts at river mouths in order to protect sea and land routes. Starting with a pilot project in Zamboanga, a system of Moro Exchanges was established. These exchanges provided Moro traders with warehouses and temporary housing in exchange for honoring a ban on fighting within the exchange. Bulletin-boards listed market prices in Hong Kong and Singapore, and the district governments guaranteed fair prices. These Exchanges proved highly successful and profitable, and provided a neutral ground for feuding datus to settle their differences.

Major military campaigns during Wood's governorship include:

• Wood's march around Lake Lanao during the fall of 1903 was an abortive attempt to replicate Pershing's earlier March.
• In October and November 1903, Wood personally led the Provincial Army to put down the Hassan uprising, which was led by the most powerful datu on the island of Jolo.
• In the spring of 1904, Wood destroyed or captured 130 cottas during the Battle of Taraca.
• Beginning in the spring of 1904 and continuing into the fall of 1905, American forces conducted a lengthy and massive manhunt for Datu Ali, the overlord of Cottabato Valley. Datu Ali had rebelled over Wood's anti-slavery policy. Engagements during this campaign include the Battle of Siranaya, the Simpetan massacre,{{sfn|Arnold|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA162162 162-]}} and the Battle of the Malalag River.
• The First Battle of Bud Dajo was fought from March 5 to 7, 1906. An estimated 600 Muslims were killed, fighting a force of 800 Americans.{{rp|8}}{{cite book|author=Benjamin R. Beede|title=The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cf-AAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-74691-8 |page=74 |quote=By the end of the operation the estimated 600 Muslims in Bud Daju were wiped out.}}{{cite book|author=John J. Pershing|author-link=John J. Pershing|title=My Life before the World War, 1860–1917: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNfrnkW2AF4C&pg=RA1-PT386|year=2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4198-5|page=386|quote=These are merely estimates, because no firm number of Moro dead was ever established.}}{{cite book|author=Robert A. Fulton|title=Honor for the Flag: The Battle of Bud Dajo – 1906 & the Moro Massacre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQGiz2AUXQAC|year=2011|publisher=Robert Fulton|isbn=978-0-9795173-2-7}}

The Incident in the Philippines written by Mark Twain condemned the American massacre at Bud Dajo.{{refn|{{cite book|author=Mark Twain|author-link=Mark Twain|title=Delphi Complete Works of Mark Twain (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1AbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3819|year=2013|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-908909-12-1|page=3819}}{{cite book|author=Mark Twain|title=Delphi Complete Works of Mark Twain (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1AbAgAAQBAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace&pg=PT3777|year=2013|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-908909-12-1|pages=3777–}}{{cite book|author1=Howard Zinn|author2=Anthony Arnove|title=Voices of a People's History of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox91llFB5j4C&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace&pg=PA248|date=2011|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-947-7|pages=248–}}{{cite book|author1=James R. Arnold|author2=Roberta Wiener|title=Understanding U.S. Military Conflicts through Primary Sources [4 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35LvCgAAQBAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace&pg=RA1-PA361|year=2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-934-1|pages=1–}}{{cite book|title=Documents in United States History: Since Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8imEdQiFO4IC&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|date=2004|publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-150256-7|page=431}}{{cite book|author=Bruce Borland|title=America Through the Eyes of Its People: Primary Sources in American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puzfpmkG0V8C&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|date=1997|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-673-97738-0|page=236}}{{cite book|author=Roger J. Bresnahan|title=In time of hesitation: American Anti-Imperialists and the Philippine–American War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPdwAAAAMAAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|date=1981|publisher=New Day Publishers|page=67|isbn=978-0-686-32579-6}}{{cite book|author=Burton L. Cooper|title=12 Prose Writers: Francis Bacon, Jonathan Swift, William Hazlitt, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Matthew Arnold, Mark Twain, E.M. Forster, Aldous Huxley, James Thurber, George Orwell, Mary McCarthy [and] James Baldwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7_pAAAAMAAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|year=1967|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|page=161}}{{cite book|author=Mark Twain|title=A Pen Warmed-Up in Hell: Mark Twain in Protest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5QrAAAAYAAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|date=1979|publisher=Harper & Row|page=97|isbn=978-0-06-090678-8}}{{cite book|author=Mark Twain|title=Mark Twain and the Three R's: Race, Religion, Revolution – And Related Matters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THNaAAAAMAAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|date=1973|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|page=20|isbn=978-0-672-51705-1}}{{cite book|author1=Mark Twain|author2=Albert Bigelow Paine|title=The Writings of Mark Twain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEmsAAAAIAAJ&q=burst+world+friday+official+cablegram+commander+forces+substances+savages+fortified+bowl+extinct+crater+hostiles+against+liberties+menace|year=1925|publisher=Gabriel Wells|page=187}}{{cite web|url=http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/25/26060/timeline/docs/sources/theme_primarysources_Culture_17.html|title=America Past and Present Online – Mark Twain, "Incident in the Philippines" (1924)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/clemensmoromassacre.html|title="Comments on the Moro Massacre" – Samuel Clemens (March 12, 1906)}}{{cite web|url=http://drnissani.net/MNISSANI/cr/moro.htm|title=Comments on the Moro Massacre by Mark Twain|access-date=May 2, 2016|archive-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513074938/http://drnissani.net/MNISSANI/cr/moro.htm}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marktwainproject.org/xtf/view?docId=works/MTDP10362.xml;chunk.id=d1e12991;style=work;brand=mtp;doc.view=print|title=Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1: an electronic text}}{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2007/4/12/novelist_kurt_vonnegut_dies_at_84|title=Novelist Kurt Vonnegut Dies at 84|website=Democracy Now!}}{{cite web|url=http://www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/cr/moro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228150639/http://www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/cr/moro.htm |archive-date=December 28, 2005 |title=Comments on the Moro Massacre by Mark Twain }}}}

The American general Leonard Wood responsible for the massacre of 900 Moro children, women and men at Bud Dajo was congratulated for his actions by US President Theodore Roosevelt who said "I congratulate you and the officers and men of your command upon the brilliant feat of arms, wherein you and they so well upheld the honor of the American flag."{{cite web|last=Derewicz|first=Mark|date=Winter 2006|title=A Long-buried War with the Moros|url=http://endeavors.unc.edu/win2006/feature_04.php|website=Endeavors|publisher=UNC Research}} After being hit with dozens of rifle and pistol bullets, Moros continued to fight and kill US soldiers with their bladed weapons. The Moros' tenacity led to the creation of the Colt M1911 pistol, which fires .45 caliber cartridges.{{cite web|title=Moros|url=http://www.greendragonsociety.com/warriors/Moros_page.htm|website=Green Dragon Society}}{{cite web|date=4 March 2011|title=The Unstoppable Warriors |url=https://www.thepinoywarrior.com/2011/03/unstoppable-warriors.html|website=The Pinoy Warrior}}

On February 1, 1906, Brigadier General Tasker H. Bliss replaced General Wood as the commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo, and replaced him as governor of Moro Province sometime after the First Battle of Bud Dajo. Bliss' tenure is regarded as a "peace era", and Bliss launched no punitive expeditions during his term in office. However, this superficial peace came at the price of tolerating a certain amount of lawlessness. Constabulary forces in pursuit of Moro fugitives often found themselves forced to abandon their chase after the fugitives took refuge at their home cottas. The constabulary forces were outnumbered, and a much larger (and disruptive) expedition would have been required to dislodge the fugitives from their hiding place. However, this period also demonstrated the success of new aggressive American tactics. According to Rear Admiral D. P. Mannix, who fought the Moros as a young lieutenant from 1907 to 1908, the Americans exploited Muslim taboos by wrapping dead Moros in pig's skin and "stuffing [their] mouth[s] with pork", thereby deterring the Moros from continuing with their suicide attacks.{{cite book |title=The Old Navy |last=Mannix |first=Daniel P. IV |year=1983 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-02-579470-2 |page=164 |quote=...the custom of wrapping the dead man in a pig's skin and stuffing his mouth with pork. As the pig was an unclean animal, this was considered unspeakable defilement.}} A compilation of the diary of Rear Admiral D. P. Mannix III.

File:Major Cornelius C. Smith 1910.jpg (far right), a recipient of the Medal of Honor, as commander of the Philippine Constabulary with Brigadier General John J. Pershing and Moro chieftains in 1910. Smith participated in expeditions against the Moro rebels for much of his time in the Philippines.]]

On November 11, 1909, Brigadier General John J. Pershing assumed his duties as the third and final military governor of Moro Province.

Pershing enacted the following reforms during his tenure as governor:

• In order to extend rule of law into the interior, Pershing stationed the Philippine Scouts in small detachments throughout the interior. This reduced crime and promoted agriculture and trade, at the cost of reduced military efficiency and troop training. The benefits of this reform outweighed the costs.
• The legal system was streamlined. Previously, trials had started with the Court of First Instance, which convened every six months, and appeals to the Supreme Court in Manila often took more than one year. Pershing expanded the jurisdiction of the local ward courts, which were presided over by the district governors and secretaries, to include most civil cases and all criminal cases except for capital offenses. The Court of First Instance became the court of last resort. This reform was popular with the Moros{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}, since it was quick, simple, and resembled their traditional unification of executive and judicial powers.
• Pershing promised to donate government land for purposes of building Muslim houses of worship.
• Pershing recognized the practice of sacopy – indentured servitude in exchange for support and protection – as legitimate, but reaffirmed the government's opposition to involuntary slavery.
• Labor contract law was reformed in 1912. Defaults on contracts by workers or employers were no longer punishable unless there was intent to defraud or injure. Moros, unused to Western notions of work, were prone to absenteeism, which could lead to breach of contract suits.
• The economy of Moro Province continued to expand under Pershing. The three most important exports – hemp, copra, and lumber – increased 163% during his first three years, and Moros began to make bank deposits for the first time in their history.
• The Moro Exchange system was retained and was supplemented by Industrial Trading Stations. These stations operated in the interior, where merchants seldom went, and bought any non-perishable goods the Moros wished to sell. The stations also sold goods to the Moros at fair prices, preventing price gouging during famines.{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Daniel G.|title=American Military Strategy |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502181.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927001756/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502181.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=September 27, 2012|access-date=April 25, 2015}}

Pershing wrote the following in his autobiography about the juramentados:

[The] juramentado attacks were materially reduced in number by a practice the army had already adopted, one that the Mohammadans held in abhorrence. The bodies were publicly buried in the same grave with a dead pig. It was not pleasant to have to take such measures but the prospect of going to hell instead of heaven sometimes deterred the would-be assassins.Pershing, John (2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=a74_JIbehzsC&q=materially+reduced My Life Before the World War, 1860–1917: A Memoir], pp. 284–285 Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. {{isbn|9780813141978}}

Though this treatment was inflicted on captured juramentados, historians do not believe that Pershing was directly involved with such incidents, or that he personally gave such orders to his subordinates. Letters and memoirs from soldiers describing events similar to this do not have credible evidence of Pershing's having been personally involved.Horton, Alex (August 18, 2017) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/18/after-barcelona-attack-trump-said-to-study-general-pershing-heres-what-the-president-got-wrong/ "Trump said to study General Pershing. Here's what the president got wrong"] The Washington PostQiu, Linda (August 18, 2017) [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/politics/trump-tweet-pershing-fact-check.html?_r=0 "Study Pershing, Trump Said. But the Story Doesn't Add Up"] The New York Times However, some reports do say that Pershing was engaged in deliberate efforts to offend Muslim Filipinos' religious sensibilities, including an incident in which Pershing brought a pig's head to a ceasefire negotiation with a Muslim leader, though there is no evidence for the claim made by Donald Trump that Pershing executed Muslim insurgents with bullets dipped in pig's blood.{{cite magazine |last=Berenson |first=Tessa |date=February 24, 2016 |title=The Real Story Behind Donald Trump's Pig's Blood Slander |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/4235405/donald-trump-pig-blood-muslims-story/ }}{{cite magazine |last=Elegant |first=Simon |date= October 27, 2003 |title=The Philippines steps up its antiterror war after discovering that the deadly Jemaah Islamiah group has become a major threat |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,526545,00.html }}{{cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=Charlie |date= April 7, 2016 |title=The Next President of the Philippines Could Be 'the Punisher' |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/4285417/the-next-president-of-the-philippines-could-be-the-punisher/ }}

File:Knocking Out the Moros. DA Poster 21-48.jpg on the island of Jolo in 1913]]

Law enforcement in the Moro Province was difficult. Outlaws would go to ground at their home cottas, requiring an entire troop of police or soldiers to arrest them. There was always the danger of a full-fledged battle breaking out during such an arrest, and this led to many known outlaws going unpunished. In 1911, Pershing resolved to disarm the Moros. Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood (former Moro Province governor) disagreed with this plan, stating that the move was ill-timed and that the Moros would hide their best arms, turning in only their worst. Pershing waited until roads into the interior had been completed, so that government troops could protect disarmed Moros from holdouts. He conferred with the Datus, who mostly agreed that disarmament would be a good idea – provided that everybody disarmed.

Six weeks before putting his disarmament plan into action, Pershing informed Governor-General William Cameron Forbes, who agreed with the plan. Pershing did not consult or inform his commanding officer, Major General J. Franklin Bell. On September 8, 1911, Executive Order No. 24, which ordered the disarmament, was issued. The deadline for disarmament was December 1, 1911.

Resistance to disarmament was particularly fierce in the district of Jolo and led to the Second Battle of Bud Dajo (which, while involving roughly equivalent forces as the first battle, was far less bloody causing only 12 Moro casualties{{Harvnb|Byler|2005}}), and the Battle of Bud Bagsak. The latter battle, fought from June 11–15 1913, was the last major battle of the conflict, and is usually considered as marking the end of the rebellion. Smaller skirmishes between Moro bands and US troops were reported to have occurred in the months following the battle, with the last of these clashes occurring in Talipao in October 1913.{{Cite book |last=Immerwahr |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYtbDwAAQBAJ |title=How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States |date=2019-02-19 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71512-0 |language=en}}{{Cite news |title=Capt. McElderry Dies of Wounds. |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1913/10/26/100283419.html?pageNumber=6 |access-date=2023-10-23}}

By 1913, Pershing agreed that the Moro Province needed to transition to civil government. This was prompted by the Moro's personalistic approach to government, which was based on personal ties rather than a respect for an abstract office. To the Moros, a change of administration meant not just a change in leadership but a change in regime, and was a traumatic experience. Rotation within the military meant that each military governor could serve only for a limited time, and civil governors were needed in order to provide for a lengthy tenure in office. Until 1911, every district governor and secretary had been a military officer. By 1913, Pershing was the only military officer to hold a civil office.

In October 1913, Francis Burton Harrison was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines, and relieved Pershing of his position as governor of the Moro Province, replacing him with Frank Carpenter, a civilian official. In March 1915, Carpenter came to an agreement with Sultan Jamalul Kiram, in which Kiram agreed to relinquish all claims of political power over territories within the Philippines, resulting in the dissolution of the Sulu Sultanate and the United States now having complete, uncontested control over the Philippine Islands.

During the Moro Rebellion, the Americans suffered losses amounting to 130 killed and 323 wounded. Another 500 or so died of disease.{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYfSbFGFWlUC&pg=PA415 |year= 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-952-8|pages=415–417}} The Philippine Scouts who augmented American forces during the campaign suffered 116 killed and 189 wounded. The Philippine Constabulary suffered heavily as well with more than 1,500 losses sustained of which half were fatalities.

On the Moro side, casualties were high as surrender was uncommon when Moros were engaged in combat.{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA371|year= 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-280-9|page=371}}

Tausug fighters used improvised firearms, bows, spears, and barong or kalis swords against US troops with pistols, bolt-action Krag–Jørgensen and M1903 Springfield rifles, pump-action shotguns, Maxim machine guns, and mountain artillery.{{cite news |date=March 2, 2006 |title=The battles of Bud Dahu and Bud Bagsak: Monuments to Tausug heroism and martyrdom |work=Zambo Times |url=http://www.zambotimes.com/index.php?/archives/2328-The-battles-of-Bud-Dahu-and-Bud-Bagsak-Monuments-to-Tausug-heroism-and-martyrdom.html |access-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526092732/http://www.zambotimes.com/index.php?/archives/2328-The-battles-of-Bud-Dahu-and-Bud-Bagsak-Monuments-to-Tausug-heroism-and-martyrdom.html |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}

File:Bud Dajo Massacre Trench on Jolo Island c1906.png|Aftermath of the First Battle of Bud Dajo

File:Three Moros rebels being hung in Jolo.JPG|Three Moro rebels being hanged in Jolo, 21 July 1911

File:Three Moros rebels hung in Jolo.JPG|Three Moro rebels hanged in Jolo, 21 July 1911

In the Moro Rebellion, the Tausug Moro Muslim juramentados in suicide attacks continued to charge against American soldiers even after being shot. Panglima Hassan in the Hassan uprising was shot dozens of times before he was killed, however, other accounts suggest that he survived and was cared for by his relative, Panglima Bandahala ibn Sattiya Munoh, a trusted adviser and close family member of the Sultan. As a result, Americans elected to phase out the .38 caliber Colt M1892 revolver in favor of .45 caliber sidearms to continue their fight against the Moros. This led to the issuance of the Military version of the Colt Model 1878 revolver, dubbed the 1878/1902 "Alaskan" (a collectors term only), chambered in .45 Long Colt, and later the issuance of the M1909 revolver, chambered in .45 Colt (which would later again be rechambered in the weaker .45 ACP as the M1917).{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2010|title=Colt New Army & Navy Revolver|url=http://www.handgunsmag.com/featured_handguns/hg_coltrev_200803/index2.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704100901/http://www.handgunsmag.com/featured_handguns/hg_coltrev_200803/index2.html|archive-date=July 4, 2010}} This contributed to the development and adoption of the .45 ACP M1911 semi-automatic pistol on March 29, 1911, after further weapon testing during the rebellion, beginning over 70 years of service by the pistol and cartridge in the US military.{{cite book|author=DK|title=Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px5E3EIF5jQC&pg=PA290|year= 2006|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-4219-8|pages=290–}}

Arrows, bayonets, guns, and kalises were used in often suicidal attacks by the Moros during their war with the Americans. Suicide attacks became more popular among Moros due to the overwhelming firepower of the Americans in conventional battles. Moro women took part in the resistance at the Battle of Bud Dajo against Major General Lenard Wood in 1906.{{cite book|author=Shaʾul Shai|title=The Shahids: Islam and Suicide Attacks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb6tVjFLAtMC&q=bayonet+jungle+kris&pg=PA29|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3892-4|pages=29–}} Barbed wire proved to be of no impediment since Moro juramentado warriors managed to surge directly through it even as it ripped at their flesh and even as they were shot repeatedly with bullets. The Moros used barongs to inflict injuries upon American soldiers.{{cite book|author=Vic Hurley|title=Jungle Patrol, the Story of the Philippine Constabulary (1901–1936)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAuBedlSboIC&q=bayonet+jungle+kris&pg=PA319|year=2011|publisher=Cerberus Books|isbn=978-0-9834756-2-0|pages=319–}} Moros under Jikiri managed to survive in a cave under machine gun fire and Colt gunfire.{{sfn|Arnold|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA162162 162-]}} Kalises and kampilans were used by Moros in fierce close-quarters combat against the Americans.{{cite book|author=Jim Lacey|title=Pershing: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFCAHW7vcWkC&q=bayonet+jungle+kris&pg=PA44|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61270-9|pages=44–}} Muskets were also used by the Moros.{{cite book|author1=Vic Hurley|author2=Christopher L. Harris|title=Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgacaW_qEOQC&q=bayonet+jungle+kris&pg=PA210|year=2010|publisher=Cerberus Books|isbn=978-0-615-38242-5|pages=210–}} The Moros employed bayonets at close range when shooting was not possible according to the American journal The Field Artillery Journal, Volume 32.{{cite book|title=The Field Artillery Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2FNAQAAIAAJ&q=bayonet+jungle+kris|year=1942|publisher=United States Field Artillery Association|page=799}} Americans were even charged at by Moros using spears.{{sfn|Arnold|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA162162 162-]}} Moros fought to the death against Americans armed with rifles and artillery while they themselves used only kalises at the crater battle.{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Invalid Pensions|title=Hearings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0zHQ5-61LYC&q=bayonet+jungle+kris|year=1945|page=38}}{{cite book|author1=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Invalid Pensions|author2=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs|title=Philippine Uprisings and Campaigns After July 4, 1902, and Prior to January 1, 1914: Hearings Before the Committee on Invalid Pensions, House of Representatives, Seventy-ninth Congress, First Session, on H. R. 128 and H. R. 3251, Bills Extending Pension Benefits to Veterans who Served After July 4, 1902, and Prior to January 1, 1914, in the Armed Forces Engaged in Actual Hostilities in Certain Specified Areas on the Philippine Islands, and to Their Dependents. March 20 and 22, 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dMmGjoghi8C&q=bayonet+jungle+kris|year=1945|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=37–38}}

Novels have been written describing juramentados deliberately impaling themselves on their bayonets in attempts to reach and kill American soldiers.{{cite book|author=Teodoro M. Locsin|title=Trial & error|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txdbAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Free Press, Inc.|isbn=978-971-91399-0-4|page=238}}

John Hay, the American Secretary of State, asked the ambassador to Ottoman Empire, Oscar Straus in 1899 to approach Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to request that the Sultan write a letter to the Moro Sulu Muslims of the Sulu Sultanate in the Philippines telling them to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule. Despite the sultan's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he readily aided the American forces because he felt no need to cause hostilities between the West and Muslims.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRXt7NtFhEC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA159|title=Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty|year=2011|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-07086-6|pages=159–|author=Mustafa Akyol}}

Abdul Hamid wrote the letter, which was sent to Mecca where two Sulu chiefs brought it home to Sulu.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PA405|title=Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58112-423-1|pages=405–|author=Idris Bal}} It was successful, and the "Sulu Mohammedans ... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of [the American] army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty."{{cite book|author=Kemal H. Karpat|title=The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvVlS3ljx20C&q=Pleased+sultan+Philippines+khalif+Sulu+chiefs+understanding&pg=PA235|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513618-0|pages=235–}}{{cite book|author=Moshe Yegar|title=Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA397|year=2002|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2|pages=397–}} John P. Finley wrote that:

After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field. If the reader will pause to consider what this means in men and also the millions in money, he will appreciate this wonderful piece of diplomacy, in averting a holy war.{{cite book|author1=George Hubbard Blakeslee|author2=Granville Stanley Hall|author3=Harry Elmer Barnes|title=The Journal of International Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwdPWJMbZCQC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA358|year=1915|publisher=Clark University.|pages=358–}}{{cite book|title=The Journal of Race Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9vfAAAAMAAJ&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA358|year=1915|publisher=Clark University|pages=358–}}

• Vic Hurley's history of the Moros, Swish of the Kris The Story of the Moros tells the story of Colonel Alexander Rodgers using pigs to subdue the Moros in the Philippines. Hurley wrote that Rodgers was known as "the Pig" to the Moros.Vic Hurley (2010) [1936] Swish of the Kris: The Story of the Moros Cerebus Corp. {{ISBN|978-061-538-242-5}} p.223 And another Hurley book The Jungle Patrol: The Story of the Philippine Constabulary also relates the story of pigs being used against them.
• Hurley wrote the screenplay for the Hollywood film The Real Glory in 1937; the film was released in 1939. It was based on a 1937 novel of the same name by Charles L. Clifford, a pen name of Hurley's. The film served as American military propaganda, portraying the US Army as brave defenders of the local population being terrorised by the Moros, whom the film depicts as bloodthirsty raiders oppressing the local Christian Filipino community.{{cite book|author=M. Paul Holsinger|title=War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4AOVHkJ9oC&pg=PA187|date=January 1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29908-7|page=187}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBQ9cWvek2U|title=Western Movies Full Length The Real Glory War Drama 1939|last=Ignacio Farmer|date=February 21, 2015|via=YouTube}} The film showed one Moro juramentado causing 60 Filipino soldiers to cower in fear, which was protested by Philippine President Manuel Quezon.{{cite magazine |date=August 28, 1939 |title=Cinema: Goldwyn's Filipinos |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,761923,00.html|magazine = Time }}{{cite magazine |date=September 25, 1939 |title=Cinema: The New Pictures |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,761976,00.html }} In one scene of the movie, Gary Cooper as Dr. Bill Canavan threatens to bury a captive Moro in a pigskin so to prevent the Moro from entering paradise upon death; this scene was censored from the movie during World War II due to the Moros being US allies against the Japanese.

• Moros during World War II
• Spanish–Moro conflict
• Moro conflict
• Jabidah massacre

;Notes

{{reflist}}

;Bibliography

• {{cite book|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro A.|author-link=Teodoro Agoncillo|title=History of the Filipino People|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod|url-access=registration|edition=Eighth|publisher=Garotech Publishing|location=Quezon City|year=1990|orig-date=1960|isbn=978-9718711064}}
• {{cite book|last=Arnold|first=James R.|title=The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902–1913|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|year= 2011|isbn=978-1-60819-024-9|oclc=664519655}}
• {{cite book|last=Birtle|first=Andrew J.|title=U.S. Army Counterinsurgency & Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1860–1941|publisher=Diane Pub Co|year=1998|isbn=0-7881-7327-8}}
• {{cite journal|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/byler.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724080058/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/byler.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2006|first=Charles|last=Byler|title=Pacifying the Moros: American Military Government in the Southern Philippines, 1899–1913|journal=Military Review|date=May–June 2005|pages=41–45|access-date=December 2, 2007}}
• {{cite book|title=Congressional Serial Set|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|issue=4451|year=1902|issn=1931-2822|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iK5TAAAAIAAJ|ref={{harvid|GPO1982}}}}
• {{cite book|last=Hagedorn|first=Hermann|title=Leonard Wood: A Biography|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1931|volume=2|url=https://www.questia.com/library/book/leonard-wood-a-biography-vol-2-by-hermann-hagedorn.jsp}}
• {{cite book|url=http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html|title=Swish of the Kris|last=Hurley|first=Vic|year=1936|publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co.|location=New York|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175811/http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html|archive-date=July 12, 2008}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm|title=The Bates Treaty|first=Madge|last=Kho|publisher=PhilippineUpdate.com|access-date=December 2, 2007}}
• {{cite journal|last=Kolb|first=Richard K.|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LIY/is_9_9/ai_87704451|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805074916/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LIY/is_9_89/ai_87704451|archive-date=August 5, 2004|title='Like a mad tiger': fighting Islamic warriors in the Philippines 100 years ago|journal=VFW Magazine|date=May 2002}}
• {{cite book|last=Lane|first=Jack C.|title=Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood|publisher=Presidio Press|location=San Rafael, Calif.|year=1978|isbn=0-89141-009-0|oclc=3415456}}
• {{cite book|last=Millett|first=Alan R.|title=The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States Army 1881–1925|publisher=Greenward Press|location=Westport, Conn.|year=1975|isbn=0-8371-7957-2|oclc=1530541}}
• {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Frederick|title=Bliss, Peacemaker: The Life and Letters of General Tasker Howard Bliss|publisher=Books for Libraries Press|location=Freeport, NY|year=1970|orig-date=1934|isbn=0-8369-5535-8|oclc=101067|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/blisspeacemakerl0000palm}}
• {{cite book|last=Smythe|first=Donald|title=Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing|publisher=Charles Scribener's Sons|location=New York|year=1973|isbn=0-684-12933-7|oclc=604954|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/guerrillawarrior00dona}}
• {{cite book|last=Vandiver|first=Frank E.|title=Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing|volume=1|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|year=1977|isbn=0-89096-024-0|oclc=2645933}}

Further reading

• {{cite book|title=Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1940|last=Linn|first=Brian McAllister|author-link=Brian McAllister Linn|year=1999|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4815-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEOtgqPEkgwC&q=Guardians+of+Empire}}
• {{cite book|last=Rice|first=Donald Tunnicliff|year=2016|title=Cast in Deathless Bronze: Andrew Rowan, the Spanish–American War, and the Origins of American Empire|publisher=West Virginia University Press |isbn=978-1-943665-43-3}}

• [http://www.ezania.net/library/articles/philippines/moro_muslims_engage_usa_army.htm Battles of Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423102529/http://www.ezania.net/library/articles/philippines/moro_muslims_engage_usa_army.htm|date=April 23, 2011}}
• https://web.archive.org/web/20120522073018/http://www.morolandhistory.com/Home%20Page/Home%20Page%20content.htm American Moro War History]
• [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231948567_Imperial_historicism_and_American_military_rule_in_the_Philippines%27_Muslim_south Imperial historicism and American military rule in the Philippines' Muslim south]

{{Buffalo Soldiers}}

Category:Conflicts in 1899

Category:1900s conflicts

Category:1910s conflicts

Category:1899 in the Philippines

Category:1900s in the Philippines

Category:1910s in the Philippines

Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)

Category:Rebellions in the Philippines

Category:History of Basilan

Category:History of Lanao del Sur

Category:History of Maguindanao del Norte

Category:History of Maguindanao del Sur

Category:20th century in Sulu

Category:History of Tawi-Tawi

Category:Moro history

Category:Rebellions in Asia

Category:Wars involving the United States

Category:Rebellions against the United States

Category:Insurgencies in Asia