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Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a United States Army major general, physician, and public official. He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba, and Governor-General of the Philippines. He began his military career as an army doctor on the frontier, where he received the Medal of Honor. During the Spanish–American War, he commanded the Rough Riders, with Theodore Roosevelt as his second-in-command. Wood was bypassed for a major command in World War I, but then became a prominent Republican Party leader and a leading candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination.

Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, Wood became an army surgeon after earning a Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School. He received the Medal of Honor for his role in the Apache Wars and became the personal physician to the President of the United States. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment. Wood was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the war and fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill and other engagements. After the war, Wood served as the Military Governor of Cuba, where he instituted improvements to medical and sanitary conditions. President William Howard Taft made Wood the Army Chief of Staff in 1910, and Wood held that position until 1914. Several Republican leaders supported Wood for the role of commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, but the Woodrow Wilson administration selected John J. Pershing.

After Roosevelt's death in 1919, many of Roosevelt's former supporters backed Wood for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Republican National Convention. Wood received the most votes on the first four ballots of the convention, but the Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding. Wood retired from the army in 1921 and was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines later that year. He held that position until his death in 1927.

Biographer Jack Lane sums up his importance:

{{blockquote|Wood played a significant role in shaping many of the United States's major developments in the early twentieth century: progressivism, expansionism and colonialism, military reform, preparedness and American intervention in World War I, and the election of 1920. He was particularly representative of an era that valued moral and physical strength. Although admired by his generation for his honesty, forthrightness, and his intense and vigorous approach to life, he fell short of greatness.{{cite book |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600730 |title=American National Biography: Leonard Wood |last=Lane |first=Jack C. |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600730 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |access-date=October 16, 2019}}}}

Early life and education

Wood was born in Winchester, New Hampshire, on October 9, 1860, one of three children born to Dr. Charles Jewett Wood (1829–1880) and Caroline Elizabeth (Hagar) Wood (1836–1910).{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=7–8}}{{cite book |last=Zuber |first=Edith |date=1967 |title=Mayflower Descendants in the State of Texas and Their Lineage: Numbers 504-734 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnwjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22caroline+elizabeth+hagar+(Hager) |location=San Antonio |publisher=Naylor Company |pages=513–514 |via=Google Books}} His family was of English descent, and Wood was descended from Mayflower passengers William White, Francis Cooke, Stephen Hopkins and Richard Warren.{{cite web |url=https://www.themayflowersociety.org/the-pilgrims/notable-descendants |title=Notable Descendants |date=2012 |website=The Mayflower Society.org |publisher=Greater Society of Mayflower Descendants |location=Plymouth, MA |access-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921022359/https://www.themayflowersociety.org/the-pilgrims/notable-descendants |url-status=dead }} He served as Governor General of the Mayflower Society from 1915 to 1921. Wood was also a member of the General Society of Colonial Wars{{cite book |date=1922 |title=The Honor Roll of the Society of Colonial Wars: Services of Members of the Society During the World War, 1917–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PygwAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA37 |location=New York|publisher=General Society of Colonial Wars in America |page=37 |via=Google Books}} and the Sons of the Revolution.{{cite book |last=Kilbourne |first=John Dwight |date=2002 |title=Sons of the Revolution: a History, 1875–2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ugQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22leonard+wood%22 |location=New York|publisher=General Society of Sons of the Revolution |pages=128–129 |isbn=978-0-9720-0050-5 |via=Google Books}} He was president of the Sons of the Revolution from 1910 to 1911.{{cite news |date=December 15, 1910 |title=Revolutionary Sons Elect: Gen. Leonard Wood Chosen President at Annual Meeting |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46590656/revolutionary-sons-elect/ |work=The Washington Herald |location=Washington, DC |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Wood was raised in Pocasset, Massachusetts, and educated by a private tutor, then attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=8–10}} Wood tried unsuccessfully for an appointment to the United States Naval Academy and considered going to sea on an Arctic expedition or as a commercial fisherman.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=8–9}} In 1880, his sister Barbara died, followed soon after by the death of his father.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|p=9}} Wood's mother was able to support herself and Wood's brother Jacob by taking in boarders, while Wood moved away to further his education and obtain a profession.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=8–10}} With the assistance of a relative, Wood was introduced to wealthy businessman H. H. Hunnewell, a philanthropist who had provided college tuition for other promising young men.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=8–10}} Hunnewell agreed to fund Wood's education at Harvard Medical School, and Wood began attending courses in October 1880.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=8–11}} According to Hunnewell, who considered his financial support to young men attending college loans and not grants, but did not attempt to obtain repayment, Wood was the only beneficiary who ever paid him back.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=8–10}}{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=S. T. |date=September 1, 1930 |title=The Career of Leonard Wood: Mr. Hagedorn's Sympathetic Biography Makes an Absorbing Story |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/09/20/issue.html |work=The New York Times Book Review |location=New York|at=Sec. 4, p. 1 |url-access=subscription |via=TimesMachine}} Wood worked diligently and consistently improved his class standing to the point where he earned a scholarship that provided additional financial support for his studies.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=12–13}}

In 1884, Wood received his MD degree.{{cite book |date=1937 |title=Historical Register of Harvard University, 1636–1936 |url=http://www.math.harvard.edu/history/officers/0229.html |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University |page=471}} He interned at Boston City Hospital, but was fired near the end of the year for exceeding his authority by conducting surgical procedures without supervision.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=14–15}} He then took over the struggling Boston office of a classmate who had been hired by the Southern Pacific Railway.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=15–16}} Wood practiced medicine in late 1884 and into the following year, but business was not steady and he did not have a reliable income.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=15–16}} In 1885, he completed the examinations for a commission in the Army Medical Corps, attracted to the military by the possibilities for immediate employment and a regular salary.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=15–16}} He finished second of 59 applicants, but there was only one vacancy, so Wood was not immediately offered a commission.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=15–16}}

Early military career

File:Leonard Wood with horse.jpg

In June 1885, Wood was contracted by the U.S. Army to act as an assistant surgeon without rank, and he was posted to the Department of Arizona.{{cite news |date=June 26, 1885 |title=The Army: Leonard Wood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897409/wood/ |work=Leavenworth Times |location=Leavenworth, KS |page=4 |via=Newspapers.com}} In January 1886, Wood was nominated by the president for appointment in the U.S. Army as assistant surgeon with the rank of first lieutenant.{{cite news |date=January 26, 1886 |title=Nominations: The President sent the following nominations to the Senate today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897504/nominations/ |work=National Republican |location=Washington, DC |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}} His appointment was among several the United States Senate delayed confirming until July 27, 1886.{{cite news |date=July 28, 1886 |title=Long-Pending Promotions Confirmed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897588/pending/ |work=The Critic |location=Washington, DC |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}} Until that time, he continued as a contract surgeon and was stationed with the 4th Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Wood participated in the last campaign against Geronimo in the summer of 1886.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|p=27}}

=Medal of Honor action=

In 1898, Wood received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the 1886 Geronimo campaign, including carrying dispatches 100 miles through hostile territory, and commanding a detachment of the 8th Infantry Regiment whose officers had been killed in hand-to-hand combat against the Apaches.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=31–32}} Nelson A. Miles, the overall commander of the expedition, and Henry Ware Lawton, Wood's commander in the field, recommended Wood for a brevet promotion or a Medal of Honor, and lobbied persistently for 12 years until the medal was approved.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|p=45}}{{cite book |last=U.S. Senate Committee on Military Affairs |date=1904 |title=Nomination of Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood to be a Major-General, United States Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovYuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office}}{{rp|31–36}}

Citation for Medal of Honor

The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in the Summer of 1886, in action in the Apache Campaigns in Arizona Territory. Assistant Surgeon Wood voluntarily carried dispatches through a region infested with hostile Indians, making a journey of 70 miles in one night and walking 30 miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close pursuit of Geronimo's band and constantly expecting an encounter, commanded a detachment of Infantry, which was then without an officer, and to the command of which he was assigned upon his own request.

Awarded for Actions During: Indian Campaigns Service: Army Unit: 4th U.S. Cavalry Date of Issue: April 8, 1898{{cite web |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/2198 |title=Medal of Honor Citation, Leonard Wood |website=Hall of Valor Project |publisher=Military Times |location=Springfield, VA |access-date=October 1, 2019}}{{efn|In 1916, James Hay, a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, included in military legislation a provision that attempted to revoke Wood's Medal of Honor, arguing that he was ineligible as a contract surgeon at the time of the actions for which he received the medal.{{cite news |date=May 20, 1916 |title=Army Bill Joker Aims to Rob Wood of Honor Medal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897660/joker/ |work=The New York Times |location=New York|page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}} With Wood a possible Republican presidential candidate in 1916, the attempt to revoke his award was seen by Wood's supporters as retaliation by Hay for former Secretary of War Lindley Miller Garrison's refusal to remove Wood as Chief of Staff of the Army at the start of Democrat Woodrow Wilson's presidential administration. The bill's supporters argued they were responding to lobbying by the Medal of Honor Legion and other interested parties that advocated revoking many Medals of Honor they believed had been improperly awarded.{{cite book |last=Pullen |first=John J. |date=2017 |title=A Shower of Stars: The Medal of Honor and the 27th Maine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dP01DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT175 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Stackpole Books |pages=153–155 |isbn=978-0-8117-6635-7}}

Wood was eligible based on records showing that when he received his commission as a first lieutenant on July 27, 1886, the effective date was January 26, 1886, prior to the period of the actions for which he received the award.{{rp|32}}{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Woodbury |editor1-first=Frank |date=August 21, 1886 |title=Appointments: To Be Assistant Surgeons, with the Rank of First-Lieutenant |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039612745&view=2up&seq=886 |magazine=The Medical Times and Register |volume=16 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=The Medical Publishing Company |page=876 |via=HathiTrust}} The countering view rested on an Adjutant General of the Army opinion that civilians were ineligible and at the time of his cited action, Wood was a civilian, so his award was not lawful.{{Cite book |last=Mears |first=Dwight S. |title=The Medal of Honor: The Evolution of America's Highest Military Decoration |page=58 |location=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2018 |isbn=978-0700626656 |oclc=1032014828 |ref={{sfnRef|Mears}}|jstor=j.ctv5j021d.8 |chapter=The Army Rewrites Its Award History |doi=10.2307/j.ctv5j021d.8 }} The Judge Advocate General of the Army had also previously ruled that "a medal of honor could not legally ... be awarded to a person for alleged distinguished service rendered while serving in the field as an acting assistant surgeon."{{cite book |last=United States House of Representatives |date=1915 |title=House Reports (Public) |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtdGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22medal+of+honor%22+%22contract+surgeon%22+%22not+eligible%22+%22judge+advocate%22 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office |page=86}} In addition, Wood had received his award for distinguished service under arduous conditions, but not heroism while in actual combat, which was a requirement for eligibility.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|p=46}}

A panel headed by Nelson Miles, who had originally recommended Wood for the Medal of Honor, reviewed the disputed awards, including Wood's. In keeping with the Adjutant General and Judge Advocate General opinions, Wood's Medal of Honor could have been rescinded, as the Miles board did for 911 others, including Dr. Mary Edwards Walker and "Buffalo Bill" Cody.{{cite book |last=Willbanks |first=James H. |date=2011 |title=America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-FQ_ueG4AwC&pg=PA215 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=215 |isbn=978-1-5988-4394-1 |via=Google Books}} Instead, the panel recommended that Wood retain his award, which one historian has called a "a clear conflict of interest" on Miles' part.}}

In late July 1886, Wood's appointment was confirmed and he received his commission as a first lieutenant. In February 1887, he was appointed acting captain and temporary medical director of the Department of Arizona during the illness of his superior.{{cite news |date=February 17, 1887 |title=Gen. Miles Latest Batch of Army Orders |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897760/batch/ |work=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles|page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{cite news |date=March 1, 1887 |title=The Army and Navy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897851/army-navy/ |work=The Critic |location=Washington, DC |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}} At the end of 1887, Wood's medical duties took him to Fort Lowell, Arizona Territory, followed by duty at Fort Selden, Fort Stanton, and Fort Wingate, New Mexico.{{cite news |date=November 15, 1887 |title=Fort Leavenworth News: Leonard Wood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106897985/fort/ |work=Leavenworth Times |location=Leavenworth, KS |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}} In 1888, Wood was assigned to surgeon's duties at Fort McDowell, Arizona.{{cite news |date=August 8, 1888 |title=Army Notes: Leonard Wood |newspaper=The Leavenworth Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898080/army-notes/ |location=Leavenworth, KS |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}} In 1889, Wood was reassigned to the Presidio of San Francisco.{{cite news |date=June 19, 1889 |title=Army Orders: Leonard Wood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898154/orders/ |work=Garden City Daily Herald |location=Garden City, KS |page=4 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Wood was promoted to captain in 1891.{{rp|29}} In 1892, he was part of a contingent of Presidio soldiers that traveled to Benicia Barracks to assist units of the California National Guard during the conduct of their annual training encampment.{{cite news |date=August 5, 1892 |title=Military Notes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898246/military/ |work=The San Francisco Call |location=San Francisco |page=5 |via=Newspapers.com}}

=Georgia Tech football=

File:Major General Leonard Wood plaque, Georgia Tech.jpg]]

While stationed at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Wood enrolled in graduate school at Georgia Tech in order to be eligible for the school's football team.{{cite news |last=Norris |first=Steven |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Remembering Georgia Tech's Heroes |url=https://www.news.gatech.edu/2016/05/26/remembering-georgia-techs-heroes |work=Georgia Tech News |location=Atlanta}} He organized the school's 1893 team, served as coach, and played left guard. Wood led Georgia Tech to a 2–1–1 record, including a 28–6 victory over the University of Georgia.{{cite news|first=Joseph|last=Byrd|url=http://gtalumni.org/StayInformed/techtopics/spr92/FOW.html|title=From Civil War Battlefields to the Moon: Leonard Wood|work=Tech Topics|publisher=Georgia Tech Alumni Association|date=Spring 1992|access-date=2007-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209190821/http://gtalumni.org/StayInformed/techtopics/spr92/FOW.html |archive-date=2007-02-09}}

Spanish–American War

Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898.{{sfn|Wall|2008|p=298}} During his White House service, Wood developed a friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy.{{sfn|Wall|2008|p=298}} At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders.{{sfn|Wall|2008|p=298}} Wood successfully commanded the regiment during the June 24, 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas.{{sfn|Lane|2009|pp=45–46}} When the brigade commander, Samuel B. M. Young, became ill, Wood received a field promotion to brigadier general of volunteers.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=93–105}} He assumed command of 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Fifth Army Corps (which included the Rough Riders) and led the brigade to a famous July 1, 1898, victory in the combined assaults on Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill that came to be known as the Battle of San Juan Heights.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=93–105}}

File:Staff of the 1st US Volunteer Regiment, the "Rough Riders" in Tampa LCCN2013650937 Trim.jpg with the command group of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment – Colonel Wood is second from right with Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt far right.]]

After San Juan Heights, Wood led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade for the rest of the war.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=578}} He stayed in Cuba afterward and was appointed military governor of Santiago later in 1898, then served as governor of Cuba from 1899 to 1902.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=578}} In that capacity, he relied on his medical experience to institute improvements to medical and sanitary conditions.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=578}} He also introduced numerous reforms similar to those of the Progressive Movement in the U.S., including improvements to the educational and court systems.{{sfn|Lane|2009|p=92}} Though he did institute these improvements, Wood's motivations as military governor remain unclear. In a report to Washington in 1900, he outlined that Cuban stability would be reached when "money can be borrowed at a reasonable rate of interest and when capital is willing to invest in the island."{{cite book |last1=Kinzer |first1=Stephen |title=Overthrow: America's century of regime change from Hawaii to Iraq |date=2007 |publisher=Times Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8050-8240-1 |page=42 |edition=1st paperback}} He was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army shortly before moving to his next assignment.{{rp|29}} On May 15, 1902, prior to leaving office as military governor, Wood issued an order excluding Chinese immigrants.{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1902/d304 |title=Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress, December 2, 1901: Mr. Adee to Mr. Squiers |last=Office of the Historian |website=History.state.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |location=Washington, DC |access-date=August 1, 2021}}

Philippine–American War

Wood visited several European countries in 1902.{{cite news |date=August 17, 1902 |title=Corbin and Young Sail |url=https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=IJ19020817.1.5 |work=Indianapolis Journal |location=Indianapolis, IN |page=5 |via=Hoosier State Chronicles}} His tour included reviewing German troops during Kaiser Wilhelm II's annual parade in August, which he attended with Samuel B. M. Young and Henry C. Corbin, and a tour of the United Kingdom's Military College at Sandhurst in November.{{cite news |date=November 1, 1902 |title=Naval & Military Intelligence: Gen. Leonard Wood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898319/wood/ |work=The Times |location=London, England |page=9 |via=Newspapers.com}} In 1903, Wood proceeded to the Philippines during the Philippine–American War, where he served as governor of Moro Province until 1906, then commanded the Philippine Division from 1906 to 1908.{{cite book |last=Bell |first=William Gardner |date=1999 |title=Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWp1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |page=100 |isbn=978-0-16-049769-8 |via=Google Books}} He was promoted to major general in 1903 despite significant opposition from members of the United States Senate who believed he had not served long enough in the lower grades and had been promoted because of political influence, not merit.{{cite book |editor-last=Beach |editor-first=Frederick Converse |author-link=Frederick Converse Beach |date=1911 |title=The Americana: A Universal Reference Library |volume=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGEWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT529 |location=New York |publisher=Scientific American Compiling Dept. |page=529 |via=Google Books}}

Wood received criticism for his command of U.S. Marines during the First Battle of Bud Dajo in March 1906, during which hundreds of women and children were killed.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=578}}{{sfn|Lane|2009|pp=127–129}} Though Wood did not directly command the assault, he took full responsibility for the resulting massacre, claiming that the high civilian casualties were the result of Moro men using women and children as human shields, as well as some Moro women dressing as men to join the fight.{{Cite news |title=Explains Killing of Woman |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1906/03/14/101836212.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=2023-10-24}} At Wood's instigation, Governor-General Henry Clay Ide reported that the women and children killed were the result of collateral damage from artillery fire, but that there had been no massacre.{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=James R. |date=2011 |title=The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902–1913 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgWnN4hyjoQC&pg=PA173 |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |page=173 |isbn=978-1-60819-024-9 |via=Google Books}} Some of Wood's critics accused him of being a "glory hound" for ordering Marines to storm the dormant volcano crater where the battle took place instead of besieging the Moro encampment.{{sfn|Lane|2009|pp=127–129}}{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gregg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVooDgAAQBAJ |title=Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream |year=2013|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-451-23918-1 |language=en}}{{Cite news |title=Fine, Cables Johnston, Answering Roosevelt |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1906/03/12/101769328.html?pageNumber=6 |access-date=2023-10-24}}

Due to the backlash over Bud Dajo, Wood resigned as governor of Moro Province in April 1906 and was succeeded by brigadier general Tasker H. Bliss.{{cite book |author=United States Secretary of War |date=1907 |title=Annual Reports of the War Department |volume=VII: Report of the Philippine Commission, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA386 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=386 |via=Google Books}} He returned to the United States in 1908 and was assigned to command the Department of the East, with headquarters in New York City.{{cite news |date=December 2, 1908 |title=People of the Day: General Wood of the Army |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-champaign-daily-gazette-general/126799677/ |work=Champaign Daily Gazette |location=Champaign, IL |page=7 |via=Newspapers.com}} He remained in this post until 1910, when he was appointed Army Chief of Staff.{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Will Succeed Bell: Gen. Wood Soon to Be Made Chief of Staff of Army |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/franklin-repository-daily-succeed/126800237/ |work=Franklin Repository |location=Chambersburg, PA |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Army Chief of Staff

File:John Singer Sargent - Leonard Wood - NPG.96.50 - National Portrait Gallery (cropped).jpg, Leonard Wood, Maverick in the Making, 1903, National Portrait Gallery]]

Wood was named Army Chief of Staff in 1910 by President William Howard Taft, whom he had met while both were in the Philippines; he is the only medical officer to have held the position.{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Hank H. |date=2018 |title=The General Who Wore Six Stars: The Inside Story of John C. H. Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |location=Lincoln, NE |publisher=Potomac Books |page=16 |isbn=978-1-6123-4963-3 |via=Google Books}} As Chief of Staff, Wood implemented several programs, among which were the forerunner of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program, and the Preparedness Movement, a campaign for universal military training and wartime conscription.{{sfn|Tucker|2006|p=1661}} The Preparedness Movement led to implementation of the Selective Service System shortly before World War I.{{sfn|Tucker|2006|p=1661}} As chief of staff, Wood reorganized the general staff into three divisions – Mobile Army, Coast Artillery, and War College – each headed by an assistant chief of staff.{{cite book |last=Venzon |first=Anne Cipriano |date=1995 |title=The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wlEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA702 |location=New York |publisher=Garland Publishing, Inc. |page=702 |isbn=978-0-8240-7055-7}} The three divisions he created did not last, but the overall result of his reorganization was the recognition that decentralization, which continued under his successors, enabled streamlined planning and decision making, which facilitated operations and training as the army began to prepare for U.S. entry into the war.

Commander of Army Eastern Department

In 1914, Wood completed his term as chief of staff and was succeeded by William Wallace Wotherspoon.{{sfn|Tucker|Arnold|Wiener|2011|p=881}} As commander of the army's Eastern Department for the second time, Wood was a strong advocate of the Preparedness Movement, led by Republicans, which alienated him from President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat who pursued an isolationist and pacifist foreign policy.{{sfn|Weiss|2008|p=22}} Wood made speeches and wrote articles to advocate preparedness and in 1915 a collection of these works were published as a pro-preparedness book, The Military Obligation of Citizenship.{{cite book |last=Clifford |first=John Garry |date=2015 |title=The Citizen Soldiers: The Plattsburg Training Camp Movement, 1913–1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4MXBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |page=36 |isbn=978-0-8131-5443-5 |via=Google Books}} In 1916 he was elected as an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.{{cite news |date=July 5, 1916 |title=Gardiner Heads Cincinnati: General Wood Is Made Honorary Member of Patriotic Organization |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/07/05/archives/gardiner-heads-cincinnati-general-wood-is-made-honorary-member-of.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York |page=11 |via=TimesMachine}} He served as a member of Harvard University's board of overseers from 1917 to 1923.

World War I

File:General Leonard Wood Rol BNF Gallica.jpg

With American entry into World War I looming in early 1917, the most likely choice to lead American forces in France was Major General Frederick Funston.{{cite book |last=Peck |first=Garrett |date=2018 |title=The Great War in America: World War I and Its Aftermath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7dTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |location=New York |publisher=Pegasus Books |pages=109–110 |isbn=978-1-6817-7944-7 |via=Google Books}} Funston died of a heart attack in February, leaving President Woodrow Wilson to choose from among the army's six other major generals. Wood was recommended by several prominent Republicans, including Henry Cabot Lodge. Despite this support, when the U.S. entered the war in April, Wood's prior criticism of the Wilson administration led Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to recommend John J. Pershing, the most junior of the serving major generals and a Republican, but one who had been less vocal than Wood.

File:General Wood and State Governors viewing 10th Division (13877460055).jpg

During the war Wood was relegated to stateside roles, including command of the Southern Department in 1917. He then commanded the 89th and 10th Divisions, which he organized and trained at Camp Funston, Kansas.{{rp|371}} While on an inspection tour of the Western Front in January 1918, Wood was slightly injured by shrapnel from a US mortar round that exploded during a test.{{rp|371}} Wood was preparing to travel to France with the 89th Division in May 1918 when he was relieved by Wilson.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=704}} He was disappointed at being continued in stateside service, but effectively organized and trained the 10th Division.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=704}} During most of the war, Wood's aide-de-camp was John C. H. Lee, who attained the rank of lieutenant general during World War II.

Wood received the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Legion of Honor (Grand Officer) from France to recognize his superior service during the war.{{cite magazine |date=1927 |title=Leonard Wood, Loyal Son of America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-sPAAAAIAAJ&q=%22legion+of+honor%22 |magazine=The Outlook |volume=146 |location=New York |publisher=Outlook Publishing Company |page=140 |via=Google Books}} The citation for his Army DSM reads:

{{Blockquote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General Leonard Wood, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As a Department, Division, and Camp Commander during the war, General Wood has displayed qualities of leadership and professional attainments of a high order in the administration and training of his various commands, and has furthered in every way during the war the system of officers' training schools.{{cite web|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/2198|title=Valor awards for Leonard Wood|publisher=}}}}

After the war, Wood was appointed to command the Sixth Corps Area, which he led from 1919 to 1921.

1920 presidential campaign

File:Leonard Wood campaign button 1920.jpg

After having considered a presidential candidacy in 1916, in 1920 Wood was a serious contender for the Republican nomination.{{sfn|Morello|2001|pp=38–43}} The major candidates were Senator Hiram Johnson of California, a progressive who opposed U.S. involvement in the League of Nations; Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois, who supported women's suffrage and Prohibition, and opposed U.S. entry into the League of Nations; and Wood, whose military career made him the personification of competence and ties to Theodore Roosevelt earned him the backing of many of Roosevelt's former supporters, including William Cooper Procter.{{sfn|Morello|2001|pp=38–43}} Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio was a dark horse candidate, running as a favorite son in order to maintain his hold on Ohio's Republican Party and secure his reelection to the Senate.{{sfn|Morello|2001|pp=38–43}} At the convention, Wood led on the first four ballots, was second on the fifth, tied for first with Lowden on the sixth, and led again on the seventh.{{sfn|Morello|2001|pp=38–43}} With none of the three front runners able to obtain a majority, support for Harding started to grow and he won the nomination on the tenth ballot.{{sfn|Morello|2001|pp=38–43}} Delegates nominated Calvin Coolidge for vice president, and the Harding-Coolidge ticket went on to win the general election.{{sfn|Morello|2001|pp=38–43}}

Governor-General of the Philippines

File:Major Gen. Leonard Wood Trim.jpg

Wood retired from the U.S. Army in 1921, after which he was chosen to serve as provost of the University of Pennsylvania.{{cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=January 17, 2014 |title=A brain preserved in Yale |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/69743/a-brain-preserved-in-yale |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |location=Makati, Philippines}} The college granted him a leave of absence before he assumed the position, enabling him to carry out a one-year appointment as Governor General of the Philippines.{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=O. Garfield |date=September 28, 1921 |title=What Wood and Forbes Have Done In The Philippines |journal=The Outlook |volume=129 |pages=133–135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVroBrOJL64C&pg=PA133 |access-date=2009-07-30}} Also see {{Cite journal |last=Robb |first=Walter |date=November 30, 1921 |title=Wood Facing His Task |journal=The Outlook |volume=129 |pages=512–513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVroBrOJL64C&pg=PA512 |access-date=2009-07-30}} The Wood-Forbes mission appointed by Harding in 1921 to consider Filipino independence concluded that the Philippines was not ready for self-governance.{{cite web |author=Historian of the US House of Representatives |date=2024 |title=Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in Congress: The Philippines, 1898–1946; Toward Independence, 1907–1934 |url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/ |website=Hisory.House.Gov |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US House of Representatives |access-date=March 23, 2025}} In 1922, Wood decided to remain in the Philippines, so he resigned the provost's position.

File:1927 Philippine Islands passport signed by Leonard Wood.jpg

His tenure in the Philippines was characterized by marked tension between him and key Filipino officials.{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |date=2004 |title=Philippine History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA185 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=Rex Printing Company, Inc. |page=185 |isbn=978-9-7123-3934-9 |via=Google Books}} In his first year, Wood vetoed 16 measures passed by the Philippine Legislature, an act denounced by critics as a "misuse of the veto power" when they noted that his predecessor, Francis Burton Harrison, had vetoed only five measures during his entire seven and a half year governorship.{{Cite journal|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-41-2-2005/ASJ41-2-2005%20Philippine%20Society%20in%20Retrospect.pdf|title=Leonard Wood: His First Year as Governor-General|last=Onorato|first=Michael|date=2005|journal=Asian Studies |volume=41|issue=2 |page=57}}

The tension between Wood and Filipino members of the government became heightened in 1923, precipitated by Wood's actions with respect to Ray Conley, a Manila Police detective who was accused of immorality and misconduct in office. Interior Secretary Jose P. Laurel sought Conley's removal but Wood ordered Laurel to reinstate him. Laurel then tendered his resignation.{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2479&dat=20000312&id=6FU1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2755,35154368|title=The Cabinet Crisis of 1923|last=Cruz|first=Isagani|date=May 12, 2000|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}} The Filipino members of the Wood cabinet, including the entire Council of State, tendered their resignations to protest Wood's actions. These events, the "Cabinet Crisis of 1923", strained relations between the U.S. colonial government under Wood and Filipino leaders, which lasted until his death in 1927. The cabinet crisis was also exacerbated by disagreement between Wood and Filipino officials over Wood's economic reform agenda following the 1921 Philippine financial crisis.{{Cite journal |last=Ybiernas |first=Vicente Angel S. |date=2012 |title=Governor-General Leonard Wood's neoliberal agenda of privatizing public assets stymied, 1921-1927 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3359 |journal=Social Science Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Society and Change |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |issn=2012-0796 |quote=Wood's neoliberal agenda in the Philippines was opposed by Filipino politicians in the executive and legislative departments from the start. This key policy disagreement climaxed in the resignation en masse of Governor Wood's Filipino cabinet and the members of the executive-legislative Council of State in 1923.}} Wood reiterated his opposition to independence in 1925, arguing that while most government roles were filled by Filipinos, the U.S. should keep the Philippines for its own strategic interests.{{Cite journal |last=Foley |first=Timothy J |date=2022-06-01 |title=The Judicial Failsafe: American Legal Colonialism in the Philippines |url=https://academic.oup.com/ajlh/article-abstract/62/2/158/6586684 |journal=American Journal of Legal History |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=158–181 |doi=10.1093/ajlh/njac009 |issn=0002-9319|url-access=subscription }}

Death and burial

File:Medal of Honor recipient gravestone in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia in the 2020s - 217.jpg

Wood was diagnosed in 1910 with a benign meningioma, which was successfully resected by Harvey Cushing.{{cite news |last=Dodson |first=Helen |date=September 16, 2010 |title=Brain collection commemorates physician's contributions, kindness |url=https://news.yale.edu/2010/09/16/brain-collection-commemorates-physician-s-contributions-kindness |work=YaleNews |location=New Haven, CT}} He made a full recovery, but the tumor later recurred. Wood died in Boston on August 7, 1927, during surgery on the brain tumor.{{rp|371}} He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 21, Grave S-10.{{cite web |url=https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgR3b29kEgdsZW9uYXJk/ |title=Burial Detail: Wood, Leonard |website=ANC Explorer |publisher=Office of Army Cemeteries |location=Arlington, VA |access-date=January 1, 2021 |quote=}}{{cite book |last=Parzych |first=Cynthia |date=2015 |title=Historical Tours: Arlington National Cemetery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0V9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |location=Guilford, CT |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=62 |isbn=978-1-4930-1750-8 |via=Google Books}}

The successful removal of Wood's first brain tumor represented an important milestone, indicating to the public the advances that had been made in the nascent field of neurosurgery and extending Wood's life by almost two decades.{{cite book|title=Meningiomas: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome|author=Lee, Joung H.|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-84882-910-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_j9piinzy8C&q=%22leonard+wood%22&pg=PA8|page=8}} His brain is held at the Yale University School of Medicine as part of an historic collection of Harvey Cushing's patients' preserved brains.

Family

File:Leonard Wood, administrator, soldier, and citizen (1920) (14578890869).jpg

Wood was serving in Monterey, California, in 1888 when he met Louise Adriana Condit Smith (1869–1943), who was vacationing with her uncle and legal guardian, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field.{{sfn|Lane|2009|p=19}} They married in Washington, DC on November 18, 1890, with the entire Supreme Court in attendance.{{sfn|McCallum|2006|pp=7–10}}{{sfn|Wood|1920|p=22}}

The Woods had three children:{{cite news |agency=International News Service |date=August 7, 1927 |title=Greatest Ambitions Thwarted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898406/ambitions/ |work=Lincoln Star |location=Lincoln, NE |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Leonard Wood Jr. (1892–1931) was a Cornell University graduate who attained the rank of captain while serving in the Army during World War I, but was plagued by financial difficulties and ill health afterwards.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=August 28, 1931 |title=Leonard Wood Dies Penniless |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898484/penniless/ |work=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles, CA |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}}
Osborne Cutler Wood (1897–1950) left Harvard University to serve in World War I, and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel after the war.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 1, 1950 |title=Osborne C. Wood, Ex-Guard Chief, Dies In San Diego |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898552/osborne/ |work=Albuquerque Journal |location=Albuquerque, NM |page=14 |via=Newspapers.com}} After leaving the Army he relocated to New Mexico, where he was commissioned as a brigadier general and appointed as adjutant general of the New Mexico National Guard.
Louise Barbara Wood (1900–1960) served with Anne Morgan's American Friends in France relief organization during World War I.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=November 28, 1960 |title=Death Notice, Miss Louise B. Wood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898623/louise/ |work=The Evening Sun |location=Baltimore, MD |page=4 |via=Newspapers.com}} Louise Wood took an interest in preserving her father's legacy.{{cite news |agency=Reuters |date=December 4, 1952 |title=Leonard Wood Daughter to See Cuba Open Park |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898774/daughter/ |work=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago |page=Part 3, p. 10 |via=Newspapers.com}} In 1952, she attended the opening of a park in Cuba which included a plaque commemorating her father's Spanish-American War service and the shack in which Walter Reed conducted the research that proved mosquitoes are the cause of malaria.

Legacy

File:Signed drawing of General Leonard Wood by Manuel Rosenberg 1927.jpg, 1927]]

In 1925, Dorothy Wade, wife of the head doctor at the Culion leper colony, and fundraiser Perry Burgess created a charitable committee that after Wood's death became the Leonard Wood Memorial for the Eradication of Leprosy.{{cite web |url=https://leprosyhistory.org/database/person120 |title=Biography, Perry Burgess |date=2000 |website=History of Leprosy |publisher=International Leprosy Association and Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |access-date=October 15, 2019}} The Wood Memorial supported leper colonies in Culion and Cebu, held the first international conference on leprosy in Manila in 1931, and helped support the International Leprosy Foundation. A statue of Wood was erected at Culion in 1931.{{cite web |url=https://www.thepoortraveler.net/2013/03/culion-town-historical-walking-tour-palawan-philippines/ |title=Culion, Palawan: To the 'Island of No Return' and Back |last=Dimen |first=Yoshke |date=2013 |website=The Poor Traveler.net |publisher=WanderGeneration, Inc. |location=Manila, Philippines |access-date=October 15, 2019}}

File:USS Leonard Wood (APA-12) underway off California on 28 April 1944.jpg

In January 1941, the newly constructed Seventh Corps Area Training Center in Missouri was designated Fort Leonard Wood.{{cite web |title=History of Fort Leonard Wood |url=https://home.army.mil/wood/index.php/about/history |website=home.army.mil |publisher=U.S. Army |access-date=20 October 2022 |date=10 October 2018}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Cayton |editor1-first=Andrew R. L. |editor2-last=Sisson |editor2-first=Richard |editor3-last=Zacher |editor3-first=Chris |date=2007 |title=The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA1800 |location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press |page=1800 |isbn=978-0-2530-0349-2}}

One of the U.S. Navy's World War II-era {{Sclass|Harris|attack transport}}s, {{USS|Leonard Wood|APA-12}}, was named for Wood.{{cite book |last=Charles |first=Roland W. |date=1947 |title=Troopships of World War II |url=https://history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123952/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=The Army Transportation Association |page=44}}

Lake Wood near Mount Imbing in the province of Zamboanga del Sur in Mindanao is named for Wood.{{Cite journal |last1=Baludo |first1=Marjohn Y. |last2=Papa |first2=Rey Donne S. |last3=Magbanua |first3=Francis S. |date=2020 |title=Limnology of Lake Wood: An Ancestral Lake of the Subanen Tribe |url=https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol150no5/limnology_of_lake_wood_of_subanen_tribe_.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Science |language=en |volume=150 |issue=5 |pages=1231–1243 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=10592|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019022855/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=10592|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 19, 2004|title=Lake Wood Profile on Wordlakes.com|publisher=World Lakes|access-date=2008-10-14}}

Numerous streets are named after Wood, including roads in Baguio and Zamboanga City, Philippines. An elementary school in Mandaue, Philippines (inside the Eversley Childs Sanitarium compound) was also named after him.{{cite news |via=Cebu Daily News |date=June 13, 2011 |title=Mandaue school gets newly repaired building |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/14436/mandaue-school-gets-newly-repaired-building |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |location=Makati, Philippines}} There are streets named for Wood at current and former military posts, including Fort Meade, Maryland and Sheridan Reserve Center (formerly Fort Sheridan), Illinois.{{cite book |author=National Trust for Historic Preservation |date=1994 |title=National Register of Historic Places, 1966 to 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqEIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA195 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Preservation Press |page=195 |isbn=978-0-8913-3254-1 |via=Google Books}}{{cite book |last1=Arnett |first1=Earl |last2=Brugger |first2=Robert J. |last3=Papenfuse |first3=Edward C. |date=1999 |title=Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lncOLHYhcrsC&pg=PA396 |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |page=396 |isbn=978-0-8018-5980-9 |via=Google Books}}

Wood was a Freemason; Leonard Wood Lodge No. 105 under the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines was named in his honor.{{cite web |url=http://www.lwl105.com/history.htm |title=History of Leonard Wood Lodge #105 |website=LWL105.com |publisher=Leonard Wood Lodge # 105 |location=Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines |access-date=January 1, 2021}}

In popular culture

Lee Philips was cast as Lieutenant Wood in the 1960 episode, "The White Healer," of the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days.{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556899/|title=The White Healer on Death Valley Days|publisher=Internet Movie Database|access-date=September 14, 2018}}
Wood is portrayed by Dale Dye in the 1997 Rough Riders miniseries.{{cite news |last=Lilley |first=Kevin |date=May 20, 2017 |title=Tom Berenger talks 'Platoon,' 'Sniper' and more military movies in advance of GI Film Festival |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/off-duty/military-movies-video-games/gi-film-festival/2017/05/20/tom-berenger-talks-platoon-sniper-and-more-military-movies-in-advance-of-gi-film-festival/ |work=Army Times |location=Springfield, VA}}
In 2018, the Manila Bulletin reported on Mark Twain's unfavorable depiction of Wood for his role in the First Battle of Bud Dajo.{{cite news |last=Araneta |first=Gemma Cruz |date=March 5, 2018 |title=Twain and Bud Dajo massacre |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20180306/281702615218890 |work=Manila Bulletin |location=Manila, Philippines |access-date=May 22, 2024 |via=PressReader.com}}
Iain Glen will portray Leonard Wood in the upcoming TBA Studios film Quezon. The movie will delve into his role as Governor-General of the Philippines and his contribution to Manuel L. Quezon's plight for the country's independence.{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/game-of-thrones-iain-glen-philippines-biopic-quezon-1236338250|title='Game of Thrones' Star Iain Glen Joins TBA Studios' Philippines Historical Biopic 'Quezon' (EXCLUSIVE)|date=March 17, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025}}

Honors

=Honorary degrees=

Wood received honorary degrees from many institutions of higher learning, including:{{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}

Harvard University (Doctor of Laws, LL.D., 1899)
Williams College (LL.D., 1902)
University of Pennsylvania (LL.D., 1903)
Pennsylvania Military College (Doctor of Military Science, 1913)
Norwich University (Master of Military Science, 1916){{cite news |date=June 29, 1916 |title=The awarding of the degree of master of military science to Major-General Leonard A. Wood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106898917/degree/ |work=Herald and News |location=Randolph, VT |page=7 |via=Newspapers.com}}
Princeton University (LL.D., 1916)
University of Georgia (LL.D., 1917)
University of the South (Doctor of Civil Law, 1917)
University of Michigan (LL.D., 1918)
Union College (LL.D., 1919)
George Washington University (LL.D., 1919)
Wesleyan University (LL.D., 1919)
Lincoln Memorial University (LL.D., 1919)
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Doctor of Science, 1920)
University of the Philippines (LL.D., 1922)

=Civilian awards=

Wood received the Theodore Roosevelt Association's Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal in 1923.{{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}

=Military decorations and medals=

Medal of Honor{{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}
Distinguished Service Medal{{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}
Indian Campaign Medal{{sfn|Tucker|Arnold|Wiener|2011|p=881}}
Spanish Campaign Medal{{efn|The Spanish Campaign Medal was awarded to military members who served in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines between May 11 and August 16, 1898.{{cite web |url=http://www.foxfall.com/csm-army-scm.htm |title=Spanish Campaign Medal |last=McDowell |first=Charles P. |date=2007 |website=Foxfall.com |publisher=Foxfall Medals |location=Madison, VA |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303065833/http://foxfall.com/csm-army-scm.htm |url-status=dead }} Wood was eligible for his service in Cuba during the summer of 1898, including July's Battle of San Juan Hill.}}
Army of Cuban Occupation Medal (first recipient){{cite web |url=http://foxfall.com/csm-army-com.htm |title=Army of Cuban Occupation Medal |last=McDowell |first=Charles P. |date=2007 |website=Foxfall.com |publisher=Foxfall Medals |location=Madison, VA |access-date=October 26, 2019}}
Philippine Campaign Medal{{efn|The Philippine Campaign Medal was awarded for qualifying service between February 4, 1899 and December 31, 1913.{{cite web |url=http://www.foxfall.com/csm-army-pcm.htm |title=Philippine Campaign Medal |last=McDowell |first=Charles P. |date=2007 |website=Foxfall.com |publisher=Foxfall Medals |location=Madison, VA |access-date=October 27, 2019}} Wood was eligible for his service in the Philippines between 1903 and 1908.}}
World War I Victory Medal{{efn|The World War I Victory Medal was awarded for qualifying service between April 6, 1917, and April 1, 1920.{{cite web |url=http://www.foxfall.com/csm-common-wwv.htm |title=World War I Victory Medal |last=McDowell |first=Charles P. |date=2007 |website=Foxfall.com |publisher=Foxfall Medals |location=Madison, VA |access-date=October 27, 2019}} Wood was eligible for his Army service in that period, including command of two divisions during their organization and training and an inspection tour of the Western Front in 1918.}}
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor (France){{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}
Order of the Rising Sun (Japan){{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy){{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}
Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain (China){{sfn|Hagedorn|1931|p=495}}

Dates of rank

class="wikitable" \|+ ! Insignia !! Rank !! Date !! Component
File:Union army 1st lt rank insignia.jpg	Assistant surgeon	5 January 1886	Regular Army
File:Union army cpt rank insignia.jpg	Surgeon	5 January 1891	Regular Army
File:Union Army colonel rank insignia.png	Colonel	8 May 1898	Volunteers
File:Union army brig gen rank insignia.jpg	Brigadier general	8 July 1898	Volunteers
File:Union army maj gen rank insignia.jpg	Major general	7 December 1898	Volunteers
File:Union army brig gen rank insignia.jpg	Brigadier general	13 April 1899	Volunteers
File:Union army maj gen rank insignia.jpg	Major general	5 December 1899	Volunteers
File:Union army brig gen rank insignia.jpg	Brigadier general	1 June 1901	Regular Army
File:Union army maj gen rank insignia.jpg	Major general	8 August 1903	Regular Army
File:Union army maj gen rank insignia.jpg	Major general	15 October 1921	Retired list

Head coaching record

{{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = no }}

{{CFB Yearly Record Subhead

| name = Georgia Tech

| conf = Independent

| startyear = 1893

| endyear = single

}}

{{CFB Yearly Record Entry

| championship =

| year = 1893

| name = Georgia Tech

| overall = 2–1–1

| conference =

| confstanding =

| bowlname =

| bowloutcome =

| bcsbowl =

| ranking = no

| ranking2 = no

}}

{{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal

| name = Georgia Tech

| overall = 2–1–1

| confrecord =

}}

{{CFB Yearly Record End

| overall = 2–1–1

| bowls = no

| poll = no

| polltype =

| legend = no

}}

Notes

References

=Bibliography=

{{cite book |last=Eisenhower |first=John S.D. |author-link=John S.D. Eisenhower |title=Teddy Roosevelt and Leonard Wood: Partners in Command|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2014}}
{{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=Hermann |date=1931 |title=Leonard Wood: A Biography |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvcKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22polytechnic%22 |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Brothers |page=495 |author-link=Hermann Hagedorn}}
{{cite book |last1=Kinzer |first1=Stephen |title=Overthrow: America's century of regime change from Hawaii to Iraq |date=2007 |publisher=Times Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8050-8240-1 |edition=1st paperback}}
{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Jack C. |date=2009 |title=Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgpyXvk62YEC&pg=PA19 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-2658-6}}
{{cite book |last=Pruitt|first=James Herman II|title=Leonard Wood and the American Empire|publisher=PhD dissertation Texas A&M University|year=2011|url=https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9307/PRUITT-DISSERTATION.pdf}}
{{cite book |last=McCallum |first=Jack |date=2006 |title=Leonard Wood: Rough Rider, Surgeon, Architect of American Imperialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxkVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5699-7 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |last=Morello |first=John A. |date=2001 |title=Selling the President, 1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYmVbjBvTaYC&pg=PA38 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Praeger |pages=38–43 |isbn=978-0-2759-7030-7 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |author-link=Spencer C. Tucker|last=Tucker |first=Spencer |date=2006 |title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA1661 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC CLIO |isbn=978-1-8510-9879-8}}
{{cite book |author-link=Spencer C. Tucker|last=Tucker |first=Spencer |date=2009 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA578 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC CLIO |isbn=978-1-8510-9951-1 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Spencer |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-first=James R. |editor3-last=Wiener |editor3-first=Roberta |date=2011 |title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA881 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC CLIO |isbn=978-1-8510-9697-8 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |last=Wall |first=James T. |date=2008 |title=Wall Street and the Fruited Plain: Money, Expansion, and Politics in the Gilded Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuX--ARWAEC&pg=PA298 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-4124-1 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |last=Weiss |first=Elaine F. |date=2008 |title=Fruits of Victory: The Woman's Land Army of America in the Great War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9F03MWzb4oC&pg=PT22 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-6123-4399-0 |via=Google Books}}
{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Eric Fisher |author-link=Eric Fisher Wood |date=1920 |title=Leonard Wood, Conservator of Americanism |url=https://archive.org/details/conservator00woodrich |location=New York |publisher=George H. Doran Company|via=Internet Archive}}

Additional sources

Bacevich, A. J. Diplomat in Khaki: Major General Frank Ross McCoy and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1949 (1989), biography of Wood's principal aide.{{ISBN?}}

External links

{{Gutenberg author|id=48415}}
{{PM20|FID=pe/039561}}
[http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/moro-insurgents-1906/ US soldiers pose with the bodies of Moro insurgents, Philippines, 1906]
[http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/1918-Leonard_Wood_article#.XsKzX2hKizk General Leonard Wood in Vanity Fair magazine (1918)]