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Morula (gastropod)

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Morula striata 001.jpg

|image_caption = A dorsal view of a shell of Morula striata

|taxon = Morula

|authority = Schumacher, 1817

|type_species= Morula papillosa Schumacher, 1817

|synonyms_ref =

|synonyms =

  • Drupa (Morula) Schumacher, 1817
  • Habromorula Houart, 1995 (original rank)
  • Morula (Habromorula) Houart, 1995· accepted, alternate representation
  • Morula (Morula) Schumacher, 1817· accepted, alternate representation
  • Pentadactylus (Morula) Schumacher, 1817

|display_parents= 3

}}

Morula is a genus of small, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfalily Ergalataxinae of the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.{{WRMS species|204124|Morula Schumacher, 1817||25 April 2010}}

Species

Species within the genus Morula include:

  • Morula aglaos (Houart, 1995){{WRMS species|408238|Morula aglaos (Houart, 1995)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula albanigra (Houart, 2002){{WRMS species|387785|Morula albanigra Houart, 2002||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula ambrosia (Houart, 1995){{WRMS species|408544|Morula ambrosia (Houart, 1995)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula angulata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1894){{WRMS species|408219|Morula angulata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1894)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula aspera (Lamarck, 1816){{WRMS species|408220|Morula aspera (Lamarck, 1816)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula bicatenata (Reeve, 1846){{WRMS species|408239|Morula bicatenata (Reeve, 1846)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula biconica (Blainville, 1832){{WRMS species|208549|Morula biconica (Blainville, 1832)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula cernohorskyi (Houart & Tröndle, 1997){{WRMS species|408221|Morula cernohorskyi Houart & Tröndle, 1997||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula chrysostoma {{Small|(Deshayes, 1844)}}{{WRMS species|817322|Morula chrysostoma (Deshayes, 1844)||20 November 2020}}
  • Morula coronata (H. Adams, 1869){{WRMS species|408240|Morula coronata (H. Adams, 1869)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula dichrous (Tapparone-Canefri, 1880){{WRMS species|408241|Morula dichrous (Tapparone-Canefri, 1880)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula echinata (Reeve, 1846){{WRMS species|208560|Morula echinata (Reeve, 1846)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula euryspira {{Small|(Houart, 1995)}}{{WRMS species|408242|Morula euryspira Houart, 1995||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula fuscoimbricata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1915){{WRMS species|408243|Morula fuscoimbricata (Sowerby, 1915)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula iostoma (Reeve, 1846)
  • Morula japonica (G.B. Sowerby III, 1903){{WRMS species|408244|Morula japonica (Sowerby, 1903)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula lepida (Houart, 1995){{WRMS species|408245|Morula lepida (Houart, 1995)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula nodicostata (Pease, 1868){{WRMS species|408226|Morula nodicostata (Pease, 1868)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula oparensis (Melvill, 1912)
  • Morula peasei {{Small|(Houart, 2002)}}{{WRMS species|387786|Morula peasei Houart, 2002||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula porphyrostoma (Reeve, 1846){{WRMS species|408246|Morula porphyrostoma (Reeve, 1846)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula praecipua (Rehder, 1980){{WRMS species|408229|Morula praecipua Rehder, 1980||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula rodgersi (Houart, 2000){{WRMS species|408231|Morula rodgersi Houart, 2000||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula spinosa (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853){{WRMS species|408247|Morula spinosa (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula striata (Pease, 1868){{WRMS species|408248|Morula striata (Pease, 1868)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula uva {{Small|(Röding, 1798)}}{{WRMS species|208561|Morula uva (Röding, 1798)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula variabilis {{Small|(Pease, 1868)}}{{WRMS species|408233|Morula variabilis (Pease, 1868)||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula whiteheadae (Houart, 2004){{WRMS species|388807|Morula whiteheadae Houart, 2004||25 April 2010}}
  • Morula zebrina {{Small|(Houart, 2004)}}{{WRMS species|408234|Morula zebrina Houart, 2004||25 April 2010}}

;Species brought into synonymy

  • Morula (Azumamorula) mutica (Lamarck, 1816):{{WRMS species|217139|Morula mutica (Lamarck, 1816)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Azumamorula mutica (Lamarck, 1816)
  • Morula anaxares (Kiener, 1835):{{WRMS species|208552|Morula anaxares (Kiener, 1835)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Muricodrupa anaxares (Kiener, 1836)
  • Morula cancellata Quoy & Gaimard:{{WRMS species|208559|Morula cancellata Quoy & Gaimard||25 April 2010}} synonym of Muricodrupa fenestrata (Blainville, 1832)
  • Morula concatenata (Lamarck, 1822):{{WRMS species|208554|Morula concatenata (Lamarck, 1822)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Drupella rugosa (Born, 1778)
  • Morula consanguinea (Smith, 1890):{{WRMS species|408222|Morula consanguinea (Smith, 1890)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Claremontiella consanguinea (E. A. Smith, 1890)
  • Morula elata Blainville:{{WRMS species|208551|Morula elata Blainville||25 April 2010}} synonym of Drupella cornus (Röding, 1798)
  • Morula fenestrata Blainville, 1832:{{WRMS species|208558|Morula fenestrata Blainville||25 April 2010}} synonym of Muricodrupa fenestrata (Blainville, 1832)
  • Morula funiculata (Reeve, 1846):{{WRMS species|408223|Morula funiculata (Reeve, 1846)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Oppomorus funiculatus (Reeve, 1846)
  • Morula granulata (Duclos, 1832):{{WRMS species|208557|Morula granulata (Duclos, 1832)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Tenguella granulata (Duclos, 1832)
  • Morula margariticola (Broderip):{{WRMS species|208545|Morula margariticola (Broderip)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Ergalatax margariticola (Broderip, in Broderip & Sowerby, 1833)
  • Morula marginalba (Blainville, 1832):{{WRMS species|408224|Morula marginalba (Blainville, 1832)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Tenguella marginalba (Blainville, 1832)
  • Morula marginatra Blainville, 1832:{{WRMS species|208550|Morula marginatra Blainville||25 April 2010}} synonym of Semiricinula marginatra (Blainville, 1832)
  • Morula musiva (Kiener, 1835):{{WRMS species|408225|Morula musiva (Kiener, 1835)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Tenguella musiva (Kiener, 1835)
  • Morula nodulifera: synonym of Oppomorus noduliferus (Menke, 1829)
  • Morula nodulosa (C.B. Adams, 1845):{{WRMS species|224929|Morula nodulosa (C.B. Adams, 1845)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Claremontiella nodulosa (C. B. Adams, 1845)
  • Morula ocellata:{{WRMS species|208547|Morula ocellata ||25 April 2010}} synonym of Ergalatax contracta (Reeve, 1846)
  • Morula oparense (Melvill, 1912):{{WRMS species|408227|Morula oparense (Melvill, 1912)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Morula oparensis (Melvill, 1912)
  • Morula palmeri Powell, 1967: synonym of Pascula palmeri (Powell, 1967) (original combination)
  • Morula parva (Reeve, 1846):{{WRMS species|408228|Morula parva (Reeve, 1846)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Lauta parva (Reeve, 1846)
  • Morula purpureocincta (Preston, 1909):{{WRMS species|408230|Morula purpureocincta (Preston, 1909)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Oppomorus purpureocinctus (Preston, 1909)
  • Morula rosea (Reeve, 1846):{{WRMS species|208546|Morula rosea (Reeve, 1846)||25 April 2010}} synonym of Muricopsis (Risomurex) roseus (Reeve, 1846)
  • Morula rumphiusi Houart, 1996:{{WRMS species|408232|Morula rumphiusi Houart, 1996||25 April 2010}} synonym of Murichorda rumphiusi (Houart, 1996)
  • Morula squamiliratum Smith:{{WRMS species|208553|Morula sguamiliratum Smith||25 April 2010}} synonym of Orania serotina (A. Adams, 1853)
  • Morula squamosa Pease:{{WRMS species|208548|Morula squamosa Pease||25 April 2010}} synonym of Semiricinula squamosa (Pease, 1868)
  • Morula tuberculata Blainville:{{WRMS species|208556|Morula tuberculata Blainville||25 April 2010}} synonym of Morula (Morula) granulata (Duclos, 1832)

Taxonomy

In 2002, Roland Houart described two new species and revised eight others, for a total 23 species of Morula {{lang|la|sensu stricto}}.{{Cite journal|last=Houart|first=Roland|date=2002|title=Comments on a group of small Morula s.s. species (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Rapaninae) from the Indo-West Pacific with the description of two new species |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42257315#page/211/ |journal=Novapex |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=97–118 }}

He had previously (1994–1995) described Habromorula as a separate genus, containing 14 species that were earlier classified with Spinidrupa sensu lato.{{cite journal |last1=Houart |first1=Roland |title=Some notes on the genus Spinidrupa Habe and Kosuge, 1966 (Muricidae: Ergalataxinae), with the description of Habromorula gen. nov. (Muricidae: Rapaninae) and four new species from the Indo-West Pacific. |journal=Iberus |date=1994 |volume=12 |pages=21–31}} BHL: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/41126#/summary info] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32628602#page/115 digitised copy of printed article] In 2004, he placed Azumamorula, Oppomorus, and Habromorula into Morula as subgenera, and moved the whole group from subfamily Rapaninae to Ergalataxinae.{{cite journal |last1=Houart |first1=Roland |title=Review of the Recent species of Morula (Oppomorus), M. (Azumamorula) and M. (Habromorula) (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Ergalataxinae) |journal=Novapex |date=2004-11-10 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=91–130 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42323468#page/261/}}

= Molecular genetics =

In 2012–2013, Claremont et al. published a study of sequences for four genes across numerous species of Morula and related molluscs.{{Cite journal|last=Claremont|first=Martine|last2=Houart|first2=Roland|last3=Williams|first3=Suzanne T.|last4=Reid|first4=David G.|date=2013-02-01|title=A molecular phylogenetic framework for the Ergalataxinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|language=en|volume=79|issue=1|pages=19–29|doi=10.1093/mollus/eys028|issn=0260-1230|doi-access=free}} They found a clade of 11 species, and proposed a restricted definition of Morula to include: M. aspera, M. benedicta, M. (Habromorula) biconica, M. chrysostoma, M. (H.) coronata, M. (H.) japonica, M. nodicostata, M. (H.) spinosa, M. (H.) striata, M. uva (type species), and M. zebrina.

Habromorula did not form a clade in this analysis, however the authors noted that "monophyly of this morphologically distinctive group is not strongly contradicted, so that further sampling and analysis could yet support Habromorula as a monophyletic subgenus of Morula".

Subgenus Morula (Oppomorus) formed a separate clade; the authors proposed returning Oppomorus to genus level, containing O. nodulifera, O. funiculata and O. purpureocincta.

M. ceylonica, M. granulata, M. marginalba, M. musiva, and an undescribed species formed a distinct clade related to Muricodrupa. The authors proposed resurrecting the genus name Tenguella, for which T. granulata is the type species. They note that these species "have not previously been recognized as a morphologically distinctive group".

"Morula" anaxares was weakly related to Muricodrupa fenestrata, and "Morula" nodulosa was sister to the Tenguella–Muricodrupa group. "Morula" parva and "Morula" echinata placed in a third major clade, separate from the two that contain Tenguella and the main Morula group, respectively.

In response to the gene-sequence phylogeny, Houart, Zuccon and Puillandre formally described new genera in 2019: Claremontiella, Murichorda, and Lauta.{{Cite journal|last=Houart|first=Roland|last2=Zuccon|first2=Dario|last3=Puillandre|first3=Nicolas|date=2019-04-09|title=Description of new genera and new species of Ergalataxinae (Gastropoda: Muricidae)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332301456}} C. nodulosa, C. consanguinea, Mur. rumphiusi, and L. parva were previously in Morula. They also moved Morula anaxares to Muricodrupa anaxares, and reassigned M. palmeri to Pascula, the latter on basis of morphology rather than gene sequence.

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Morula}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6915019}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Ergalataxinae-stub}}