Mother Solomon

{{infobox person

| name = Mother Solomon

| image = Mother Solomon circa 1880.jpg

| alt = Mother Solomon with short hair worn back wearing a buttoned top and a collaret.

| caption = Solomon {{circa|1880}}

| birth_name = Margaret Grey Eyes

| birth_date = {{birth date text|November 1816}}

| birth_place = Owl Creek, Ohio, U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|1890|08|18|1816|11}}

| death_place = Wyandot County, Ohio, U.S.

| resting_place = Wyandot Mission Church, Upper Sandusky, Ohio, U.S.

| occupation = Nanny

| spouse = {{plainlist|

{{marriage|David Young|1833|1851|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
{{marriage|John Solomon|1860|1876|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}

}}

| children = 8

| signature = Mother Solomon signature.png

| signature_alt = "Margaret, S." printed in cursive.

}}

Margaret Grey Eyes Solomon (November 1816 – August 18, 1890), better known as Mother Solomon, was a Wyandot nanny and cultural activist. Solomon was born along Owl Creek in Marion County, Ohio, to a Wyandot chief father. In 1822, her family moved to the Big Spring Reservation in Wyandot County, where elders relayed oral tradition to her. She learned housekeeping and English at a mission school and began attending the Wyandot Mission Church. Solomon married a Wyandot man in 1833 and had several children with him, some of whom died before 1843. That year, the Indian Removal Act forced the Wyandots to move to Kansas. Illness and poor living conditions were initially widespread in the new community. Solomon had more children in Kansas, though by 1860, her husband and remaining children had died.

Solomon became homesick after marrying the Wyandot sheriff John Solomon in 1860. Alongside her nephew, the Solomons relocated to around Upper Sandusky, Ohio, in 1865. When John died in 1876, she began babysitting children, and her village nicknamed her "Mother Solomon". Solomon promoted Wyandot culture and advocated for the restoration of the run-down mission church. During its rededication in 1889, she sang a Wyandot translation of the hymn "Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing" and impressed many attendees with her stage presence. Solomon died in 1890. She was a popular local figure, and her death was widely reported in newspapers. The Wyandot County Museum has since displayed her belongings.

Early life and education

Margaret Grey Eyes Solomon was born in November 1816 along Owl Creek in Marion County, Ohio.{{cite news |last=Moran |first=Joyce |date=June 14, 1987 |title=Indian Chief Visits Home of Forebears |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-marion-star-chief-bearskin/20338634/ |work=The Marion Star |page=22 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=38}}{{efn|Variations on her surname include "Greyeyes" and "Grey-Eyes",{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=53}} sometimes with the spelling "Gray". The Marion Star, The Cincinnati Enquirer, and Ronald I. Marvin Jr. cite November 26, 27 and 29, respectively, as her birthdate.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=38}} The Cincinnati Enquirer cites Wayne County as her birthplace.}} She was the eldest of four full siblings and two half-siblings.{{cite news |date=September 29, 1889 |title=Mother Solomon. Last of the Wyandot Indian Tribe in This State |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer-mother-solomon/144959222/ |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |page=19 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=53—54}} Her father was the Wyandot chief John "Squire" Grey Eyes,{{efn|Kathryn Magee Labelle cites "Lewis" as his given name.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=53}}}} and her mother was a Wyandot woman named Eliza.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=38}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=53}} Solomon's given name was of Christian origin.{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Lucy |date=June 14, 1987 |title=Wyandott Mission Retains Sacred Air |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-marion-star-wyandott-mission-retains/148015650/ |work=The Marion Star |page=22 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Squire sought to teach Indigenous knowledge to Solomon, and he encouraged family visits to culturally significant sites.{{sfn|Little|2023|p=118}}{{sfn|Kelly|2024|p=57}} For example, when Solomon was four, Squire brought her to the Olentangy Indian Caverns. She learned that generations of Wyandots held meetings or hid from enemies in the caves and understood the importance of visiting the site.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=55}} Solomon and her family worked as hunters and traders along village footpaths. In 1822, they moved into a small cabin on the Big Spring Reservation, located north of Carey in Wyandot County.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=55}} Solomon recited traditional Wyandot language teachings to her dolls at home, and Wyandot elders relayed oral tradition to her. For example, her uncle, Chief Warpole, taught her the origin of their family name: her part-British paternal grandfather was adopted into the Wyandots and was named "Grey Eyes Man". Another time, Solomon gathered with other children to hear Warpole describe the origins of the Wyandots in Canada and their relocations to Michilimackinac, Detroit, and Upper Sandusky. He emphasized to his audience the importance of maintaining Wyandot culture.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=53, 62–63}}

File:Wyandot Mission Church 1846.png illustrated in 1846|alt=A drawing of a brick, gable roof church with a graveyard to the right and surrounding fencing and trees.]]

Methodist missionaries were prominent in the reserve and converted many Wyandots; Squire was among a group of chiefs that requested the Methodist Episcopal Church to build a mission school in Upper Sandusky.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=55–56}} Upon its opening in 1821, Solomon was one of the first students to be enrolled.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=57}} Students boarded at the school, and her siblings later attended with her.{{sfn|Little|2023|p=118}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=57}} She and the other schoolgirls were taught to weave, sew, knit, cook, and housekeep.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=57}} The missionary Harriet Stubbs taught Solomon hymns,{{cite news |last=Stevenson |first=R. T. |date=January 12, 1916 |title=Centennial of the Wyandot Mission: 1816-1916 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jan-12-1916-4586898/ |work=Western Christian Advocate |page=6 |via=NewspaperArchive}} and at age 13, she was improving her English spelling and reading.{{sfn|Little|2023|pp=119–120}} As a child, Solomon also attended the nearby Wyandot Mission Church.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}}

Two of Solomon's siblings married Wyandots from the Detroit River area, and her family kept close relationships with the community there. Solomon married David Young, a Wyandot man who had adopted a Christian name after becoming a Methodist preacher. Their wedding occurred in the mission church on February 4, 1833.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=53–54}} Solomon and Young had at least three children in Ohio.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=64}}{{sfn|Kelly|2024|p=111}}

Wyandot removal to Kansas

President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, a major law in his project of Indian removal, passed in 1830 and required Indigenous communities to move west of the Mississippi River.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=51}} Commissioners sent by the federal government to negotiate treaties began pressuring the Wyandots to leave, and many nearby Lenapes and Shawnees moved west. However, Wyandot scouting parties out west in 1831 and 1834 rejected the land tracts proposed by the government.{{sfn|Littlefield Jr.|Parins|2011|pp=273–274}} Squire was against removing and only conceded when a Wyandot council voted two-thirds in favor. The Wyandots secured {{convert|25,000|acre|ha}} within Kansas City, Kansas, then reluctantly signed a removal treaty in March 1842.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=58}}

On July 12, 1843, Solomon gathered alongside hundreds at the Wyandot Mission Church. They grieved, spread flowers across the adjacent cemetery, and heard Squire give a farewell speech.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=52, 59}} Mrs. Parker, a white friend, cried and hugged Solomon before she left.{{sfn|Kelly|2024|p=113}} At least one daughter travelled with Solomon and Young, though at least two of their children had died and were buried in the mission church cemetery. Solomon felt distraught leaving them behind.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=64}}{{sfn|Kelly|2024|pp=87, 111}}

{{Location map many |Midwest USA

| width = 300

| caption = The movement of the Wyandots during their removal.

| alt = A map of the Midwestern United States highlighting four cities along the route of the Wyandot removal to Kansas.

| label1 = Upper Sandusky

| lat1_deg = 40.831111

| lon1_deg = -83.2625

| mark1size = 12

| position1 = top

| label2 = Cincinnati

| lat2_deg = 39.1

| lon2_deg = -84.5125

| mark2size = 12

| position2 = bottom

| label3 = St. Louis

| lat3_deg = 38.627222

| lon3_deg = -90.197778

| mark3size = 12

| position3 = top

| label4 = Kansas City, Kansas

| lat4_deg = 39.106667

| lon4_deg = -94.676389

| mark4size = 12

| position4 = bottom

}}

Around 664 Wyandots arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, after a week of travel by wagon, horse, and foot. Whiskey traders gathered and threatened them before they boarded two steamships to St. Louis, Missouri. They boarded two more steamships to Kansas City, but upon arrival, the federal government failed to provide the land described in the treaty. The Wyandots were forced to camp in flooded lowlands along the Kansas River, where eye inflammation, measles, and severe diarrhea were widespread and 100 of them died. In December, the Wyandots secured 25,000 acres of land from neighbouring Lenapes.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=59–61}}{{sfn|Littlefield Jr.|Parins|2011|pp=274–275}}

In Kansas, Young began work as a ferryman while Solomon recuperated from the removal with her family.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=61}} The two settled in a small house built around December 1843, then ordered saplings and seeds from a nursery in Ohio. They began an apple tree orchard and a garden of corn, beans, and potatoes. Although the soil had not been plowed and the first summer was extremely hot, they continued to cultivate the garden.{{sfn|Kelly|2024|pp=130, 284}}

Solomon had more children in Kansas.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=61}} She is known to have had three boys and five girls throughout her life, though all of them died young. Her two-year-old son died in 1848, and another son died of remittent fever a year later. She only had three living children by 1851. That year, Young died of tuberculosis, and in 1852, a daughter died of cholera. By the end of the decade, Solomon had buried her entire family in the Huron Indian Cemetery, which had replaced the mission school and church as a Wyandot fixture.{{sfn|Kelly|2024|p=111}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=61}}

A gray horse, bay horse, and brown mare, worth $195 combined,{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|195|1870|r=-2|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}{{cite web |title=Consumer Price Index, 1800- |url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800- |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis}}}} were stolen from Solomon in September 1848, which she attributed to emigrants traveling the Oregon Trail. That fall, further thefts occurred involving 30 of her pigs, worth $90 in total.{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|90|1870|r=-2|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}}} Possessions totaling $580,{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|580|1870|r=-3|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}}} including oxen and horses, were stolen from her between 1855 and 1859. In one case, a housekeeper named James Cook reportedly fled after stealing $225 worth of gold coins from a trunk owned by her brother.{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|225|1870|r=-2|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}}} Solomon submitted an affidavit about the thefts to an Indian agent in 1861 in order to be compensated. Her friend Catherine Johnson corroborated each theft and stated that all were committed by white men. Federal commissioners approved some of her claims, worth $295,{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|295|1870|r=-2|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}}} for compensation.{{sfn|United States Government Printing Office|1870|pp=1–2, 12–13}}

Return to Ohio

File:John Solomon circa 1870.png

Margaret married the Wyandot sheriff John Solomon in 1860,{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=54, 64}}{{efn|The Cincinnati Enquirer and Ronald I. Marvin Jr. cite 1858 as the year of marriage.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}}}} and afterwards, was struck by homesickness.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=62}} She convinced John and her nephew, Jimmy Guyami, to return to Ohio with her.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}} The {{convert|2|acre|ha|adj=on|spell=in|1}} land tract she owned with John was put up for auction in October 1862.{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Luther H. |date=May 25, 1862 |title=Sheriff's Sale |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/olathe-news-sheriffs-sale/146396698/ |work=The Olathe News |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}} The three returned to Ohio in 1865 and settled in a small cabin she had previously lived in, located north of Upper Sandusky along the Sandusky River.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=65}} According to the historian Kathryn Magee Labelle, "there was little left of the old reservation." The community council house had burned down in 1851, and the roof and walls of the mission church had begun to collapse, although several grave sites and houses remained.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=62–63}}

John worked as a tailor until his death on December 14, 1876.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}} Now 60 and widowed a second time, Solomon began babysitting children in her settler village, and she often helped struggling families.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=54, 62}} She worked tirelessly every day in her childcare, and the village nicknamed her "Mother Solomon" out of respect. Solomon promoted Wyandot culture throughout the village and demonstrated the Wyandot language in community gatherings and public presentations. She taught the nonindigenous children about the relationships between their ancestors and Wyandots by repeating stories her elders had told.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=52, 62–63}} The Hocking Sentinel, a local newspaper in Logan, Ohio, described her storytelling as "full of interest and romance". A writer for the newspaper stated that they visited Solomon often and that she spoke for hours about early Wyandot history and her childhood.{{cite news |date=September 4, 1890 |title=The Last of the Wyandottes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hocking-sentinel-the-last-of-the-wya/146586730/ |work=The Hocking Sentinel |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}} In 1881, Solomon briefly visited her relatives in Kansas, who had sent many invitations. She gave away paintings of the Wyandot chiefs Mononcue and Between-the-Logs in 1883 and allowed them to be reproduced.{{sfn|Schlup|1906|pp=169, 177}}

File:Mother Solomon 1887.jpg

Solomon advocated for the village to restore the run-down mission church as a means to preserve Wyandot presence in Ohio. In 1888, with a $2,000 budget,{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|2000|1888|r=-2|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}}} the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church began repairs.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=63}} On September 21, 1889, the Central Ohio Conference held a rededication ceremony attended by an estimated 3,000 people.{{cite news |last=Henley |first=J. W. |date=September 25, 1889 |title=Rev. J. W. Henley Describes the City and the M. E. Conference Recently Held There |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-urbana-daily-citizen-rev-j-w-henl/146652027/ |work=Urbana Daily Citizen |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{cite news |date=June 11, 1897 |title=Famous Old Church |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/bryan-college-station-eagle-famous-old-c/146671478/ |work=Bryan-College Station Eagle |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}} General William H. Gibson was among the ministers who gave speeches,{{sfn|King|1901|p=203}} and Elnathan C. Gavitt, the only former missionary in attendance, spoke fondly about his time there.{{cite news |last=B. |first=T. N. |date=October 2, 1889 |title=Re-dedication of the Wyandot Mission Church |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-oct-02-1889-4452912/ |work=Western Christian Advocate |page=4 |via=NewspaperArchive}}

Solomon, now 72, was the only Wyandot removed in 1843 to attend.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=63}}{{sfn|King|1901|p=203}} She sang a Wyandot translation of "Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing", a hymn she had learned at the church.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=64}} The Urbana Daily Citizen{{'s}} J. W. Henley called her an "object of great interest". The Western Christian Advocate agreed and described her as "strong and well preserved". Many attendees found beauty in her native language,{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=64}} and The Bryan-College Station Eagle thought she sang in a "sweet, clear voice". After her song, participants in the service passed hats around and raised $25 for her to buy winter clothes.{{cite news |last=Omateru |first=Kweh |date=August 2019 |title=History in the Making |url=https://wyandotte-nation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/WyandotteNationAugust2019-web.pdf |newspaper=The Turtle Speaks |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=2–3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329095855/https://wyandotte-nation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/WyandotteNationAugust2019-web.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2025}}{{efn|Equivalent to ${{inflation|US|25|1889|r=-3|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US}}}} As the participants circulated and shook hands, the Western Christian Advocate concluded: "Mother Solomon, and many others, became very happy, and rejoiced, and shouted the praises of God."

Death and legacy

After becoming weaker, Solomon agreed to move into the home of the local millowners Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Hayman in July 1890.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}} That year, she signed a document objecting to the removal of remains in the Huron Indian Cemetery.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=90–91}} She died on August 18, 1890, and her funeral was held at the Wyandot Mission Church two days later.{{sfn|Marvin Jr.|2015|p=39}}{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=65}} Despite a downpour that morning, a large crowd gathered with people from across Wyandot County.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=65}}{{cite news |date=August 20, 1890 |title=Last of the Wyandots |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-20-1890-4457182/ |work=Cincinnati Commercial Gazette |page=2 |via=NewspaperArchive}} Solomon's death was widely reported in local newspapers, which emphasized her father's role as chief, her removal to Kansas and return to Ohio, and her work as a nanny. Labelle refers to the coverage as a "momentary acknowledgement of [Wyandot] resilience in Ohio", but also notes that many stories falsely called Solomon "the last of the Wyandots", which reflected the misconception and romanticization of Native Americans as a vanishing people.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=65}}

Solomon was a popular local figure. According to the archivist Thelma R. Marsh, she was "almost a legend" when she died.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=53}}{{cite news |date=February 17, 1985 |title=Wyandotte Indian Tribe Gets Paid for ¼ of Ohio |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/dayton-daily-news-wyandotte-indian-tribe/146839857/ |work=Dayton Daily News |page=13 |via=Newspapers.com}} Many adults attested to being raised by Solomon, and some deemed it an honor. Labelle believes that her attainment of the honorific "Mother", rather than the lesser "Sister" or "Auntie", indicates success in her work. She describes Solomon as part of a 19th-century wave of Midwestern mothers who helped reconcile settler and Indigenous cultures through community service and caregiving.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=52, 62}}

Studies about Solomon are limited, though an exception is Marsh's 1984 children's book Daughter of Grey Eyes: The Story of Mother Solomon. It spans 60 pages and draws from archival material, journal articles, and family interviews.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|p=53}} On the morning of August 12, 1990, Marsh led a service at the mission church commemorating the centennial of Solomon's funeral.{{cite news |date=August 11, 1990 |title=Mother Solomon Funeral to Be Remembered Sunday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/telegraph-forum-mother-solomon-funeral-t/146850075/ |work=Telegraph-Forum |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}} In October 2016, the church held an event celebrating the bicentennial of missionaries in Ohio, and Solomon's life was recounted during a tour of the cemetery attended by 192 people.{{sfn|Labelle|2021|pp=66–67}}

In February 1931, the Wyandot County Museum displayed a century-old chair built by Solomon that featured a woven shagbark hickory seat and no nails.{{cite news |date=February 12, 1931 |title=Indian Chair 100-Years Old |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-feb-12-1931-4457652/ |work=East Liverpool Review |page=8 |via=NewspaperArchive}} They dedicated a glass case to her in May 1971 with her glasses, smoking pipe, beaded purse, candle molds, woven basket, and portrait.{{cite news |last=Mathern |first=Jeanette |date=May 19, 1971 |title=Museum Inspires Recollections of Yesterday |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-may-19-1971-4457682/ |work=Carey Progressor |page=1 |via=NewspaperArchive}} In addition, the McCutchen Overland Inn Museum displayed her saddle in the Anderson General Store in May 2021.{{cite news |last=Wolf |first=Jeannie Wiley |date=July 13, 2021 |title=Overland Inn Museum Reopens Century-Old General Store |url=https://thecourier.com/news/330547/overland-inn-museum-reopens-century-old-general-store/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508171538/https://thecourier.com/news/330547/overland-inn-museum-reopens-century-old-general-store/ |archive-date=May 8, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2024 |work=The Courier}}

Notes

References

= Bibliography =

{{cite thesis |last=Kelly |first=Mckelvey |year=2024 |title=Landscapes of Love: Waⁿdat Women and the Politics of Removal, 1795–1910 |url=https://harvest.usask.ca/items/fa38b1ef-5421-4505-b1f9-a2580dbe8bb0 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Saskatchewan}}
{{cite journal |last=King |first=I. F. |date=October 1901 |title=Introduction of Methodism in Ohio |url=https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?vol=10&pages=165-219 |url-status=live |journal=Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505205723/https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?vol=10&pages=165-219 |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |access-date=May 5, 2024}}
{{cite book |last=Labelle |first=Kathryn Magee |year=2021 |title=Daughters of Aataentsic: Life Stories from Seven Generations |publisher=McGill–Queen's University Press |doi=10.1515/9780228006886 |isbn=978-0-228-00688-6}}
{{cite thesis |last=Little |first=Tarisa Dawn |year=2023 |title='To Those Who Say We Are Assimilated, I Say Hogwash!': A History of the Wyandot of Anderdon Day School Experience, 1790 to 1915 |url=https://harvest.usask.ca/items/060c189e-d3e2-4954-ae43-d7872df367a4 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Saskatchewan}}
{{cite book |editor-last=Littlefield Jr. |editor-first=Daniel F. |editor-last2=Parins |editor-first2=James W. |year=2011 |title=Encyclopedia of American Indian Removal |volume=1 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-36042-8}}
{{cite book |last=Marvin Jr. |first=Ronald I. |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJhoCgAAQBAJ |title=A Brief History of Wyandot County, Ohio |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-62585-535-0}}
{{cite journal |last=Schlup |first=Emil |date=April 1906 |title=The Wyandot Mission |url=https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?vol=15&pages=163-181 |url-status=live |journal=Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications |volume=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504220220/https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?vol=66&pages=119-136 |archive-date=May 4, 2024 |access-date=May 4, 2024}}
{{cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA25 |title=Report of the Commissioners Appointed in Accordance with the Senate Amendment of the 13th Article of the Treaty of 23d of February, 1867, Embracing the Claims of the Wyandott Indians |date=1870 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |volume=2 |work=Index to the Senate Executive Documents for the Second Session of the Forty-First Congress of the United States of America. 1869–'70.|ref={{SfnRef|United States Government Printing Office|1870}}}}