Mount Cameroon

{{Short description|Active volcano in Cameroon near the Gulf of Guinea}}

{{Infobox mountain

| name = Mount Cameroon

| native_name ={{native name|dua|Mongo ma Ndemi}}

| photo = Mount Cameroon view from Buea (Soppo).jpg

| photo_caption = Mount Cameroon from Buea

| elevation_m = 4040

| elevation_ref = A higher elevation of {{convert|4095|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} is often given, but this is not compatible with SRTM data, which shows no 3" cells higher than {{convert|4027|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} or 1" cells higher than {{convert|4029|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.A hand-held GPS reading of {{convert|4045|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} was reported in 2015.[http://peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=507337] The elevation is subject to change due to volcanic activity.

| prominence_m = 3901

| prominence_ref = [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11099 "Mont Cameroun, Cameroon"] Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
Ranked 31st

| map = Cameroon

| map_caption = Cameroon

| map_size = 220

| label_position = right

| listing = Country high point
Ultra, Ribu

| location = Southwest Region, Cameroon

| coordinates = {{coord|4|13|00|N|9|10|21|E|type:mountain_region:CM_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| range_coordinates =

| coordinates_ref =

| topo =

| type = Stratovolcano

| age =

| last_eruption = February 2012

| first_ascent = Joseph Merrick, 1840sDeLancey and DeLancey 174. The authors do not give a precise year, but Merrick was active in Cameroon from 1844 to 1849.

| easiest_route = Scramble

}}

Mount Cameroon is an active volcano in the Southwest Region of Cameroon next to the city of Buea near the Gulf of Guinea. Mount Cameroon is also known as Cameroon Mountain or Fako (the name of the higher of its two peaks) or by its indigenous name Mongo ma Ndemi ("Mountain of Greatness"). Mount Cameroon is ranked 22nd by topographic isolation.

It is the highest point in sub-Saharan western and central Africa,[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90979/Mount-Cameroon "Mount Cameroon"], Encyclopedia Britannica the fourth-most prominent peak in Africa, and 31st-most prominent in the world.

The mountain is part of the area of volcanic activity known as the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which also includes Lake Nyos, the site of a disaster in 1986. The most recent eruption occurred on February 3, 2012.

Description

Mount Cameroon is one of Africa's largest volcanoes, rising to {{convert|4040|m|ft|0}} above the coast of west Cameroon.{{Cite journal|last1=Geiger|first1=Harri|last2=Barker|first2=Abigail K.|last3=Troll|first3=Valentin R.|date=2016-10-07|title=Locating the depth of magma supply for volcanic eruptions, insights from Mt. Cameroon|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=33629|doi=10.1038/srep33629|pmid=27713494 |pmc=5054387 |bibcode=2016NatSR...633629G |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}

Flora

The mountain's natural vegetation varies with elevation. The main plant communities on the mountain include:The Management Plan of the Mount Cameroon National Park and its Peripheral Zone, 2015 - 2019. The Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Republic of Cameroon.

Lowland rain forest predominates on the lower slopes, from sea level to {{convert|800|m|ft}} elevation. The lowland forests are part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion. They are composed of evergreen trees with a dense canopy {{convert|25|to|30|m|ft|-1}} high, with taller emergent trees rising above the canopy. Many trees have buttress roots. The forests are diverse and species-rich, with numerous lianas. Much of the lowland forest has been converted to agriculture and agroforestry, including oil palm plantations.
Lower montane forest, also known as submontane forest or cloud forest, grows between {{convert|800 and 1,600|m|ft}} elevation. The lower montane forests are composed of evergreen trees, which form a {{convert|20-25|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|round=5}} canopy that is either closed or discontinuous. There are scattered areas of meadow and scrubland, with grasses, herbs, tall herbaceous plants (including Acanthaceae), tree ferns, woody shrubs, and low trees. Frequent clouds and mists sustain profuse epiphytes, including mosses, ferns, and orchids. The lower montane forests are diverse and species-rich, with characteristic Afromontane plants and endemic species. Impatiens etindensis{{cite iucn |author=Cheek, M. |date=2014 |title=Impatiens etindensis |volume=2014 |page=e.T39501A2927828 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T39501A2927828.en |access-date=18 November 2021}} and I. grandisepala{{cite iucn |author=Cheek, M. |date=2014 |title=Impatiens grandisepala |volume=2014 |page=e.T39500A2927763 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T39500A2927763.en |access-date=18 November 2021}} are herbaceous epiphytes endemic to the montane forests of Mount Cameroon. The lower montane forests, together with the higher-elevation forests, scrub, and grasslands, are part of the Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests ecoregion.
Upper montane forest grows from {{convert|1,600-1,800|m|ft}} elevation. Trees up to {{convert|20|m|ft|round=5}} high form an open-canopied forest with numerous epiphytes. The upper montane forests are less species-rich than the lower-elevation forests, and fires are more frequent.
Montane scrub grows between {{convert|1,800|and|2,400|m|ft}} elevation. Low trees of {{convert|1 to 15|m|ft|sigfig=1}} form open-canopied forests, woodlands, and shrublands, with an understory of small shrubs, herbs, ferns, and climbers.
Montane grassland occurs between {{convert|2,000 and 3,000|m|ft}} elevation. The dominant vegetation is tussock grasses, with scattered fire-tolerant shrubs and low trees.
Sub-alpine grassland is found at the highest elevations, from {{convert|3,000|m|ft}} to over {{convert|4,000|m|ft}}. Frost-tolerant tussock grasses, dwarf trees and shrubs, and crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens predominate.

File:Tropical rain forest Mount Cameroon.jpg|A view of the tropical rain forest on the mountain

File:Mahogany mount Cameroon national park.jpg|Mahogany

File:Disamara tree mount Cameroon 2.jpg|Disamara tree

File:Arum Italicum mount Cameroon.jpg|Arum plant

File:Agaricus Mushroom mount Cameroon national park 2.jpg|Agaricus mushroom

File:Beautiful wild flower on Mt Cameroon.jpg|Wild flower

File:Stinkhorn mushroom mount cameroon national park.jpg|Stinkhorn mushroom

Fauna

Large mammals on the mountain include the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), with a population of over 100 individuals. Other herbivores include red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), and yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus sylvicultor). The mountain is home to several species of primates, including chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), red-capped mangabey (Cercocebos torquatus), putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona), red-eared monkey (Cercopithecus erythrotis), Preuss' guenon (Cercopithecus preussii), and crowned guenon (Cercopithecus pogonias).

Two species of birds are endemic to Mount Cameroon, Mount Cameroon spurfowl (Pternistis camerunensis) and Mount Cameroon speirops (Zosterops melanocephalus).

Mount Cameroon National Park

File:Entrance to the Mt Cameroon National park.jpg Mount Cameroon National Park (Parc National du Mont Cameroun) was created in 2009. It covers an area of {{cvt|581.23|km2}}.[https://www.protectedplanet.net/555547994 "Mont Cameroun". Protected Planet. Accessed 15 June 2020] The park includes the former Etinde Forest Reserve and most of the Bomboko Forest Reserve.Martin, Alex ed. (2012) Interactive Forest Atlas of Cameroon, Version 3.0. Overview Report. World Resources Institute. {{ISBN|978-1-56973-789-7}}. [http://pdf.wri.org/interactive_forest_atlas_of_cameroon_version_3_0.pdf] A portion of the Bomboko Forest Reserve remains outside the park, on the lower northern slopes of the mountain.

IUGS geological heritage site

In respect of it being 'one of the few volcanoes in the world located at the ocean-continent boundary in a passive tectonic margin', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included 'The Quaternary Cameroon Volcano' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'{{cite web |title=The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites |url=https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf |website=IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage |publisher=IUGS |access-date=13 November 2022}}

Access

The peak is frequently ascended by hikers. The annual Mount Cameroon Race of Hope scales the peak in around 4½ hours. Sarah Etonge has won the race seven times and is also a tour operator. English explorer Mary Kingsley, one of the first Europeans to scale the mountain, recounts her expedition in her 1897 memoir Travels in West Africa.

Gallery

File:Mount Fako left view.jpg|Mount Fako, left view

File:Top view at Mount Fako.jpg|Top view at Mount Fako

File:Mount fako (mount Cameroon).jpg|Mount Fako

File:Summit at mount Cameroon.jpg|Summit at mount Cameroon

File:Landscape of Mount Cameroon.jpg|Landscape of Mount Cameroon

File:Magnanimous Mt Cameroon, view from Ndongo, Buea.jpg|View of the mountain from the base

File:Fako Mountain lodge Hut 2.jpg|Accommodation facilities on Mount Fako

File:Mount Fako hut 2.jpg|Ditto

File:Hut 3 mount Cameroon.jpg|Ditto

File:Cameroon Mountain Race.webm|Cameroon Mountain Race

File:Athele au Mont Cameroun.jpg|Hikers climbing down

File:View of Mt Etinde.jpg|View of Mount Etinde

File:Mount Cameroon tropical rocks 2.jpg|Mount Cameroon tropical rocks

File:DOWN BEACH LIMBE CAMEROON.jpg|Limbe Beach

File:Burning Plum.jpg|Grilled plums

Notes

References

DeLancey, M. W. and M. D. DeLancey. (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
{{cite gvp

| vn = 224010

| title = Cameroon

| access-date = 2009-01-14 }}