topographic isolation
{{Short description|Minimum horizontal distance to a point of equal elevation}}
File:Topographic isolation and prominence.svg
A - Nearest higher neighbour]]
The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum horizontal distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point. It can be calculated for small hills and islands as well as for major mountain peaks and can even be calculated for submarine summits. Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, has an undefined isolation, since there are no higher points to reference.{{cite journal |last1=Kirmse |first1=Andrew |last2=de Ferranti |first2=Jonathan |title=Calculating the prominence and isolation of every mountain in the world |journal=Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment |date=December 2017 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=788–802 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309133317738163 |doi=10.1177/0309133317738163 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}
Because topographic isolation can be difficult to determine, a common approximation is the distance to a peak called the nearest higher neighbour (NHN).[https://www.peakbagger.com/help/glossary.aspx#nhn Nearest higher neighbour] in glossary on www.peakbagger.com
Isolation table
The following sortable table lists Earth's 40 most topographically isolated summits.
class="wikitable sortable"
|+The 40 most topographically isolated summits on Earth !Rank !Isolation !Nearest higher neighbour |
align=center|1
|{{NEP}} {{epi|8848|8848|n/a}} |n/a |
align=center|2
|{{ARG}} (Mendoza) {{epi|6962|6962|16519.92}} |Tirich Mir (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) |
align=center|3
|{{USA}} (Alaska) {{epi|6193.54|6149|7450.24}} |
align=center|4
|{{TZA}} {{epi|5895|5885|5509.70}} |Kuh-e Shashgal (Afghanistan) |
align=center|5
|{{IDN}} (Central Papua) {{epi|4884|4884|5261.65}} |Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (Yunnan, China) |
align=center|6
|{{ATA}} {{epi|4892|4892|4860.83}} |Risco Plateado (Mendoza, Argentina) |
align=center|7
|{{PYF}} {{epi|2241|2241|4128.07}} |Mount Ngauruhoe (New Zealand) |
align=center|8
|{{USA}} (Hawai'i) {{epi|4205.02|4205.02|3946.92}} |Mount Shasta (California, US) |
align=center|9
|{{GRL}} {{epi|3694|3694|3254.12}} |The Eiger (Canton of Bern, Switzerland) |
align=center|10
|{{NZL}} {{epi|3754|3754|3139.82}} |Mount Adam (Victoria Land, Antarctica) |
align=center|11
|{{LSO}} {{epi|3482|2390|3003.28}} |
align=center|12
|{{CHL}} {{epi|506|506|2836.17}} |
align=center|13
|{{FRA}} {{epi|4809|4696|2812.64}} |{{ill|Kukurtlu Dome|ru|Кукуртли-Колбаши}} (Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia) |
align=center|14
|{{FRA}} {{epi|3071|3071|2767.30}} |Giant's Castle (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) |
align=center|15
|{{RUS}} (Kamchatka) {{epi|4750|4649|2748.28}} |Mount Foraker (Alaska, US) |
align=center|16
|{{MEX}} (Puebla) {{epi|5636|4922|2690.27}} |Pico Cristóbal Colón (Magdalena Department, Colombia) |
align=center|17
|{{SHN}} {{epi|2060|2060|2665.34}} |Mount Paget (South Georgia Island, UK) |
align=center|18
|{{USA}} (California) {{epi|4421|3072.38|2649.47}} |Nevado de Toluca (State of Mexico, Mexico) |
align=center|19
|{{MYS}} (Sabah) {{epi|4095|4095|2538.23}} |Ngga Pilimsit (Papua, Indonesia) |
align=center|20
|{{RUS}} (Kabardino-Balkaria) {{epi|5642|4741|2472.69}} |Pik Agasis (Tajikistan) |
align=center|21
|{{BRA}} (Espírito Santo) {{epi|2897|2647|2392.74}} |{{ill|Cerro Naranjos|es}} (Bolivia) |
align=center|22
|{{CMR}} {{epi|4040|3901|2337.92}} |Mikeno (Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
align=center|23
|{{SGS}} {{epi|2915|2915|2269.12}} |Welch Mountains (Palmer Land, Antarctica) |
align=center|24
|{{WSM}} {{epi|1858|1858|2245.43}} |Tabwemasana (Vanuatu) |
align=center|25
|{{PER}} {{epi|6746|2776|2196.26}} |Tres Cruces (Chile/Argentina border) |
align=center|26
|{{IND}} (Kerala) {{epi|2695|2480|2115.33}} |Machapuchare (Nepal) |
align=center|27
|{{MAR}} {{epi|4167|3755|2078.45}} |Picco Luigi Amedeo (Italy) |
align=center|28
|{{JPN}} (Chūbu) {{epi|3776|3776|2077.04}} |Xueshan (Taiwan) |
align=center|29
|{{TCD}} {{epi|3445|2934|2000.77}} |Mount Cameroon (Cameroon) |
align=center|30
|{{AUS}} (Heard and McDonald Islands) {{epi|2745|2745|1921.63}} |Mount McMaster (Enderby Land, Antarctica) |
align=center|31
|{{USA}} (North Carolina) {{epi|2037.31|1856.54|1913.48}} |Lone Butte (Colorado, US) |
align=center|32
|{{IDN}} (West Sumatra) {{epi|3805|3805|1904.84}} |Gunung Kinabalu (Sabah, Malaysia) |
align=center|33
|{{KIR}} {{epi|13|13|1902.85}} |Puu Ki (Hawaii, US) |
align=center|34
|{{MNP}} {{epi|965|965|1901.74}} |Mount Amagi (Chūbu, Japan) |
align=center|35
|{{AUS}} (New South Wales) {{epi|2228|2228|1894.83}} |Tutoko (New Zealand) |
align=center|36
|{{BVT}} {{epi|780|780|1856.34}} |Edinburgh Peak (Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean) |
align=center|37
|{{ZAF}} (Prince Edward Islands) {{epi|1230|1230|1847.77}} |Cockscomb (Eastern Cape, South Africa) |
align=center|38
|{{SHN}} {{epi|859|859|1842.26}} |Mount Richard-Molard (Ivory Coast/Guinea border) |
align=center|39
|{{RUS}} (Khanty-Mansi) {{epi|1895|1772|1835.59}} |Kattotjåkkå (Sweden) |
align=center|40
|{{TWN}} {{epi|3952|3952|1814.83}} |Peak 4030 (Yunnan, China) |
Examples
- The nearest peak to Germany's highest mountain, the {{convert|2,962|m|adj=on}} high Zugspitze, that has a {{convert|2962|m|adj=on}} contour is the {{convert|2,988|m|adj=on}} Zwölferkogel in Austria's Stubai Alps. The distance between the Zugspitze and this contour is {{convert|25.8|km|0}}; the Zugspitze is thus the highest peak for a radius of {{convert|25.8|km|0}}. Its isolation is thus {{convert|25.8|km|0}}.
- Because there are no higher mountains than Mount Everest, it has no definitive isolation. Many sources list its isolation as the circumference of the Earth over the poles or – questionably, because there is no agreed definition – as half the Earth's circumference.
- After Mount Everest, Aconcagua, the highest mountain of the Americas, has the greatest isolation of all mountains. There is no higher land for {{convert|16,534|km}}. Its height is first exceeded by Tirich Mir in the Hindu Kush.
- Mont Blanc is the highest mountain of the Alps. The geographically nearest higher mountains are all in the Caucasus. {{ill|Kukurtlu Dome|ru|Кукуртли-Колбаши}}, {{convert|4,978|m}}, is the reference peak for Mont Blanc.
- Musala is the highest peak in Rila mountain, also in Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula mountain system; standing at 2,925 m (9,596 ft) it is the fourth-most topographically isolated major peak in Continental Europe.{{cite web| url = https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=337| title = Most Isolated Peak of Europe Countries - Peakbagger.com}} With a topographic prominence of {{convert|2473|m}}, Musala is also the sixth-highest peak by topographic prominence in mainland Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/EuroCoreP1500m.html|title=Europe Ultra-Prominences|work=Peaklist|access-date=26 February 2015}}
Gallery
Everest kalapatthar crop.jpg|1. Mount Everest is the highest mountain peak on Earth.
Monte Aconcagua.jpg|2. Aconcagua is the highest peak in both the Southern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.
Denali Mt McKinley.jpg|3. Denali is the highest peak of North America.
Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|4. Kilimanjaro is the highest peak of Africa.
Puncakjaya.jpg|5. Puncak Jaya on New Guinea is the highest peak on any ocean island.
Vinson-Massif.jpg|6. The Vinson Massif is the highest peak of Antarctica.
Mont.Orohena.JPG|7. Mont Orohena on Tahiti is the highest peak of French Polynesia.
KeckObservatory.jpg|8. Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaiʻi is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base on seafloor to summit.
GunnbjornFromAboveABC.jpg|9. Gunnbjørn Fjeld on Greenland is the highest peak of the Arctic.
Mt Cook LC0247.jpg|10. Aoraki, or Mount Cook, on the South Island is the highest peak in New Zealand.
Thabana Ntlenyana.jpeg|11. Thabana Ntlenyana in Lesotho is the highest point in southern Africa.
Top-of-Terevaka-2013.jpg|12. Ma′unga Terevaka is the highest point on Easter Island.
Monte Bianco dal Dome du Gouter.jpg|13. Mont Blanc is the highest peak of Western Europe.
Piton des neiges.jpg|14. Piton des Neiges is the apex of Réunion.
Ključevskaja za východu slunce.jpg|15. Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest peak of Kamchatka.
Pico Orizaba1.jpg|16. Pico de Orizaba is the highest peak of Mexico.
Tristan da Cunha ASTER.jpg|17. Queen Mary's Peak is the highest point on the Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha.
Mount Whitney 2003-03-25.jpg|18. Mount Whitney is the highest peak of the contiguous United States.
Mount kinabalu.jpg|19. Gunung Kinabalu is the apex of Borneo.
Elbrus North 195.jpg|20. Mount Elbrus is the highest peak of Europe.
Pico da bandeira.jpg|21. Pico da Bandeira is the third highest peak of Brazil.
Mt. Cameroon old lava flows 2.jpg|22. Mount Cameroon is the highest peak of Cameroon.
Mount Paget.jpeg|23. Mount Paget on South Georgia is the highest peak in the South Atlantic Ocean.
See also
- Most isolated major summits of Europe
- Table of the most isolated major summits of North America
- Table of the most isolated major summits of the United States
- Most isolated mountain peaks of Canada
- Most isolated mountain peaks of Mexico
- Geodesy
- Physical geography
- Summit (topography)
- Topographic elevation
- Topographic prominence
- Topography
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.bivouac.com/ bivouac.com Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia]
- [http://www.peakbagger.com/ peakbagger.com]
- [http://www.peaklist.org/ peaklist.org]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122101/http://www.peakware.com/ peakware.com World Mountain Encyclopedia]
- [http://www.summitpost.org/ summitpost.org]