Mount Kailash#In Jainism

The mountain is known as "{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Kailāsa}}" ({{lang|sa|कैलास}}; var. {{transliteration|sa|IAST|Kailāśa}} {{lang|sa|कैलाश}}) in Sanskrit.{{cite web|title=Sanskrit Dictionary|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0311-kesaragrAma.jpg|page=311|publisher=Monier-Williams|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203104301/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0311-kesaragrAma.jpg|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:1523.apte|title=Entry for कैलासः|publisher=Apte Sanskrit-English Dictionary|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708062933/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:1523.apte|url-status=dead}} The name could have been derived from the word "{{transliteration|sa|IAST|kelāsa}}" ({{lang|sa|केलास}}), which means "crystal".{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=220}}{{cite web|url= http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/k.html|title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last= Williams|first= Monier|quote=kelāsa m. crystal W|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180831043117/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/k.html|url-status= dead}}

In his Tibetan-English dictionary, Sarat Chandra Das states that 'kai la ca' ({{bo|w=kai la ca}}) from Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|IAST|Kailāsa}} is used to denote the mountain.{{sfn|Das|1902|p=32}} The mountain is also called as Gang Rinpoche (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་; {{zh|s=冈仁波齐峰|t=岡仁波齊峰}}) or Gang Tise locally.{{sfn|Das|1902|p=32}}{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=3}} Gang Rinpoche means "snow jewel mountain" with Kang (or Gang) being the Tibetan word meaning white mountain (snow peak) and rinpoche is an honorific meaning "precious one".{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=3}}{{cite journal |last=Shakspo |first=Nawang Tsering |date=1999 |title=The Role of Incarnate Lamas in Buddhist Tradition: A Brief Survey of Bakula Rinpoche's Previous Incarnations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300761 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=38–47 |jstor=43300761 |issn=0970-5368}}{{cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Imphal_Kangla_To_Ladakh_Kangla_Postulating_A_Kang_Culture_Belt_By_Niraj_Kumar_Chingngaih_Biak.html|title=Imphal's Kangla To Ladakh's Kangla - Postulating A Kang Culture Belt|work=e-pao|access-date=1 June 2024|quote=Kang is homonym with multiple meaning like mountain white...|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820041248/https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Imphal_Kangla_To_Ladakh_Kangla_Postulating_A_Kang_Culture_Belt_By_Niraj_Kumar_Chingngaih_Biak.html|url-status=live}} Gang Tise means "mountain of ice or cool".{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=3}}

{{blockquote|"Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche; 'Precious Snow Mountain'. Bon texts have many names: Water's Flower, Mountain of Sea Water, Nine Stacked Swastikas Mountain. For Hindus, it is the home of the Hindu god Shiva...for Jains it is where their first leader was enlightened; for Buddhists, the navel of the universe; and for adherents of Bon, the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen."|source=Alice Albinia lists some of the names for the mountain, and its religious significance to various faiths{{sfn|Albinia|2008|p=288}}}}

File:Mt_Kailash_sat.jpg (right) and Rakshastal lakes in the foreground]]

Mount Kailash is located in Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of China.{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=3}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kailas-Range|title=Mount Kailas|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601185353/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kailas-Range|url-status=live}} It lies in the Gangdisê Mountains (also called as Kailash Range) of the Transhimalaya, in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau. The peak of Mount Kailash is at an elevation of {{cvt|6638|m}}.{{cite journal|url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2003_files/AJ%202003%20103-110%20Freeman-Attwood%20Gangdise.pdf|title=Gangdise Mountains|journal=Alpine Journal|author=Freeman Attwood|year=2003|volume=4|pages=103–109|access-date=17 March 2024|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113213210/https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2003_files/AJ%202003%20103-110%20Freeman-Attwood%20Gangdise.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10593|title=Mount Kaliash, China|work=Peakbagger.com|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820041225/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10593|url-status=live}} The region is located north of the western tripoint of the border between China, India and Nepal.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/claude-arpi-china-playing-new-border-games-close-to-mt-kailash-883053|title=China playing new border games close to Mt Kailash|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=1 March 2024|date=23 February 2024|author=Claude Arpi|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228080736/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/claude-arpi-china-playing-new-border-games-close-to-mt-kailash-883053|url-status=live}}

The major rivers rising from the western Gangdise mountains are the Yarlung Tsangpo (which becomes the Brahmaputra), the Indus, the Sutlej and the Karnali, a tributary of Ganges. All these river systems originate within a {{cvt|60|km}} stretch in the region.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=356}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Mapam|title=Lake Mapam|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122406/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Mapam|url-status=live}} Mount Kailash is located on the banks of Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. Spread over an area of {{cvt|320|km2}}, Manasarovar is the highest freshwater lake in the world.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=356}}{{sfn|Likens|2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Likens|2010|p=294}}

The region around Mount Kailash are remnants of large ice sheets that covered the region during the Quaternary period, the last of which retreated about 10,000 years ago. The mountain might be a large metasedimentary roof pendant supported by a base of granite. The Indus headwaters area is typified by wide-scale faulting of metamorphosed late-Cretaceous to mid-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks interspersed with igneous Cenozoic granitic rocks. The Cenozoic rocks represent offshore marine limestones deposited before subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust. These sediments were deposited on the southern margin of the Asia block during subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust before the collision between the Indian and Asian continents. It also consists of sand dunes covering late Eocene volcanic forms interspersed with Cretaceous and Eocene sediments.{{cite web|url=http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/wchinageo/indushwgeo/kailash&indushwgeo.html|title=Geology and Geography of the Mt. Kailash area and Indus River headwaters in southwestern Tibet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228172630/http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/wchinageo/indushwgeo/kailash%26indushwgeo.html|archive-date=28 December 2014|author=Pete Winn|url-status=usurped|access-date=1 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://plate-tectonic.narod.ru/chinageo1photoalbum.html|title=Geology and Geography of the Mt. Kailash area and Indus River headwaters in southwestern Tibet|access-date=1 January 2014|work=Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, China|archive-date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115044015/http://plate-tectonic.narod.ru/chinageo1photoalbum.html|url-status=live}}

The Kailash flysch zone extends about {{cvt|20|km}} from the mountain and marks the northern end of the Himalayas and the start of the Trans Himalayas. The Trans Himalayan range was formed by the subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.{{cite journal|author=Francois Debon|title=The Four Plutonic Belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: a Chemical, Mineralogical, Isotopic, and Chronological Synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal Section|journal=Journal of Petrology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=219–250|date=1986|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1018.511&rep=rep1&type=pdf|doi=10.1093/petrology/27.1.219| citeseerx=10.1.1.1018.511|access-date=22 June 2022}} The flysch zone consists of alternate areas of peridotites, sandy shales, and dolomites, covered by gravel terraces. The mountain itself consists of thick conglomerate rocks sitting on granite. The visible part of the conglomerates extend from {{cvt|4700|m}} to the top with the base located deeper in the mountain.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/GeologyOfTheHimalayas-Gansser-A/page/n157/mode/2up?q=kailas|pages=141–144|title=Geology Of The Himalayas|author= Augusto Gansser-Biaggi|author-link=Augusto Gansser-Biaggi|year=1964|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-47029-055-2}}

The weather is fairly dry during April to June with day time temperatures of {{cvt|5 to 17|°C}} and night time temperatures of {{cvt|0 to 6|°C}}. The temperature starts to decrease in October and winters have much lower day time temperatures ranging from {{cvt|-4 to 0|°C}} and further lower in the night reaching up to {{cvt|-20|°C}} with January being the coldest.{{cite web|url=https://www.tibettour.org/tibet-weather/best-time-to-visit-kailash.html|title=Tibet Weather|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Tibet tour|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122409/https://www.tibettour.org/tibet-weather/best-time-to-visit-kailash.html|url-status=live}} Monsoons bring rain from late June to August with cold winds.{{cite report|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19148_Kailash_Mansarovar_Yatra_A_Guidebook_12-05-2006.pdf|date=12 May 2006|access-date=1 June 2024|title=Kailash Yatra|publisher=Government of India|page=60|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122911/https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19148_Kailash_Mansarovar_Yatra_A_Guidebook_12-05-2006.pdf|url-status=live}}

Global warming is described as happening three times faster (by about 0.3 C per decade) on the Tibetan Plateau than the global average with lesser snowfall in the winter.{{cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Jane|date=1 July 2008|title=China: The third pole|journal=Nature|volume=454|issue=7203|pages=393–396|doi=10.1038/454393a|pmid=18650887|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008Natur.454..393Q }}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/15/tibetan-plateau-glacier-melt-ipcc-report-third-pole|title=The world has a third pole – and it's melting quickly|date=15 September 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122915/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/15/tibetan-plateau-glacier-melt-ipcc-report-third-pole|url-status=live}} According to locals, the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years with winters not as cold as it used to be.{{cite news|date=9 January 2019|title=Ignoring climate change in the Himalayas|url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/climate/ignoring-climate-change-in-the-himalayas/|access-date=6 August 2022|publisher=The Third Pole|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806214227/https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/climate/ignoring-climate-change-in-the-himalayas/|url-status=live}} The retreating glaciers and thawing of the permafrost in the Tibet region might lead to uncertain effects on water resources of the region. These effects along with population explosion and tourism has put severe stress on the fragile ecosystem around Mount Kailash.{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abf7f0|title=Accelerating permafrost collapse on the eastern Tibetan Plateau|date=23 April 2021|author=Tanguang Gao|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=5 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021ERL....16e4023G }}{{cite report|title=Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative: Feasibility Assessment Report|url=http://www.icimod.org/resources/528|publisher=ICIMOD|date=22 June 2009|location=Kathmandu|pages=4|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122913/http://www.icimod.org/resources/528|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Zomer|Oli|2011|p=39-40}}

The intergovernmental organisation International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is involved in a trans boundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative in the region around Mount Kailash.{{cite web|title=About KSLCDI|url=https://www.icimod.org/initiative/about-ksl/|access-date=7 August 2022|publisher=ICIMOD|date=16 December 2019|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807101857/https://www.icimod.org/initiative/about-ksl/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=KSLCDI Components|url=https://www.icimod.org/initiative/ksl-components/|access-date=7 August 2022|publisher=ICIMOD|date=16 December 2019|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807101857/https://www.icimod.org/initiative/ksl-components/|url-status=live}} The organization is involved in ongoing efforts to generate climate data, and to devise sustainable ways of life for the people of the region.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/icimod-collaborates-with-nasa-to-monitor-air-quality-in-the-hindu-kush-himalayas-3012327|title=ICIMOD collaborates with NASA to monitor air quality in the Hindu Kush Himalayas|date=27 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=Deccan Herald|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122915/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/icimod-collaborates-with-nasa-to-monitor-air-quality-in-the-hindu-kush-himalayas-3012327|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/khar-s-experimentation-with-himalayan-nettle-brings-recognition-57880|title=Khar's experimentation with Himalayan nettle brings recognition|date=16 May 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Down to Earth|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820122918/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/amp/story/environment/khar-s-experimentation-with-himalayan-nettle-brings-recognition-57880|url-status=live}}

File:Kailash-Barkha.jpg

In 1926, Hugh Ruttledge, the deputy commissioner of Almora, visited the area to meet the Garpon (local Tibetan leader) of Ngari. As the Garpon was away, he circumambulated Mount Kailash while studying it.{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=95}} As per Ruttledge, the mountain was about {{cvt|6000|m}} high and utterly unclimbable.{{cite journal|title=Notes on a Visit to Western Tibet in 1926|author=Hugh Ruttledge|author-link=Hugh Ruttledge|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=1928 |volume=71|issue=5|pages=431–438|publisher=The Royal Geographical Society|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1783276|access-date=1 June 2024|doi=10.2307/1783276|jstor=1783276 |bibcode=1928GeogJ..71..431R |url-access=subscription}} He thought about an ascent along the northeast ridge and had been exploring the area with Colonel R. C. Wilson, who was on the other side of the mountain with a Sherpa named Tseten. As per Wilson, Tseten told him that the southeast ridge represented a feasible route to the summit. Wilson explained that although they attempted to climb the mountain, they ran into heavy snowfall, making the ascent impossible.{{cite journal|title=Kailas Mountains|journal=Alpine Journal|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1928_files/AJ%201928%20Vol%2040%2023-37%20Wilson%20Kailas%20Parbat.pdf|author=R.C.Wilson|year=1928|volume=40|access-date=1 June 2024|pages=23–37|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820072740/http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1928_files/AJ%201928%20Vol%2040%2023-37%20Wilson%20Kailas%20Parbat.pdf|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Snelling|1983|p=15–39}}

Herbert Tichy visited the area in 1936, attempting to climb the mountain.{{sfn|Bernbaum|2022|p=29}} When he asked the local people whether Kailash was climbable, a Garpon replied: "Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash. And he wouldn't have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it — he'd just turn himself into a bird and fly to the summit".{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=95-96}} Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner was given the opportunity by the Chinese government to climb the mountain in the mid-1980s, but he reportedly declined, saying "If we conquer this mountain, then we conquer something in people's souls. I would suggest they go and climb something a little harder."{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=96}}{{cite news|url=https://www.unilad.com/news/world-news/mount-kailash-everest-never-climbed-162609-20231103|title=Mountain significantly smaller than Everest has never been climbed by a human|author=Brit Jones|date=3 November 2023|work=Unilad|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107195610/https://www.unilad.com/news/world-news/mount-kailash-everest-never-climbed-162609-20231103|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Kailash: the mountain that calls|url=https://www.suunto.com/sports/News-Articles-container-page/Kailash-the-mountain-that-calls/|access-date=6 August 2022|work=Suunto|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811145738/https://www.suunto.com/sports/News-Articles-container-page/Kailash-the-mountain-that-calls/|url-status=live}} In 2001, permission was denied to a Spanish team, who requested to climb the peak.{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/are-there-any-mountains-left-unclimbed/|title=Are there any mountains left unclimbed?|date=23 January 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=The Spectator|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820072802/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/are-there-any-mountains-left-unclimbed/|url-status=live}} Chinese authorities stated that any climbing activities on Mount Kailash were strictly prohibited.{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=96}}{{cite news|title=China to Ban Expeditions on Mount Kailash|url=http://www.tew.org/archived/kailash.ban.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718190919/http://www.tew.org/archived/kailash.ban.html|archive-date=18 July 2011|access-date=16 September 2016|work=tew.org|date=7 June 2001}} To date, there have been no known successful ascents of the mountain.

Image:Hindukailash.JPG holy family of Shiva at Kailasha (c.1810-1820)]]

Mount Kailash is considered sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Bon religions.{{sfn|Albinia|2008|p=288}}{{cite journal|author-link=Kenro Izu|last1=Izu|first1=Kenro|title=Passage to Kailash|journal=World Literature Today|date=2013|volume=87|issue=2|pages=68|doi=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0068|s2cid=163370522 }}{{cite web|title=Kailash Manasarovar Yatra|url=https://kmy.gov.in/kmy/?lang=en|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617011329/https://kmy.gov.in/kmy/?lang=en|url-status=live}}{{cite news|author=Karen Swenson|title=A Sacred Circuit in Tibet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/travel/a-sacred-circuit-in-tibet.html|access-date=30 July 2022|work=The New York Times|date=16 March 2003|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730210137/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/travel/a-sacred-circuit-in-tibet.html|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Kailasha}}

In Hindu art and literature, the mountain is described as the abode of Shiva, who is depicted as residing there along with his consort Parvati and their children, Ganesha and Kartikeya.{{sfn|Archer|1973|p=365}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=151}} In early Hindu depictions, Kailash was described as one of the mountains in the Himalayas.{{sfn|McKay|2015|p=74}} In Hindu mythology, Mount Meru is considered as a stairway to heaven, where the devas reside and the Vishnu Purana states that it lies in the center of the world surrounded by six mountain ranges similar to a lotus, one of which is the Himalayas.{{sfn|Zimmer|1946|p=68}}{{sfn|Allen|1982|p=4}} In the later Hindu theology, Kailash came to be identified with Meru.{{sfn|Allen|1982|p=8}}{{sfn|McKay|2015|p=13}}{{sfn|Thubron|2011|p=5}} Shiva is described as sitting in a lotus position, engaged in meditation within the confines of the mountain.{{sfn|Wolpert|1994|p=74}}{{sfn|Thubron|2011|p=6}} Kailash and Manasarovar are mentioned in the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.{{sfn|Allen|1982|p=3}} According to the Hindu scriptures and sculptural depictions, the demon-king Ravana shook the mountain after he was refused entry to Kailash. This enraged Shiva, who pressed his toe upon the mountain, trapping Ravana in between. Ravana sang hymns in praise of Shiva for a thousand years before he was released.{{sfn|Rangaswamy|1990|p=527}}{{sfn|Honour|Fleming|2005|p=443}}{{sfn|Henry|2022|p=46}}{{sfn|DiBiasio|2013|p=33}} This representation of Shiva is also referred to as Ravananugraha (meaning "form showing favour to Ravana").{{sfn|Dallapiccola|2003}}

According to Jain scriptures, Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankar of Jainism attained moksha (liberation) on Mount Kailash.{{sfn|Albinia|2008|p=288}}{{sfn|Rai|1929|p=178}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rishabhanatha|title=Rishabhanatha|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519135604/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rishabhanatha|url-status=live}} It is believed by Jains that after Rishabhadeva attained moksha, his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras in the region with their idols studded with precious stones and named it Sinhnishdha.{{sfn|Jain|2009|p=273}} He also performed a fortnight of worship termed Mahamaga and attained moksha from Kailash.{{sfn|Rai|1929|p=179-180}} Large pits were dug around the mountain later and the River Ganges was made to flow through it.{{sfn|Jain|2009|p=273}} The 24th and the last Tirthankara, Mahavira, was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting his mother into deep slumber. There he was anointed with precious unctions.{{sfn|Welch|1985|p=71}}{{cite web|url=https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ritual/shantikalash.htm|title=Jainism Literature Center - Rituals|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816172741/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ritual/shantikalash.htm|url-status=dead}}

File:KailashTanka.JPG depiction of Mount Kailash]]

As per Buddhist texts, Mount Kailash (Kailasa) is known as the mythological Mount Meru.{{sfn|McKay|2015|p=13}}{{sfn|Govinda|1966|p=198}} Kailash is central to its cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=407-408}} In Buddhism, Kailash represents the father of the world and Lake Manasarovar symbolizes the mother.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=356}} Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava, who is credited with establishing Tantric Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century CE.{{sfn|McKay|2015|p=84}}{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Padmasambhava|title=Padmasambhava|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820072743/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Padmasambhava|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Heller|Orofino|Ramble|2003|p=187}} Vajrayana Buddhists believe that saint Milarepa ({{circa|1052|1135}}) had a challenge with Naro Böncham, a follower of Bön religion of Tibet.{{sfn|Gyatso|2022|p=395}} The two engaged in a battle of wits with neither able to gain a decisive advantage. Finally, it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash first would be the victor. While Naro sat on his magic drum to climb up the slope, Milarepa reached the summit riding on the rays of the Sun, thus winning the contest. He also gave the nearby mountain, since known as Bönri bequeathing it to Bön.{{sfn|Samkar|2020|p=21}}{{sfn|Batchelor|1987|p=367}}{{sfn|Vinding|1998|p=413}}

For the Bon people, the mountain is the abode of sky goddess Sipaimen and the mountain was the centre of the ancient Bon empire of Zhang Zhung.{{sfn|Albinia|2008|p=288}}{{sfn|Allen|2013|p=266-267}}{{sfn|Chamaria|1996|p=19}} As per Tibetan beliefs, the mountain was the centre of the universe Mandala and the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock, and Elephant Rivers which flowed in the four cardinal directions.{{sfn|Govinda|1966|p=199-200}}

Due to its perceived sacredness to various religions, people undertake a pilgrimage called yatra to the mountain.{{cite web|url=https://pithoragarh.nic.in/kailash-mansarovar-yatra/|title=Kailash Mansarovar Yatra|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208084651/https://pithoragarh.nic.in/kailash-mansarovar-yatra/|url-status=live}} While it is not known when the first pilgrimage started, it is one of the oldest pilgrimage routes, which has been in existence for many years.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=356}}{{sfn|Thubron|2011|p=6}}

File:KailashMani.jpgs on the path around Mount Kailash]]

Pilgrimage to the mountain increased in the 1930s but was affected later due to both China and the British Empire claiming the region.{{sfn|McKay|2015|p=217}} Religious pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar were permitted by China after its occupation of Tibet in 1950-51. While pilgrimage from India was guaranteed by the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement, access was restricted after the subsequent 1959 Tibetan uprising and the borders were closed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962.{{sfn|Thubron|2011|p=7}} After nearly two decades, pilgrimage from India was allowed in 1981 after an agreement between the governments of India and China.{{sfn|Thubron|2011|p=7}} The pilgrimage was suspended for three years since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kailash-mansarovar-yatra-unlikely-to-resume-this-year-say-officials/article65299618.ece|title=Kailash-Mansarovar yatra unlikely to resume this year, say officials|date=7 April 2022|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820043445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kailash-mansarovar-yatra-unlikely-to-resume-this-year-say-officials/article65299618.ece|url-status=live}} The route was re-opened in 2023 with new regulations.{{cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2023/05/08/pilgrims-to-kailash-discouraged-by-new-chinese-regulations|title=Pilgrims to Kailash discouraged by new Chinese rules|date=8 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Kathmandu Post|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820041748/https://kathmandupost.com/money/2023/05/08/pilgrims-to-kailash-discouraged-by-new-chinese-regulations|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kailash-masarovar-yatra-opening-next-month-8616920/|title=Kailash Masarovar Yatra hits hurdles ahead of opening next month|date=19 May 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820043451/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kailash-masarovar-yatra-opening-next-month-8616920/|url-status=live}}

Since the reopening of the pilgrimage route from India in 1981, the numbers of pilgrims going on the annual yatra has grown considerably.{{Sfn|Zomer|Oli|2011|p=10}} Before the closure in 2020, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year.{{cite news|title=Kailash Manasarovar Yatra likely to see record numbers|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2018/05/16/kailash-manasarovar-yatra-likely-to-see-record-numbers|access-date=4 August 2022|work=Kathmandu Post|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804220717/https://kathmandupost.com/money/2018/05/16/kailash-manasarovar-yatra-likely-to-see-record-numbers|url-status=live}} Since 2015, aspiring pilgrims from India were required to apply in advance to the Ministry of External Affairs and specific number of passes were issued to pilgrims by computerized random selection with preference given to first timers.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-pilgrims-get-preference-for-mansarovar-yatra/article27142893.ece|title=First-time pilgrims get preference for Mansarovar Yatra|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 May 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820041757/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-pilgrims-get-preference-for-mansarovar-yatra/article27142893.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Mansarovar Yatra: First-time pilgrims get preference in computerized draw of lots|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mansarovar-yatra-first-time-pilgrims-get-preference-in-computerised-draw-of-lots/articleshow/69344332.cms?from=mdr|access-date=4 August 2022|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804220716/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mansarovar-yatra-first-time-pilgrims-get-preference-in-computerised-draw-of-lots/articleshow/69344332.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} In India, the pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and is permitted between June and September. Pilgrims from India travel through two routes opened for the purpose with border crossings at Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim.{{cite web|title=Kailash Manasarovar Yatra|url=https://kmy.gov.in/kmy/?lang=en|access-date=4 August 2022|publisher=Government of India|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617011329/https://kmy.gov.in/kmy/?lang=en|url-status=live}} Since 2020, a motorable road is available till the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, before crossing over to China.{{cite news|date=11 May 2020|title=New road to Kailash Mansarovar via Lipulekh Pass and why Nepal is objecting to it|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/new-road-to-kailash-mansarovar-via-lipulekh-pass-and-why-nepal-is-objecting-to-it/418638/|access-date=6 August 2022|work=The Print|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806130517/https://theprint.in/opinion/new-road-to-kailash-mansarovar-via-lipulekh-pass-and-why-nepal-is-objecting-to-it/418638/|url-status=live}} The Nathu La route was opened in 2015 and involves traveling to Gangtok before crossing the Nathu La pass into China.{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/alternate-route-for-kailash-mansarovar-yatra-will-become-operational-next-month-pm-modi-763281|title=Alternate Route for Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra Will Become Operational Next Month: PM Modi|work=NDTV|date=15 May 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317113052/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/alternate-route-for-kailash-mansarovar-yatra-will-become-operational-next-month-pm-modi-763281|url-status=live}}

Since 2015, the pilgrimage from Nepal is generally done from the nearby Humla district in northwestern Nepal.{{sfn|Bubriski|Pandey|2018|p=163-165}} The April 2015 Nepal Earthquake resulted in the closure of the border crossing at Tatopani-Zangmu.{{sfn|Rajan|Thakuir|2024|p=86}} Pilgrims also pray to Mount Kailash from within Nepal where it is visible from the Lapcha La pass above the Limi valley on a clear day.{{cite news|title=Limi-Lapcha could be an alternative route to Kailash Manasarovar|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/limi-lapcha-could-be-an-alternative-route-to-kailash-manasarovar|access-date=9 August 2022|work=The Himalayan Times|date=13 March 2021|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050405/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/limi-lapcha-could-be-an-alternative-route-to-kailash-manasarovar|url-status=live}} Another route exists through the crossing at Rasuwa-Gyirong.{{cite news|title=A Personal Account of Border Crossing Reveals the Deep Ties Between Nepal, China|url=https://thewire.in/world/all-roads-lead-north-nepal-china|access-date=9 August 2022|work=The Wire|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804190739/https://thewire.in/world/all-roads-lead-north-nepal-china|url-status=live}} Pilgrims could reach Lhasa by air before the journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen.

File:Yaks-Kailash-Manasarovar.jpg used in the pilgrimage to Mount Kailash on the banks of Lake Manasarovar]]

The pilgrimage involves trekking towards Lake Manasarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. The path around Mount Kailash is {{cvt|53|km}} long. The circumambulation is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction. The circumambulation usually begins and ends at Darchen, a small outpost located at an elevation of {{cvt|4670|m}} with the highest point at the Drölma pass situated at {{cvt|5650|m}}.{{sfn|Bubriski|Pandey|2018|p=163-165}}{{sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=259-288}}{{sfn|Govinda|1966|p=202}} Trekking around the mountain can be done on foot with support from a pony or domestic yak. The circumambulation takes three days on average with the first day trek from Darchen to Dirapuk gompa for about {{cvt|14|km}}, followed by a journey from Dirpauk to Zutulphuk via the Drölma pass for {{cvt|19|km}} on the second day and the final trek back to Darchen on the last day.{{sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=259-288}} The most extreme method of doing the circumambulation (called Kora) in Tibetan Buddhism is performed by doing full body-length prostrations over the entire stretch around the mountain.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=357}} The pilgrim bends down, kneels, prostrates full-length, makes a mark with her fingers, rises to her knees, prays, and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process. With this method, the pilgrimage takes three weeks on average to complete.{{sfn|Bubriski|Pandey|2018|p=163-165}}

File:Manasarowar-See Dieter Schuh.JPG]]

Pilgrims believe that doing a circumambulation of Mount Kailash is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the cleansing of one's sins.{{sfn|Thurman|Wise|1999|p=32}}{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=357}} Each circumambulation is considered to have fulfilled a life-death cycle. There are many stupas, flag poles, Buddhist monasteries and praying stations along the route.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=357}}{{sfn|Huber|Rigzin|1999|p=130}} Many of the cultural artifacts along the route were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of China from 1966 to 1976. Hindus take a ritual bath in the Manasarovar before doing circumambulation.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=357}} Hindu text Skanda Purana states that "There are no mountains like the Himalaya, for in them are Kailas and Manasarovar. As the dew is dried up by the morning Sun, so are the sins of mankind dried up by the sight of the Himalaya."{{sfn|Berreman|1972|p=15}}

Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims often chant om mani padme hum (jewel in the lotus) and sing nyelu songs while crossing the Dolma La pass which are believe to proclaim a fraternity amongst all pilgrims who cross paths on a Kailash pilgrimage.{{sfn|Brockman|2011|p=357}}{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Abhimanyu|date=20 April 2023|title=Ancient bonds: Joining the Kailash-Mansarovar yatra|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/travel/white-space-ancient-bonds-lives-of-people-in-the-remote-places-along-the-kailash-mansarovar-pilgrimage-route-by-abhimanyu-pandey/article66706198.ece|access-date=21 April 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421070005/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/travel/white-space-ancient-bonds-lives-of-people-in-the-remote-places-along-the-kailash-mansarovar-pilgrimage-route-by-abhimanyu-pandey/article66706198.ece|url-status=live}} As the mountain is located in a remote area of the Himalayas, very few facilities exist to aid during the pilgrimage.{{sfn|McNeely|2018|p=282}} For varied reasons for the different faiths that revere the mountain, setting foot on the slopes of the mountain or attempting to climb it is forbidden by law.{{sfn|Snelling|1983|p=15-39}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Adi Kailash
• Gurla Mandhata
• Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies
• Kinnaur Kailash
• Manimahesh Kailash
• Om Parvat
• Sacred mountains
• Shrikhand Kailash

{{div col end}}

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• {{cite book |author-link=Gene Likens |last=Likens |first=Gene |year=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of Inland Waters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4p6f22jla8C |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12370-626-3 |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820072828/https://books.google.com/books?id=o4p6f22jla8C |url-status=live}}
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• {{cite book |title=Mount Kailash: the White Mirror |first=Nyima |last=Samkar |year=2020 |isbn=978-9-38702-385-7 |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83r3DwAAQBAJ |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820044027/https://books.google.com/books?id=83r3DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
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• {{cite book |last1=Zomer |first1=Robert |title=Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative: Feasibility Assessment Report |last2=Oli |first2=Krishna Prasad |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/26968/files/attachment_761.pdf?type=primary |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development |year=2011 |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820043844/https://lib.icimod.org/record/26968/files/attachment_761.pdf?type=primary |url-status=live}}

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