Mount Longdon

{{Short description|Mountain in East Falkland, Falkland Islands}}

{{Infobox mountain

| name = Mount Longdon

| photo = File:FM Model 1968 105mm recoilless gun (51066493502).jpg

| photo_caption =

| elevation = 186 m (610 ft)

| elevation_ref = {{cite web | url=https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-51.670827,-57.981927&z=12&t=T&marker0=-51.670827,-57.981927,Mount%20Longdon|title=ACME mapper | author= |year=2024 |publisher= ACME mapper|access-date=11 October 2024}}{{cite book |date=1969 |title=Carta H-411, Isla Soledad (esc. 1:200.000 - 76 cm x 110 cm) |publisher=Depositado por la Argentina en la Organización de las Naciones Unidas |format=Mapa con toponimia en castellano |location=Buenos Aires |editor=Servicio de Hidrografía Naval|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/MAPS/arg_mzn10_1996_00034.jpg}}

| prominence = 97 m (318 ft)

| prominence_ref = {{cite web | url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/mount-longdon.html?yaw=145.12&pitch=-0.69&hfov=53.37|title=Peak Visor | author= |year=2024 |publisher= Peak Visor|access-date=14 October 2024}}

| isolation = 2 km (1.2 miles)https://wikimapia.org/8487348/Mount-Longdon

| map = Falkland Islands

| map_caption =

| label_position = left

| location = East Falkland, Falkland Islands, south Atlantic Ocean

| range =

| coordinates = {{Coord|51|40|15|S|57|58|55|W|type:mountain_region:FK|display=inline,title}}

| coordinates_ref =

| topo =

| type =

| age =

| last_eruption =

| first_ascent =

| easiest_route =

}}

Mount Longdon is a hill located in the east of East Falkland island forming part of the Falkland Islands Archipelago.{{cite book|title=The Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands| author=Alan Edwin Day|page=232| publisher=Clio Press|year= 1996}}Toponymic information is based on the Geographic Names Database, containing official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names and maintained by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. More information is available at the Resources link at www.nga.mil. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency name, initials, and seal are protected by 10 United States Code § Section 425.

It has an elevation of 186 metres (610 ft) above sea level. It is the highest land in any direction for 2 kilometres (1.2 miles).{{Cite web|url=https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-51.670827,-57.981927&z=12&t=T&marker0=-51.670827,-57.981927,Mount%20Longdon|title=Isolation for Mount Longdon - ACME mapper}}{{efn|This is the distance to the mountain Tumbledown south of Mount Longdon.}}

It is known as the site of the Battle of Mount Longdon, and overlooks Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands.

Geography

File:West.to.Stanley.svgMount Longdon forms part of a hilly area in the East of the East Falkland Island.Middlebrook, Martin. The Falklands War. London: Penguin Books, 1989

= Geology =

Mount Longdon and the surrounding area primarily consists of sedimentary rocks with formations of sandstones, quartzites, and shales, which date back to the Paleozoic era.Stone, P., and Aldiss, D.T. The Geology of the Falkland Islands. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, 2002.

= Climate =

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_FLK_present.svg

The Climate for Mount Longdon is extremely similar to Stanley and RAF Mount Pleasant due to its proximity. Mount Longdon has a maritime climate in the polar, tundra zones, Köppen classification ET.{{cite web

|url = http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/place/downloads/maps/detailed/Detail_South_America_ClimateZone-Stckdbar.pdf

|title = Climate Zones: South America

|publisher = Socioeconomic Data and Applications (SEDAC), Earth Institute, Columbia University

|location = New York

|year = 2012

|accessdate = 8 June 2012}} The climate is very much influenced by the cool South Atlantic ocean and its northerly Patagonian current. The oceanic climatic type is characterised by both low seasonal and diurnal temperature ranges and no marked wet and dry season while in the sub-arctic zone the average monthly maximum temperature exceeds {{convert|10|C|F|0}} for no more than four months of the year and the average monthly minimum does not drop below {{convert|-3|C|F|0}}.

Mount Longdon's elevation, maritime location and topography frequently lead to cool conditions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

{{Weather box

| location = Stanley, Falkland Islands, 2m asl, 1929–1970

| collapsed = y

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| Jan record high C = 24.4

| Feb record high C = 23.3

| Mar record high C = 21.1

| Apr record high C = 17.2

| May record high C = 14.1

| Jun record high C = 10.6

| Jul record high C = 10.0

| Aug record high C = 11.1

| Sep record high C = 15.0

| Oct record high C = 17.8

| Nov record high C = 21.7

| Dec record high C = 21.7

| year record high C = 24.4

| Jan high C = 13.3

| Feb high C = 12.8

| Mar high C = 11.7

| Apr high C = 9.4

| May high C = 6.7

| Jun high C = 5.0

| Jul high C = 4.4

| Aug high C = 5.0

| Sep high C = 7.2

| Oct high C = 8.9

| Nov high C = 11.1

| Dec high C = 12.2

| year high C = 9.0

| Jan mean C = 9.5

| Feb mean C = 8.9

| Mar mean C = 8.1

| Apr mean C = 6.1

| May mean C = 3.9

| Jun mean C = 2.2

| Jul mean C = 1.9

| Aug mean C = 2.2

| Sep mean C = 3.9

| Oct mean C = 5.3

| Nov mean C = 7.0

| Dec mean C = 8.1

| year mean C = 5.6

| Jan low C = 5.6

| Feb low C = 5.0

| Mar low C = 4.4

| Apr low C = 2.8

| May low C = 1.1

| Jun low C = 0.0

| Jul low C = -0.6

| Aug low C = -0.6

| Sep low C = 0.6

| Oct low C = 1.7

| Nov low C = 2.8

| Dec low C = 3.9

| year low C = 2.2

| Jan record low C = −1.1

| Feb record low C = −1.1

| Mar record low C = −2.8

| Apr record low C = −6.1

| May record low C = −6.7

| Jun record low C = −11.1

| Jul record low C = -8.9

| Aug record low C = -11.1

| Sep record low C = −10.6

| Oct record low C = −5.6

| Nov record low C = −3.3

| Dec record low C = −1.7

| year record low C = −11.1

| Jan precipitation mm = 71

| Feb precipitation mm = 58

| Mar precipitation mm = 64

| Apr precipitation mm = 66

| May precipitation mm = 66

| Jun precipitation mm = 53

| Jul precipitation mm = 51

| Aug precipitation mm = 51

| Sep precipitation mm = 38

| Oct precipitation mm = 41

| Nov precipitation mm = 51

| Dec precipitation mm = 71

| year precipitation mm = 681

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 15

| Feb precipitation days = 12

| Mar precipitation days = 10

| Apr precipitation days = 11

| May precipitation days = 13

| Jun precipitation days = 11

| Jul precipitation days = 12

| Aug precipitation days = 9

| Sep precipitation days = 9

| Oct precipitation days = 7

| Nov precipitation days = 10

| Dec precipitation days = 14

| year precipitation days =

| Jan humidity = 78

| Feb humidity = 79

| Mar humidity = 82

| Apr humidity = 86

| May humidity = 88

| Jun humidity = 89

| Jul humidity = 89

| Aug humidity = 87

| Sep humidity = 84

| Oct humidity = 80

| Nov humidity = 75

| Dec humidity = 77

| year humidity =

| Jan sun = 198

| Feb sun = 161

| Mar sun = 169

| Apr sun = 115

| May sun = 77

| Jun sun = 57

| Jul sun = 69

| Aug sun = 90

| Sep sun = 128

| Oct sun = 189

| Nov sun = 200

| Dec sun = 198

| year sun =

| source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez{{cite web

| url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/fa-stanl.pdf

| title=Temp/Rain 1929–70

| publisher=Globalbioclimatics

| accessdate=10 December 2018|date=Apr 2012}}

| source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960){{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archivedate = April 27, 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) | title = FALKLANDSØERNE–Stanley | page = 87 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = Danish | accessdate = 10 December 2018}}

| date = Apr2012

| source =

}}

{{Weather box

| location = Mount Pleasant EGYP, East Falkland, 74m asl, 1999–2019

| collapsed = y

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| Jan record high C = 26.0

| Feb record high C = 26.8

| Mar record high C = 25.5

| Apr record high C = 26.1

| May record high C = 17.8

| Jun record high C = 15.7

| Jul record high C = 12.3

| Aug record high C = 15.11

| Sep record high C = 22.2

| Oct record high C = 17.8

| Nov record high C = 21.7

| Dec record high C = 25.3

| year record high C = 26.8

| Jan high C = 16.8

| Feb high C = 15.9

| Mar high C = 14.6

| Apr high C = 10.9

| May high C = 8.1

| Jun high C = 5.9

| Jul high C = 5.4

| Aug high C = 6.6

| Sep high C = 8.8

| Oct high C = 11.7

| Nov high C = 13.5

| Dec high C = 15.4

| year high C = 11.1

| Jan low C = 6.2

| Feb low C = 6.1

| Mar low C = 5.1

| Apr low C = 3.3

| May low C = 1.6

| Jun low C = 0.4

| Jul low C = -0.3

| Aug low C = 0.3

| Sep low C = 1.0

| Oct low C = 2.2

| Nov low C = 3.4

| Dec low C = 5.0

| year low C = 2.9

| Jan record low C = −0.1

| Feb record low C = −0.8

| Mar record low C = −0.6

| Apr record low C = −2.8

| May record low C = −6.1

| Jun record low C = −10.1

| Jul record low C = -10.3

| Aug record low C = -6.5

| Sep record low C = −9.8

| Oct record low C = −3.1

| Nov record low C = −5.5

| Dec record low C = −1.5

| year record low C = −10.1

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| source 1 = NCDC{{cite web

| url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/

| title=Temp/max/min/records

| publisher=NOAA

| accessdate=12 July 2020|date=Dec 2019}}

| source =

}}

History

The Battle of Mount Longdon was fought between the British 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment and elements of the Argentine 7th Infantry Regiment on 11–12 June 1982, towards the end of the Falklands War.Christian Jennings and Adrian Weale, Green-Eyed Boys: 3 Para and the Battle for Mount Longdon, p. 142, HarperCollins, 1996Jon Cooksey, 3 PARA Mount Longdon: The Bloodiest Battle, p. 98, Pen & Sword Books Ltd It was one of three engagements in a Brigade-size operation that night, along with the Battle of Mount Harriet and the Battle of Two Sisters. A mixture of hand-to-hand fighting and ranged combat resulted in the British occupying this key position around the Argentine garrison at Port Stanley.Batallón 5: El Batallón de Infantería de Marina No. 5 en la Guerra de las Malvinas, Emilio Villarino, Aller Atucha, 1992 The battle ended in a British victory.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Summit

At the summit of the hill now lies a memorial which today attracts some tourism to the area.{{cite web |url=https://www.falklandislands.com/things-to-do/mount-longdon-memorial-p676591 |title=Mount Longdon Memorial |author= |year=2024 |publisher=Falklands Islands Tourist Board |access-date=15 October 2024}}

Footnotes

References

;Notes

Longdon