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Muhammad Jamil Bayham

{{Short description|Lebanese author and politician}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Muhammad Jamil Bayham

| native_name = محمد جميل بيهم

| native_name_lang = Arabic

| birth_date = 1887

| birth_place = Beirut

| death_date = 1978

| citizenship = Lebanon

| notable_works = The Arabs and the Turks in the Conflict between East and West and The Philosophy of Ottoman History

| spouse = Nazik al-Abid

}}

Muhammad Jamil Bayham ({{langx|ar|محمد جميل بيهم|translit=}}; 1887–1978) was an Arab-Lebanese historian, politician, writer and reformer{{Cite web |title=ISNI 0000000118730114 Baihum, Muḥammad Ǧamīl (1887–1978) |url=https://isni.oclc.org/xslt/DB=1.2//CMD?ACT=SRCH&IKT=8006&TRM=ISN%3A0000000118730114&TERMS_OF_USE_AGREED=Y&terms_of_use_agree=send&COOKIE=U51,KENDUSER,I28,B0028++++++,SY,NISNI,D1.2,E474a3c6f-2be,A,H1,,3-28,,30-41,,43-59,,65-70,,74-75,R185.15.56.1,FY&COOKIE=U51,KENDUSER,I28,B0028++++++,SY,NISNI,D1.2,E1d001317-50,A,H1,,3-28,,30-41,,43–59,,65–70,,74–75,R5.107.238.176,FY |website=www.isni.org}}{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=أعظم الأحداث المعاصرة (1900–2014م)، |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tB6tDQAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85&pg=PA266 |website=Manhal |isbn=9796500148564 |last1=السيد |first1=فؤاد صالح |publisher=Al Manhal }} who wrote dozens of books and articles.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="محمد جميل بيهم"، |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/16267596._ |website=www.goodreads.com}}{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2020 |title="أرشيف المجلات الأدبية والثقافية" |url=https://archive.alsharekh.org/ |website=archive.alsharekh.org}}{{Cite web |title="محمد جميل بيهم" |url=https://www.abjjad.com/author/3267690496/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85 |website=www.abjjad.com |access-date=2022-04-22 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414230509/https://www.abjjad.com/author/3267690496/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85 |url-status=dead }}

Hailing from an influential Sunni Muslim family in Beirut, Bayham advocated for Arab unity, emphasizing Arab pride, and asserting the preeminent position of Arabs in Islam. He was a staunch opponent of French rule and expressed disagreement with Lebanese people, particularly Christians, who asserted a Phoenician identity.{{Cite book |last1=Najem |first1=Tom |title=Historical Dictionary of Lebanon |last2=Amore |first2=Roy C. |last3=Abu Khalil |first3=As'ad |date=2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9 |edition=2nd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |location=Lanham Boulder New York London |pages=51}}

Bayham worked for the independence of Syria and Lebanon, defended the Arabism of Palestine, and called for the liberation of women.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="بيّهم، محمد جميل" |url=http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=247637 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708090606/http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=247637 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-08 |website=البعلبكي, منير}} He is considered a pioneer of the political, social and intellectual renaissance in Lebanon and the Arab world.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=المؤرخ العلامة محمد جميل بيهم 1887 – 1978: من رواد النهضة السياسية والإجتماعية والفكرية في لبنان والعالم العربي، بيروت |url=http://librarycatalog.bau.edu.lb/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=49651&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=65181 |website=حسان؛ فروخ، عمر (1980)}}{{Cite web |title="inauthor:"محمد جميل بيهم" |url=https://www.google.com.lb/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85%22 |website=www.google.com.lb}}

{{anchor|Beginnings}}Family

Muhammad Jamil bin Muhammad Mustafa bin Hussein Bayhum Al-Itan{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2019 |title=خير الدين, الزركلي، "بَيْهُم" |url=http://www.maktabatalarab.com/2.html?ContentID=15925&ContentType=Biographies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308212009/http://www.maktabatalarab.com/2.html?contentid=15925&contenttype=biographies|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2016}} was born and died in Beirut. He was descended from the Itani family. The Beyham family was active in political, social and economic activities. Ibrahim Beyhem Pasha was an amir (prince), and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent appointed him to command the Ottoman fleet; he became grand vizier in 1522 AD. Najib Beyhem Al-Itani had close ties with Pope Lewn.{{clarify|date=July 2023|reason=Who is Pope Lewn?}} Hussein Beyhum was known for his charitable deeds in Beirut and elsewhere in Lebanon, and the family was associated with Prince Bashir Al-Shihabi. Omar Bey Beyhem was the head of the Shura Council during the era of Egyptian rule from 1831 to 1840. When Sheikh Saeed Jumblatt was imprisoned in Beirut in the wake of the 1860 civil conflict, Mustafa Effendi Beyhem cared for him in prison.{{Cite web |title="شبكة الرحاب – رحاب لبنان – شخصيات لبنانية – محمد جميل بيهم" |url=https://www.alre7ab.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi?s=3800&id=29130 |website=www.alre7ab.com}}

{{anchor|His cultural and intellectual activity}}Cultural and intellectual activity

Bayham held a number of political and scientific positions. In 1905, he became a member of the Makassed Islamic Charitable Association in Beirut. Bayham became a member of the Islamic Charitable Society in Istanbul in 1908. In 1910, he was appointed to the Ottoman fleet management board. Bayham was appointed to the Beirut Municipal Council in 1915. The following year, he became honorary head of the Agricultural Bank branch in Beirut vilayet. Bayham was appointed as a deputy in the Arab government in 1919, and received a doctoral degree on the mandate over Syria and Iraq from the University of Paris in 1928. He was a member of the Syrian Reform Party, defending Arabic language and literature, and became a member of the Lebanese Scientific Academy in 1929 and the Iraqi Scientific Academy a decade later. Bayham headed the Union of Parties Lebanese Anti-Zionist movement in 1944. He defended the political and social rights of women.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="تاريخ الإنتخابات النيابية من الاستانة إلى الدوحة (6)" |work=جريدة اللواء |url=https://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9-6/ |last1=اللواء |first1=جريدة }} Bayham and his wife Nazik al-Abid founded an association to combat prostitution in 1933, defying French Mandate officials who encouraged Lebanese prostitution with legislation.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="الوردة الدمشقية ، نازك العابد .. رائدة تحرر المرأة السورية – ديوان العرب" |url=https://www.diwanalarab.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1 |website=www.diwanalarab.com}}

=Works=

  • Women in Modern Civilization (1927)
  • Women in History and Laws{{Cite book |title=المرأة في التاريخ والشرائع، |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21242210 |via=OCLC 21242210|oclc=21242210 }}
  • Women in Arab Civilization{{Cite book |title=المرأة في حضارة العرب |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6258753 |via=OCLC 6258753|oclc=6258753 }}{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="المرأة في حضارة العرب" |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/45446901 |website=www.goodreads.com}}
  • Palestine: Andalusia of the East (1946)
  • ''The Philosophy of Ottoman History in Two Parts (1925–1954){{Cite book |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Falsafat al-tārīkh al-'Uthmānī. |oclc=225293466 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225293466}}{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="فلسفة التاريخ العثماني" |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/33782172 |website=www.goodreads.com}}
  • The Girl of the East in the Civilization of the West{{Cite book |title=فتاة الشرق في حضارة الغرب: تطور الفكر العربي في موضوع المرأة خلال القرن العشرين، |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30781704 |via=OCLC 30781704|oclc=30781704 }}{{Cite book |title=فتاة الشرق في حضارة الغرب: تطور الفكر العربي في موضوع المرأة خلال القرن العشرين |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9669274 |via=OCLC 9669274|oclc=9669274 }}
  • The Veteran Era in Syria and Lebanon{{Cite book |title=سورية ولبنان، 1918–1922 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22206172 |via=OCLC 22206172،|oclc=22206172 }}{{Cite book |title=Sūrīyah wa-Lubnān |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249886143 |via=OCLC 249886143|oclc=249886143 }}
  • The Arabness of Lebanon{{Cite book |title=Muḥammad Jamīl (1969)، ʻUrūbat Lubnān: taṭawwuruhā fī al-qadīm wa-al-ḥadīth، |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11101712 |via=OCLC 11101712|oclc=11101712 }}
  • Lebanon Between East and West{{Cite book |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Lubnān: bayna al-Musharriq wa-Mugharrib 1920–1969 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9340703 |via=OCLC 9340703|oclc=9340703 }}
  • Political Tendencies in Lebanon{{Cite book |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Al-nazaʻāt al-siyāsīyah bi-Lubnān: ahd al-intidāb wa-al-iḥtilāl 1918–1945 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43900424 |via=OCLC 43900424|oclc=43900424 }}
  • The Two Mandates in Iraq and Syria{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=الانتدابان في العراق وسورية: انكلترا-فرنسا |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlqpDAEACAAJ |website=بيهم، محمد (1931)|last1=جميل |first1=بيهم، محمد }}
  • Arab Convoys and Processions Through the Ages (two parts){{Cite book |date=April 14, 2020 |title=قوافل العروبة وموكبها خلال العصور |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43746018 |via=OCLC 43746018|oclc=43746018 }}{{Cite book |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Qawāfil al-ʻUrūbah wa-mawakibuhā |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23522808 |via=OCLC 23522808|oclc=23522808 }}
  • The Missing Link in the History of the Arabs{{Cite book |title=الحلقة المفقودة فى تاريخ العرب |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21064319 |via=OCLC 21064319|oclc=21064319 }}{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title="الحلقة المفقودة في تاريخ العرب" |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/45446915 |website=www.goodreads.com}}
  • Arabism and Modern Populism{{Cite book |title=العروبة والشعوبيات الحديثة، |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23514675 |via=OCLC 23514675|oclc=23514675 }}
  • A Modern Free World{{Cite book |title=عالم حر جديد في آسيا وافريقيا والوطن العربي |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10293557 |via=OCLC 10293557|oclc=10293557 }}
  • Arab Unity Between the Tides{{Cite book |title=Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah bayna al-madd wa-al-jazr wa-al-ʻArab bayna al-taqārub wa-al-tabāʻud: 1868–1972. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21626431 |via=OCLC 21626431،|oclc=21626431 }}{{Cite web |title="الوحدة العربية بين المد والجزر 1868–1972" |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/45446928-1868-1972 |website=www.goodreads.com}}
  • The First Sultans of Turkey{{Cite web |title=اوليات سلاطين تركيا: المدنية والاجتماعية والسياسية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY9xNQEACAAJ |website=بيهم، محمد (1931)| last1=جميل، | first1=بيهم، محمد | year=1931 }}
  • Arabs and Turks in the Conflict Between East and West{{Cite web |title=العرب والترك فى الصراع بين الشرق والغرب |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0p8QgAACAAJ |website=محمد جميل (1957)| last1=بيهم | first1=محمد جميل | year=1957 }}
  • The Philosophy of the History of Muhammad{{Cite book |title=دراسة وتحليل للعهد العربي الأصيل |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23511972 |via=OCLC 23511972،|oclc=23511972 }}
  • Study and Analysis of the Original Arab Era{{Cite book |title=دراسة وتحليل للعهد العربي الأصيل |oclc=23511972 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23511972}}
  • Women in Islam and Western Civilization{{Cite book |title=المرأة في الإسلام وفي الحضارة الغربية |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13109733 |via=OCLC 13109733|oclc=13109733 }}

{{anchor|External links}}Further reading

  • Historian Muhammad Jamil Beyhem (1887–1978) by Hassan Hallaq{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2017 |title=المؤرخ العلامة محمد جميل بيهم 1887_1978 – حسان حلاق، |url=https://archive.org/details/al.moarikh.biham|language=Arabic}}

References

{{Reflist}}

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Category:1887 births

Category:1978 deaths

Category:Lebanese writers

Category:Lebanese Arab nationalists

Category:Lebanese politicians

Category:Lebanese people of Moroccan descent

Category:People from Beirut

Category:People from Beirut vilayet

Category:University of Paris alumni