Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Muhammad was a son of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and one of his slave women (umm walad).{{sfn|Hinds|1990|p=118}} According to the historian Shiv Rai Chowdhry, Muhammad and his brother al-Hajjaj were named by Abd al-Malik because their names "were the most dear" to the caliph's staunchly loyal governor of Iraq al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (d. 714).{{sfn|Chowdhry|1972|p=155}} Muhammad lived in Tiberias, the capital of Jund al-Urdunn (the military district of Jordan, e.g. modern-day northwestern Jordan, northern Israel and southern Lebanon).{{sfn|Soucek|1993|pp=117–118}} He had an estate at Raysun, also located in Jund al-Urdunn, which may have been granted to him by his half-brother Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ({{reign|724|743}}).{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=83}} The latter had appointed Muhammad as his first governor of Egypt on 6 March 724.{{sfn|Abbott|1965|pp=27}} He resigned over a policy difference with the caliph and was replaced by another Umayyad, al-Hurr ibn Yusuf, on 2 May 724.{{sfn|Abbott|1965|pp=27}}

Muhammad played a role in the Third Muslim Civil War, which came about following the assassination of his nephew, Caliph al-Walid II, in 744 and the subsequent accession of the leader of al-Walid's opponents within the Umayyad family, Muhammad's other nephew Yazid III.{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=50, note 81}} When news of al-Walid II's slaying reached the troops of Jund Filastin (the military district of Palestine) they deposed al-Walid II's governor, Muhammad's brother Sa'id al-Khayr, and proclaimed as their caliph Yazid ibn Sulayman, the son of Muhammad's and Sa'id's brother Caliph Sulayman ({{reign|715|717}}).{{sfn|Soucek|1993|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|pp=190–192}} Afterward, the troops of Jund al-Urdunn, led by the grandsons of Hubaysh ibn Dulja from the Balqayn tribe, joined the rebellion against Yazid III and appointed Muhammad as their leader.{{sfn|Soucek|1993|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|pp=190–192}} Yazid III dispatched Muhammad's nephew Sulayman ibn Hisham against the rebels. According to one account, Muhammad was persuaded by Yazid III's envoys to give the caliph his allegiance.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|pp=190–192}} Another account holds that the caliph's troops made forays into the villages of Jund al-Urdunn and raided Tiberias, where Muhammad's residence was plundered and his weapons, horses and camels seized, after which the troops of Jund al-Urdunn offered Yazid III their allegiance in nearby Sinnabra.{{sfn|Soucek|1993|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|pp=190–192}} Afterward, Yazid III appointed his brother Ibrahim ibn al-Walid the governor of Jund al-Urdunn.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|p=193}} A third account holds that after Yazid III appointed Ibrahim governor, the troops of Jund al-Urdunn refused to recognize him, upholding their support for Muhammad, until they were offered financial incentives to decamp.{{sfn|Biesterfeldt|Günther|2018|p=1057}}

Yazid III died later in 744 and Ibrahim acceded as caliph for a few months before abdicating to his distant cousin Marwan II. In 745 Muhammad, along with his brothers Sa'id al-Khayr and Abu Bakr Bakkar and the families of his nephews, the sons of caliphs al-Walid I ({{reign|705|715}}), Sulayman, Yazid II ({{reign|720|724}}) and Hisham, gave his allegiance to Marwan II at Deir Ayyub in the Hauran.{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=7}}

In 747/48, Marwan II appointed Muhammad the governor of Mecca, Medina and Ta'if in the Hejaz (western Arabia).{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=123}}{{sfn|Biesterfeldt|Günther|2018|p=1073}} He led the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca in August 748.{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=123}} He was replaced as governor the following year with al-Walid ibn Urwa al-Sa'di.{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=133}} In the aftermath of the Abbasid Revolution, which toppled the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, Muhammad was among the dozens of Umayyads who were executed by the Abbasids at a banquet at the Antipatris river (Nahr Abi Futrus) in Palestine.{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=50, note 81}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=Nabia |editor1-last=Makdisi |editor1-first=George |title=Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb |date=1965 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |pages=21–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8oUAAAAIAAJ |chapter=A New Papyrus and a Review of the Administration of ʿUbaid Allāh b. al-Ḥabḥāb}}
• {{cite book |last1=Biesterfeldt |first1=Hinrich |last2=Günther |first2=Sebastian |title=The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-35621-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHxTDwAAQBAJ }}
• {{The End of the Jihad State}}
• {{cite thesis |last1=Chowdhry |first1=Shiv Rai |title=Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf (An Examination of His Works and Personality) |date=1972 |publisher=University of Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGWgAAAAMAAJ }}
• {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=26}}
• {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=23}}
• {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=15}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Soucek |first1=Priscilla P. |title=Solomon's Throne / Solomon's Bath: Model or Metaphor? |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1993 |volume=23 |pages=109–134 |url=https://archive.org/details/arsorient232419931994univ/page/n8/mode/1up }}
• {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=27}}

{{Governor of Egypt during Umayyad Caliphate|state=expanded}}

Category:750 deaths

Category:8th-century Arab people

Category:8th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate

Category:8th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt

Category:People from Tiberias

Category:People of the Third Fitna

Category:Sons of Umayyad caliphs

Category:Umayyad governors of Medina