Multi-cordoned ware culture

From approximately the 22nd to 18th centuries BCE, it occupied an area stretching from the Don to Moldavia, including Dnieper Ukraine, Right-bank Ukraine, and part of the modern Ternopil Oblast, and was bordered by the Volga to the east.

KMK succeeded the western Catacomb culture.

File:В музее - заповеднике Аркаим.jpg]]

In 1929, the archaeologist Ya. Brik studied four kurgans of this culture near Ostapye village, currently in Ternopil Raion, Ukraine. He found ceramics, flint tools, bone and bronze decorations. Bottoms, walls and ceilings of the graves are layered with rocks. Skeletons are laid in a contracted position towards the east.

The name of this culture is related to its ceramic goods, such as pots, which were decorated with multiple strips of clay (cordons) before firing. The culture also featured various other distinctive ornaments

KMK tribes practiced herding and made widespread use of chariots.{{sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=120|ps=: "The classification of cheek-pieces and the establishment of their evolution permits us to establish the origin of the disc-shaped cheek-pieces and their chronology. The most archaic disc-shaped cheek-piece was amorphous and undecorated of Type I and derived from contexts of the Catacomb-Multi-roller Ware and Abashevo cultures from the Ukraine to the Urals. This permits us to attribute the first controlling of chariots with cheek-pieces to tribes of the Abashevo and Multi-roller Ware cultures (KMK=Kul'tura Mnogovalikovoy Keramiki)"}} According to Anthony (2007), chariotry spread from the Multi-cordoned ware culture to the Monteoru, Vatin and Ottomány cultures in southeastern Europe.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLIufwC4szwC |title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language |date=2007 |last=Anthony |first=David |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=411 |isbn=978-0-691-14818-2 |quote=Chariotry spread west through the Ukrainian steppe MVK [Mnogovalikovaya] culture into southeastern Europe's Monteoru (phase Icl-Ib), Vatin, and Otomani cultures}}

File:Wild horses in Rostovsky nature reserve.jpg.{{cite journal|journal=Nature |volume=598 |date=2021 |title=The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes |last1=Librado |first1=Pablo |issue=7882 |pages=634–640 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9|pmid=34671162 |pmc=8550961 |bibcode=2021Natur.598..634L }}{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2023-03-world-horse-riders-black-sea.html |title=The world's first horse riders found near the Black Sea |website=phys.org |date=March 2023}}]]

200 or more Multi-cordoned Ware settlements have been documented, some with cultural deposits 1 metre thick (e.g. Babino III).{{sfn|Kohl|2007|p=146}} Occasional fortified settlements are known, pointing to higher interregional conflict than in previous periods. Houses included sunken earth-houses and ground-level wooden-post buildings with a rectangular plan.{{cite web |url=https://indo-european.info/indo-europeans-uralians/index.htm?#t=VIII_19_PonticCaspian_steppes-y71r.htm%23VIII_19_1_Multi_Cordonedbc-1&rhtocid=_11_18_0 |website=Indo-Europeans and Uralic peoples|title=VIII.19.1. Multi-Cordoned Ware}}

Circumstantial evidence links KMK to the spread of one or more Indo-European languages. Leo Klejn identifies its bearers with the early Thracians. Other scholars suggest that KMK may have been connected to the Bryges and/or Phrygians.{{Citation needed|reason="Source" doesn't link to any actual citation|date=June 2020}} Sofia Berezanska, who researched numerous sites of the culture, suggested parallels between it and the later Shaft graves of the Middle Helladic period, thus suggesting that the culture was ancestral to Greeks.Березанская С. С. Культура многоваликовой керамики // Культуры эпохи бронзы на территории Украины. — К.: Наук. думка, 1986. — С. 5-43. This latter hypothesis does not rule out the relation to Phrygians, as their language was the closest to Proto-Greek and might have split from the latter shortly before their arrival to the Balkans.

It was increasingly influenced, assimilated and eventually displaced by the Timber grave or Srubna/Srubnaya culture.Валиковой керамики культура // БРЭ. Т.4. М.,2006.Киммерийский период // БРЭ. Т.13. М.,2008.Киммерийцы // БРЭ. Т.13. М.,2008.Евразийская степная металлургическая провинция // БРЭ. Т.9. М.,2007. In {{circa|2000}} – 1800 BCE bearers of KMK migrated southward into the Balkans.

The physical type of the Multi-cordoned Ware culture has been designated as dolichocephalic.{{Efn|"During the period of the Timber-grave culture the population of the Ukraine was represented by the medium type between the dolichocephalous narrow-faced population of the Multi-roller Ware culture..."{{sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=384}} }}

According to genetic studies, the Multi-cordoned ware culture had haplogroups R1a and R1b{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=2022|title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247 |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=eabm4247 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4247 |pmid=36007055 |pmc=10064553 |s2cid=251843620 |issn=0036-8075}}{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey |last2=Ivanova |first2=Svetlana |date=18 April 2024 |title=Long-distance exchanges along the Black Sea coast in the Eneolithic and the steppe genetic ancestry problem |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1 |journal=bioRxiv|doi=10.1101/2024.04.17.589600 }}

Multi-cordoned Ware culture had haplogroups such as J2b1a, J1c2m, H1e, H13a2b2a, H5a1a, R1a1a, V7, U2e2a, H2a2b, U3a, U5a2, R1a, H15a1a1 and HV1{{citation | last1=Juras | first1=Anna | last2=Chyleński | first2=Maciej | last3=Ehler | first3=Edvard | last4=Malmström | first4=Helena | last5=Żurkiewicz | first5=Danuta | last6=Włodarczak | first6=Piotr | last7=Wilk | first7=Stanisław | last8=Peška | first8=Jaroslav | last9=Fojtík | first9=Pavel | last10=Králík | first10=Miroslav | last11=Libera | first11=Jerzy | last12=Bagińska | first12=Jolanta | last13=Tunia | first13=Krzysztof | last14=Klochko | first14=Viktor I. | last15=Dabert | first15=Miroslawa | last16=Jakobsson | first16=Mattias | last17=Kośko | first17=Aleksander | title=Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations | date=2 Aug 2018 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29914-5 |journal=Nature |volume=8 |number=11603}}{{citation | last1=Nikitn | first1=Alexey G. | last2=Ivanova | first2=Svetlana | last3=Kiosak | first3=Dmytro | last4=Badgerow | first4=Jessica | last5=Pashnick | first5=Jeff| title=Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe | date=2 Feb 2017 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201712 |journal=Nature |volume=62 |page=605-613}}{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=2022|title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247 |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=eabm4247 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4247 |pmid=36007055 |pmc=10064553 |s2cid=251843620 |issn=0036-8075}}{{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey |last2=Ivanova |first2=Svetlana |date=18 April 2024 |title=Long-distance exchanges along the Black Sea coast in the Eneolithic and the steppe genetic ancestry problem |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1 |journal=bioRxiv|doi=10.1101/2024.04.17.589600 }}

File:Genetic MCW-culture.jpg ({{Colorsample|#FF8C00|0.6}} EHG), Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer ({{Colorsample|#FFB6C1|0.6}} CHG), Anatolian Neolithic ({{Colorsample|#FFFF00|0.6}}) and Western Hunter Gatherer ({{Colorsample|#1E90FF|0.6}} WHG){{Cite journal |last1=Nikitin |first1=Alexey |last2=Ivanova |first2=Svetlana |date=18 April 2024 |title=Long-distance exchanges along the Black Sea coast in the Eneolithic and the steppe genetic ancestry problem |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1 |journal=bioRxiv|doi=10.1101/2024.04.17.589600 }} ]]

• Sintashta culture
• Andronovo culture
• Abashevo culture

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia |last=Kohl |first=Philip L.|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1394-6199-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pA1-3KfkpuwC}}
• {{cite book |last=Kuzmina |first=Elena E. |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina |year=2007 |editor-last=Mallory |editor-first=J. P. |editor-link=J. P. Mallory |title=The Origin of the Indo-Iranians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004160545 }}

• [http://www.arheolog-ck.ru/?p=2088 Куштан Д.П. Памятники Культуры Многоваликовой Керамики В Среднем Поднепровье (По Материалам Разведок В Зоне Кременчугского Водохранилища)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416134206/http://www.arheolog-ck.ru/?p=2088 |date=2013-04-16 }}
• Тернопільський енциклопедичний словник. — Тернопіль, видавничо-поліграфічний комбінат «Збруч», том 1, 2004.
• Тернопілля: сторінки історії. — X, 1995;
• Словник-довідник з археології. — К., 1996.

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