Muscles of mastication

{{Infobox muscle

| Name = Muscles of mastication

| Latin = musculi masticatorii

| Image = Gray781.png

| Caption = Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

| Image2 =

| Caption2 =

| Origin =

| Insertion =

| Blood =

| Nerve = Mandibular nerve

| Action =

| Antagonist =

}}

The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).

Structure

The muscles are:

The masseter (composed of the superficial and deep head)
The temporalis (the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others)
The medial pterygoid
The lateral pterygoid

In humans, the mandible, or lower jaw, is connected to the temporal bone of the skull via the temporomandibular joint. This is an extremely complex joint which permits movement in all planes. The muscles of mastication originate on the skull and insert into the mandible, thereby allowing for jaw movements during contraction.

Each of these primary muscles of mastication is paired, with each side of the mandible possessing one of the four.

=Innervation=

Unlike most of the other facial muscles, which are innervated by the facial nerve (or CN VII), the muscles of mastication are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (or CN V). More specifically, they are innervated by the mandibular branch, or V₃. The mandibular nerve is both sensory and motor.

=Development=

Embryologically, the muscles of mastication are all derived from the first pharyngeal arch.

The muscles of facial expression, on the other hand, are derived from the second pharyngeal arch.

Function

The mandible is the only bone that moves during mastication and other activities, such as talking.

While these four muscles are the primary participants in mastication, other muscles help with the process, such as those of the tongue and the cheeks.

class="wikitable"

! Prime mover

! Movement{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back}} {{cite book|last1=Betts|first1=J Gordon|last2=Desaix|first2=Peter|last3=Johnson|first3=Eddie|last4=Johnson|first4=Jody E|last5=Korol|first5=Oksana|last6=Kruse|first6=Dean|last7=Poe|first7=Brandon|last8=Wise|first8=James|last9=Womble|first9=Mark D|last10=Young|first10=Kelly A|title=Anatomy & Physiology|location=Houston|publisher=OpenStax CNX|isbn=978-1-947172-04-3|date=June 28, 2023|at=11.3 Axial muscles of the head, neck and back}}{{Citation |last=Hansen |first=John T. |title=HEAD AND NECK |date=2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-0272-9.50014-0 |work=Netter's Clinical Anatomy |pages=349–445 |access-date=2024-01-08 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-4377-0272-9.50014-0 |isbn=978-1-4377-0272-9 |url-access=subscription }}!! Origin !! Insertion

Masseter

! Elevates mandible (closes mouth and aids chewing)

| Zygomatic arch

Mandible (coronoid process and ramus)

Temporalis

! Elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth; pulls lower jaw in/backward)

| Temporal bone

Mandible (coronoid process and ramus)

Lateral pterygoid

! Depresses?, protracts, laterally moves mandible (opens mouth?; pushes lower jaw out/forward; moves lower jaw side to side)

| Superior head: infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone

Inferior head: lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone