Music of Latvia

File:Latviu senovinio folkloro grupe Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg" performing at the festival of Baltic crafts and warfare "Apuolė 854" in Apuolė Castle mound, August 2009]]

Traditional Latvian folklore, especially the dance of the folk songs, date back well over a thousand years. More than 1.2 million texts and 30,000 melodies of folk songs have been identified.{{cite web|url=http://www.li.lv/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=124 |title=Welcome to Latvia – Folk Songs |publisher=Li.lv |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=16 October 2010}}

Dainas are very short, which usually consist only one or two stanzas, are unrhymed, and are in a four-footed trochaic metre. Lyrically, dainas concern themselves with native mythology, but in contrast to most similar forms, do not have any legendary heroes. Stories often revolve around pre-Christian deities like the sun goddess Saule, the moon god Mēness and, most notably, the life of people, especially its three most important events – birth, wedding, and death (including burial). The first collection of dainas was published between 1894 and 1915 as Latvju Dainas by Krišjānis Barons.

file:Div'_dūjiņas_gaisā_skrēja.ogg.]]

Latvju tautas mūzikas materiāli, translated in English as the Materials of Latvian Folk Music, is the anthology and commentary of Latvian folk. It analysed 5999 items of Latvian ethnography published in 6 editions from 1894 to 1926 by the Latvian musicologist and composer Andrejs Jurjāns (1856–1922).{{cite web|title=Composers and Authors /Jurjans, Andrejs (1856–1922)|url=https://www.musicabaltica.com/en/composers-and-authors/jurjans-andrejs/}}

Latvju tautas mūzikas materiāli Sestā grāmata (the sixth book) was published posthumously in Riga, 1926. On page 1 latvju komponistu biedrības izdevums is inscribed, translated as the Latvian Society of Composers edition.{{cite web|title=Materials of Latvian Folk Music. Vol. 6|url=http://data.lnb.lv/reading-europe/pdfs/g_001_0309073666.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213063705/http://data.lnb.lv/reading-europe/pdfs/g_001_0309073666.pdf|archive-date=13 February 2015}}

File:1991 CPA 6373.jpg

Accompaniment to the village songs is played on various traditional instruments, the most significant of which is the kokles, a type of box zither related to the Lithuanian kanklės and other Baltic psalteries. In the 1970s, artists like Jānis Poriķis and Valdis Muktupāvels led a revival in kokles music, which had only survived in the Courland and Lettgallia regions. The Latvian-exile community abroad, especially in the United States, has also kept kokles traditions alive. In the last hundred years, a new kind of kokles was developed, with many more strings, halftones levelers and other improvements that expand the capacities of the instrument to play not only modal music but, in another point of view, displeased more traditional musicians. This modernized version of the instrument is called "concert kokles". However, currently {{Interlanguage link|Imants Robežnieks|lv|Imants Robežnieks}} is the only remaining master concert kokles maker,{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4387456.stm |title=Latvia celebrates national instrument |last=Sheeter |first=Laura |date=29 October 2005 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=9 March 2012}} although recently he has taken in two apprentices.{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/04/content_490950.htm |title=Kokle master preserves 'the sound of a Latvian soul' |date=4 November 2005 |publisher=China Daily |access-date=9 March 2012}}

File:Latvian Song festival 2008.jpg]]

Choir traditions are very strong in Latvia. Alongside many professional choirs, there are tens of thousands of Latvians who are part of different amateur choirs. Once every five years the Latvian National Song and Dance Festival takes place with around 20,000 singers taking part in it.

The 2014 World Choir Games took place in Riga.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2014/jul/11/world-choir-games-latvia-music |title=World Choir Games: the lessons we must learn from Latvia |last=Service |first=Tom |date=11 July 2014 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 January 2015}}

This year (2019) Latvia hosts the inaugural Riga Jurmala Music Festival, a new festival in which world-famous orchestras and conductors perform across four weekends during the summer. The festival takes place at the Latvian National Opera, the Great Guild, and the Great and Small Halls of the Dzintari Concert Hall. This year features the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Russian National Orchestra.{{Cite web|url=https://riga-jurmala.com/about-festival/|title = About the Festival – Riga-Jurmala| work=Riga-Jurmala }}

Internationally famous Latvian musicians include conductors Arvīds Jansons and his son Mariss Jansons, Andris Nelsons, violinist Gidon Kremer, cellist Mischa Maisky, and soprano Kristīne Opolais.

During the Soviet era, rock music became extremely popular, because it, as well as folk songs, offered a chance to rebel against the local authorities. Imants Kalniņš was the most important composer of the time, and his songs were extremely popular. He also wrote music for the movie "Four White Shirts", which spoke about the need for freedom and was therefore banned. One of the most important social gatherings of the time was the annual Imantdiena ('The Day of Imants (Kalniņš)'), forbidden on grounds of interfering with hay-gathering. The tradition continued informally at the composer's house.

The songs of Imants Kalniņš were best known as performed by the group {{Interlanguage link|Menuets|lt=Menuets|lv|Menuets (grupa)}} which only played songs by this composer. Most of the members of the group moved on to form another group, Pērkons ('Thunder') later. Pērkons was a symbol of rebellion. They played fascinating rock and roll bordering on hard rock music, composed by the band's frontman {{Interlanguage link|Juris Kulakovs|lv|Juris Kulakovs}}, using poems mostly written by {{Interlanguage link|Māris Melgalvs|lv|Māris Melgalvs}}. Many of those were strongly disapproved by the Soviet authorities, as they implied the ridiculousness of the system. The most famous concert by Pērkons resulted in the destruction of a train compartment by the young people who had attended the concert. This, as well as other events, is portrayed in the movie "Is It Easy to Be Young?" by Juris Podnieks. Acts such as Pērkons certainly played an important role in the lives of the youth of the time and were a serious challenge to the Soviet system.

Nowadays, the pop music sphere is dominated by pop music (e.g., Prāta vētra{{Cite web |last=Kaljo |first=Egils |url=https://latviansonline.com/prata-vetra-plays-to-40000-in-mezaparks/ |title=Prātā Vētra plays to 40,000 in Mežaparks |work=Latvians Online |date=9 March 2012 |access-date=24 August 2005}}) and alternative rock.

• Latvian musical bows

{{Reflist}}

• {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Lettonie&debut=0&bool=AND Audio clips: Traditional music of Latvia.] Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed 25 November 2010.
• {{cite book | last1=Broughton | first1=Simon | last2=Ellingham | first2=Mark | last3=Trillo | first3=Richard | title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific | publisher=Rough Guides | publication-place=London | date=2000 | isbn=1-85828-636-0}}

{{Latvia topics}}

{{Music of Europe}}