Mycenaean Greek

File:Elephant or Hippopotamus Tooth Warrior Head Wearing Boar Tusk Helmets (3404330867).jpg, from a Mycenaean chamber tomb in the Acropolis of Athens, 14th–13th century BC.]]

Mycenaean preserves some archaic Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek features not present in later ancient Greek:

• labialized velar consonants {{IPA|[ɡʷ, kʷ, kʷʰ]}}, written as {{angbr|q}} in transcriptions of the Mycenaean spelling system.{{Sfn|Ventris|Chadwick|1973|page=45}} In other ancient Greek varieties, labialized velars were replaced with labials {{IPA|/b, p, pʰ/}}, dentals {{IPA|/d, t, tʰ/}}, or velars {{IPA|/ɡ k kʰ/}}, depending on the context and the dialect. For example, Mycenaean {{lang|gmy|𐀦𐀄𐀒𐀫}} ({{transliteration|gmy|qo-u-ko-ro}}), pronounced {{transliteration|grc|gʷoukoloi}}, corresponds to classical Greek {{lang|grc-x-classic|βουκόλοι}} {{transliteration|grc|boukóloi}}, "cowherds".
• The semivowels {{IPA|/j w/}}. Both were lost in standard Attic Greek, although {{IPA|/w/}} was preserved in some Greek dialects and written as digamma {{angbr|{{lang|grc|ϝ}}}} or beta {{angbr|{{lang|grc|β}}}}.
• The glottal fricative {{IPA|/h/}} between vowels.

The voiceless and voiced affricates {{IPAslink|ts}} and {{IPAslink|dz}} (marked with asterisks in the table above), are hypothesized to have been used in the pronunciation of words written with {{angbr|z}} in transcriptions of the Mycenaean spelling system. Voiced {{IPAslink|dz}} developed from Pre-Greek clusters of a voiced dental or velar stop + *y (*dy, *gy, *ɡʷy), or in certain instances from word-initial *y, and corresponds to ζ in the Greek alphabet. For example, the Mycenaean words {{lang|gmy|𐀕𐀿, 𐀵𐀟𐀼}} ({{transliteration|gmy|me-zo, to-pe-za}}), pronounced {{transliteration|grc|medzōs, torpedza}}, correspond to classical Greek {{lang|grc-x-classic|μέζων, τράπεζα}}. Voiceless {{IPAslink|ts}} developed from Pre-Greek clusters of a voiceless or voiceless aspirated velar stop + *y (*ky, *kʰy, *kʷy, kʷʰy) and corresponds to -ττ- or -σσ- in Greek varieties written in the Greek alphabet. The exact pronunciation of these consonants in Mycenaean is uncertain.{{Sfn|Ventris|Chadwick|1973|pages=44, 398-399, 476, 561}}

There were at least five vowels {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}, which could be both short and long.

As noted below, the syllabic Linear B script used to record Mycenaean is extremely defective and distinguishes only the semivowels {{angbr|j w}}, the sonorants {{angbr|m n r}}, the stops {{angbr|p t d k q}}, the affricate {{angbr|z}}, the sibilant fricative {{angbr|s}}, and (marginally) the glottal fricative {{angbr|h}}. Voiced, voiceless and aspirate occlusives are all written with the same symbols except that {{angbr|d}} stands for {{IPA|/d/}} and {{angbr|t}} for both {{IPAslink|t}} and {{IPAslink|tʰ}}). Both {{IPAslink|r}} and {{IPAslink|l}} are written {{angbr|r}}; {{IPA|/h/}} is unwritten unless followed by {{IPA|/a/}}.

The length of vowels and consonants is not notated. In most circumstances, the script is unable to notate a consonant not followed by a vowel. Either an extra vowel is inserted (often echoing the quality of the following vowel), or the consonant is omitted. (See above for more details.)

Thus, determining the actual pronunciation of written words is often difficult, and using a combination of the PIE etymology of a word, its form in later Greek and variations in spelling is necessary. Even so, for some words the pronunciation is not known exactly, especially when the meaning is unclear from context, or the word has no descendants in the later dialects.

{{further|Linear B}}

File:Linear B Musée archéologique de Mycènes.jpg, Archaeological Museum of Mycenae]]

The Mycenaean language is preserved in Linear B writing, which consists of about 200 syllabic characters and ideograms. Since Linear B was derived from Linear A, the script of the undeciphered Minoan language, the sounds of Mycenaean are not fully represented. A limited number of syllabic characters must represent a much greater number of syllables used in spoken speech: in particular, the Linear B script only fully represents open syllables (those ending in vowel sounds), where Mycenaean Greek frequently used closed syllables (those ending in consonants).

Orthographic simplifications therefore had to be made:{{Sfn|Ventris|Chadwick|1973|pages=42-48}}

• Contrasts of voice and aspiration were not marked for any consonants except the dentals d, t. For example, {{lang|gmy|𐀁𐀒}}, {{transliteration|gmy|e-ko}} may be either {{transliteration|grc|egō}} ("I") or {{transliteration|grc|ekhō}} {{gloss|I have}}.
• r and l are not distinguished: {{lang|gmy|𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄}}, {{transliteration|gmy|qa-si-re-u}} is {{transliteration|grc|gʷasileus}} (classical {{lang|grc-x-classic|βασιλεύς}} {{transliteration|grc|basileús}} {{gloss|king}}).
• The rough breathing {{IPA|/h/}} is generally not indicated: {{lang|gmy|𐀀𐀛𐀊}}, {{transliteration|gmy|a-ni-ja}} is {{transliteration|grc|hāniai}} {{gloss|reins}}. However, {{Lang|gmy|𐁀}}, a₂ is optionally used to indicate ha at the beginning of a word.{{Sfn|Ventris|Chadwick|1973|p=47}}
• The consonants l, m, n, r, s are omitted at the end of a syllable or before another consonant (including word-initial s before a consonant): {{lang|gmy|𐀞𐀲}}, {{transliteration|gmy|pa-ta}} is {{transliteration|grc|panta}} {{gloss|all}}; {{lang|gmy|𐀏𐀒}}, {{transliteration|gmy|ka-ko}} is {{transliteration|grc|khalkos}} {{gloss|copper}}, {{lang|gmy|𐀲𐀵𐀗}}, {{transliteration|gmy|ta-to-mo}} is {{lang|grc|σταθμός}} {{transliteration|grc|stathmós}} {{gloss|station, outpost}}.
• Double consonants are not represented: {{lang|gmy|𐀒𐀜𐀰}}, {{transliteration|gmy|ko-no-so}} is {{transliteration|grc|Knōsos}} (classical Knossos).
• Other consonant clusters are dissolved orthographically, creating apparent vowels: {{lang|gmy|𐀡𐀵𐀪𐀚}}, {{transliteration|gmy|po-to-ri-ne}} is ptolin ({{langx|grc|πόλιν}} {{transliteration|grc|pólin}} or {{lang|grc|πτόλιν}} ptólin {{gloss|city (acc.)}}).
• Length of vowels is not marked.

Certain characters can be used alternately: for example, {{Lang|gmy|𐀀}}, a, can always be written wherever {{Lang|gmy|𐁀}}, a₂, can. However, these are not true homophones (characters with the same sound) because the correspondence does not necessarily work both ways: {{Lang|gmy|𐁀}}, a₂ cannot necessarily be used in place of {{Lang|gmy|𐀀}}, a. For that reason, they are referred to as 'overlapping values': signs such as {{Lang|gmy|𐁀}}, a₂ are interpreted as special cases or "restricted applications" of signs such as {{Lang|gmy|𐀀}}, a, and their use as largely a matter of an individual scribe's preference.{{Sfn|Ventris|Chadwick|1973|p=390}}

Nouns likely decline for 7 cases: nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, vocative, instrumental and locative; 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; and 3 numbers: singular, dual, plural. The last two cases had merged with other cases by Classical Greek. In Modern Greek, only nominative, accusative, genitive and vocative remain as separate cases with their own morphological markings.Andrew Garrett, "Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups: Phylogeny and chronology", in Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, ed. Peter Forster and Colin Renfrew (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research), 2006, p. 140, citing Ivo Hajnal, Studien zum mykenischen Kasussystem. Berlin, 1995, with the proviso that "the Mycenaean case system is still controversial in part". Adjectives agree with nouns in case, gender, and number.

Verbs probably conjugate for 3 tenses: past, present, future; 3 aspects: perfect, perfective, imperfective; 3 numbers: singular, dual, plural; 4 moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, optative; 3 voices: active, middle, passive; 3 persons: first, second, third; infinitives, and verbal adjectives.

The verbal augment is almost entirely absent from Mycenaean Greek with only one known exception, {{lang|gmy|𐀀𐀟𐀈𐀐}}, a-pe-do-ke (PY Fr 1184), but even that appears elsewhere without the augment, as {{lang|gmy|𐀀𐀢𐀈𐀐}}, a-pu-do-ke (KN Od 681). The augment is sometimes omitted in Homer.Hooker 1980:62

{{main|Proto-Greek language}}

Mycenaean had already undergone the following sound changes particular to the Greek language and so is considered to be Greek:{{Sfn|Ventris|Chadwick|1973|p=68}}

• Initial and intervocalic *s to {{IPA|/h/}}.
• Voiced aspirates devoiced.
• Syllabic liquids to {{IPA|/ar, al/}} or {{IPA|/or, ol/}}; syllabic nasals to {{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/o/}}.
• *kj and *tj to {{IPA|/s/}} before a vowel.
• Initial *j to {{IPA|/h/}} or replaced by z (exact value unknown, possibly {{IPA|[dz]}}).
• *gj and *dj to /z/.
• *-ti to /-si/ (also found in Attic-Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Lesbian, but not Doric, Boeotian, or Thessalian).

• The use of -eus to produce agent nouns
• The third-person singular ending -ei
• The infinitive ending -ein, contracted from -e-en

• Uniquely Greek words:
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄}}}}, qa-si-re-u, *gʷasiléus (later Greek: {{lang|grc|βασιλεύς}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|basiléus}}, "king")
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀏𐀒}}}}, ka-ko, *kʰalkós (later Greek: {{lang|grc|χαλκός}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|chalkos}}, "bronze")
• Greek forms of words known in other languages:
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀷𐀙𐀏}}}}, {{lang|gmy-Latn|wa-na-ka}}, *wánaks (later Greek: {{lang|grc|ἄναξ}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|ánax}}, "overlord, king, leader"){{cite web|title=The Linear B word wa-na-ka|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=162|website= Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages}}
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀷𐀙𐀭}}}}, {{lang|gmy-Latn|wa-na-sa}}, *wánassa (later Greek: {{lang|grc|ἄνασσα}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|ánassa}}, "queen"){{cite web|title=The Linear B word wa-na-sa|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=798|website=Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages}}
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀁𐀨𐀺}}}}, e-ra-wo or {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀁𐁉𐀺}}}}, e-rai-wo, *élaiwon (later Greek: {{lang|grc|ἔλαιον}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|élaion}}, "olive oil")
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀳𐀃}}}}, te-o, *tʰehós (later Greek: {{lang|grc|θεός}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|theos}}, "god")
• {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀴𐀪𐀡}}}}, ti-ri-po, *tripos (later Greek: {{lang|grc|τρίπους}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|tripous}}, "tripod")

{{main|Linear B#Corpus}}

The corpus of Mycenaean-era Greek writing consists of some 6,000 tablets and potsherds in Linear B, from LMII to LHIIIB. No Linear B monuments or non-Linear B transliterations have yet been found.

The so-called Kafkania pebble has been claimed as the oldest known Mycenaean inscription, with a purported date to the 17th century BC. However, its authenticity is widely doubted, and most scholarly treatments of Linear B omit it from their corpora.Thomas G. Palaima, "OL Zh 1: QVOVSQVE TANDEM?" Minos 37–38 (2002–2003), pp. 373–385 [http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/kafkania.pdf full text]Helena Tomas (2017) "Linear B Script and Linear B Administrative System: Different Patterns in Their Development" in P. Steele (ed.)Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems, pp. 57–68, n.2Anna Judson (2020) The Undeciphered Signs of Linear B, n.513

The earliest generally-accepted date for a Linear B tablet belongs to the tablets from the 'Room of the Chariot Tablets' at Knossos, which are believed to date to the LM II-LM IIIA period, between the last half of the 15th century BCE and the earliest years of the 14th.{{Cite book |last=Driessen |first=Jan |title=The Scribes of the Room of the Chariot Tablets at Knossos: Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of a Linear B Deposit |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |year=2000}}

While the Mycenaean dialect is relatively uniform at all the centres where it is found, there are also a few traces of dialectal variants:

• i for e in the dative of consonant stems
• a instead of o as the reflex of ṇ (e.g. pe-ma instead of pe-mo < *spermṇ)
• the e/i variation in e.g. te-mi-ti-ja/ti-mi-ti-ja

Based on such variations, Ernst Risch (1966) postulated the existence of some dialects within Linear B.RISCH, Ernst (1966), Les differences dialectales dans le mycenien. CCMS pp. 150–160 The "Normal Mycenaean" would have been the standardized language of the tablets, and the "Special Mycenaean" represented some local vernacular dialect (or dialects) of the particular scribes producing the tablets.Lydia Baumbach (1980), [http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1980/AC23-02-Baumbach.pdf A Doric Fifth Column?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802140912/http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1980/AC23-02-Baumbach.pdf |date=2019-08-02 }} (PDF)

Thus, "a particular scribe, distinguished by his handwriting, reverted to the dialect of his everyday speech" and used the variant forms, such as the examples above.

It follows that after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece, while the standardized Mycenaean language was no longer used, the particular local dialects reflecting local vernacular speech would have continued, eventually producing the various Greek dialects of the historic period.

Such theories are also connected with the idea that the Mycenaean language constituted a type of a special koine representing the official language of the palace records and the ruling aristocracy. When the 'Mycenaean linguistic koine' fell into disuse after the fall of the palaces because the script was no longer used, the underlying dialects would have continued to develop in their own ways. That view was formulated by Antonin Bartonek.Bartoněk, Antonín, [https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/119936/SpisyFF_127-1968-1_6.pdf?sequence=1 Greek dialectology after the decipherment of Linear B.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085212/https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/119936/SpisyFF_127-1968-1_6.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2020-08-04 }} Studia Mycenaea : proceedings of the Mycenaean symposium, Brno, 1966. Bartoněk, Antonín (editor). Vyd. 1. Brno: Universita J.E. Purkyně, 1968, pp. [37]-51BARTONEK, A. 1966 'Mycenaean Koine reconsidered', Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies' (CCMS) ed. by L. R. Palmer and John Chadwick, C.U.P. pp.95–103 Other linguists like Leonard Robert PalmerPalmer, L.R. (1980), The Greek Language, London. and {{ill|Yves Duhoux|de}}Duhoux, Y. (1985), 'Mycénien et écriture grecque', in A. Morpurgo Davies and Y. Duhoux (eds.), Linear B: A 1984 Survey (Louvain-La-Neuve): 7–74 also support this view of the 'Mycenaean linguistic koine'.Stephen Colvin, [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/classics/staff/fulltimestaff/stephencolvin/Greek_koine.pdf 'The Greek koine and the logic of a standard language'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310072939/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/classics/staff/fulltimestaff/stephencolvin/Greek_koine.pdf |date=2016-03-10 }}, in M. Silk and A. Georgakopoulou (eds.) Standard Languages and Language Standards: Greek, Past and Present (Ashgate 2009), 33–45 (The term 'Mycenaean koine' is also used by archaeologists to refer to the material culture of the region.) However, since the Linear B script does not indicate several possible dialectical features, such as the presence or absence of word-initial aspiration and the length of vowels, it is unsafe to extrapolate that Linear B texts were read as consistently as they were written.

The evidence for "Special Mycenaean" as a distinct dialect has, however, been challenged. Thompson argues that Risch's evidence does not meet the diagnostic criteria to reconstruct two dialects within Mycenaean.Thompson, R. (2006) 'Special vs. Normal Mycenaean Revisited.' Minos 37–38, 2002–2003 [2006], 337–369. In particular, more recent paleographical study, not available to Risch, shows that no individual scribe consistently writes "Special Mycenaean" forms.{{cite book|last=Palaima|first=Thomas G.|author-link=Thomas G. Palaima|title=The scribes of Pylos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkVoAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Edizioni dell'Ateneo}} This inconsistency makes the variation between "Normal Mycenaean" and "Special Mycenaean" unlikely to represent dialectical or sociolectical differences, as these would be expected to concentrate in individual speakers, which is not observed in the Linear B corpus.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The prevailing dialect spoken in southern Greece (including Achaea, the Argolid, Laconia, Crete, and Rhodes) at the end of the Bronze Age, was Proto-Arcadocypriot.{{sfn|Janko|2018|p=116}} The Mycenaean and Arcadocypriot dialects belong to the same group, known as Achaean. Certain common innovations of Arcadian and Cypriot, as attested in the first millennium BC, indicate that they represent vernaculars that had slightly diverged from the Mycenaean administrative language, sometime before a migration to Cyprus; possibly during the 13th or 12th century BC.{{sfn|van Beek|2022|pp=174, 182–184, 190}}

Ancient Pamphylian also shows some similarity to Arcadocypriot and to Mycenaean Greek.{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Nigel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzjAQAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece|date=2013-10-31|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78799-7|pages=220–221|language=en}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Aura Jorro |first=Francisco |year=1985–1993 |title=Diccinario micénico |location=Madrid |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto de Filología|language=es}} 2 vols.
• {{cite book |last=Aura Jorro |first=Francisco |chapter=Reflexiones sobre el léxico micénico |title=Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico |editor-first1=Jesús |editor-last1=de la Villa |editor-first2=Emma |editor-last2=Falque Rey |editor-first3=José Francisco |editor-last3=González Castro |editor-first4=María José |editor-last4=Muñoz Jiménez |volume=1 |year=2017 |pages=289–320 |publisher=Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos |isbn=978-84-697-8214-9}}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Bakker |editor-first=Egbert J. |year=2010 |title=A companion to the Ancient Greek language |location=Oxford |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}
• {{Cite book |last=Bartoněk |first=Antonin |title=Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch |publisher=Carl Winter |year=2003 |isbn=3-8253-1435-9 |location=Heidelberg}}
• {{cite book |last=Chadwick |first=John |year=1958 |title=The decipherment of Linear B |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
• {{Cite book |last=Chadwick |first=John |title=The Decipherment of Linear B |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-521-39830-4 |edition=2nd |author-link=John Chadwick |orig-year=1958}}
• {{Cite book |last=Chadwick |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad |title=The Mycenaean World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |isbn=0-521-29037-6}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Chadwick |first1=John |last2=Baumbach |first2=Lydia |date=1963 |title=The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary |journal=Glotta |volume=41 |issue=3/4 |pages=157–271 |jstor=40265918}}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Christidis |editor-first=Anastasios-Phoivos |year=2007 |title=A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
• {{cite book |last=Colvin |first=Stephen C. |year=2007 |title=A Historical Greek Reader: Mycenaean to the Koiné |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Colvin |first=Stephen |date=2006 |title=Autosegmental Phonology and Word-Internal -h- in Mycenaean Greek |journal=Glotta |volume=82 |pages=36–54 |jstor=40288084}}
• {{cite book |last1=Easterling |first1=P. E. |author-link=P. E. Easterling |author-link2=Carol Handley |first2=Carol |last2=Handley |year=2001 |title=Greek Scripts: An Illustrated Introduction |location=London |publisher=Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies}}
• {{cite book |author-link=Margalit Fox |last=Fox |first=Margalit |year=2013 |title=The Riddle of the Labyrinth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=Ecco Press}}
• {{cite book |last=Hooker |first=J. T. |year=1980 |title=Linear B: An introduction |location=Bristol |publisher=Bristol Classical Press}}
• {{cite book |last=Horrocks |first=Geoffrey |year=2010 |title=Greek: A history of the language and its speakers |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Ittzés |first=Máté |date=December 2004 |title=The Augment in Mycenaean Greek |journal=Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=44 |issue=2–4 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1556/aant.44.2004.2-4.1}}
• {{Cite book |last=Janko |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Janko |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110532135-007/html |title=Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-053081-0 |language=en |chapter=The Greek Dialects in the Palatial and Post-Palatial Late Bronze Age |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1515/9783110532135-007}}
• {{Cite journal |first=José Miguel |last=Jiménez Delgado |date=January 2009 |title=La situación de *h en griego micénico |journal=Kadmos |volume=47 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.1515/KADMOS.2008.008 |s2cid=161823908}}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Morpurgo Davies |editor-first=Anna |editor-first2=Yves |editor-last2=Duhoux |year=1985 |title=Linear B: A 1984 survey |location=Louvain, Belgium |publisher=Peeters}}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Morpurgo Davies |editor-first=Anna |editor-first2=Yves |editor-last2=Duhoux |year=2008 |title=A companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world |volume=1 |location=Louvain, Belgium |publisher=Peeters}}
• {{cite book |last=Palaima |first=Thomas G. |year=1988 |chapter=The development of the Mycenaean writing system |title=Texts, tablets and scribes |editor-first=J. P. |editor-last=Olivier |editor-first2=T. G. |editor-last2=Palaima |pages=269–342 |series=Suplementos a "Minos" |volume=10 |location=Salamanca |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas}}
• {{Cite book |last=Palaima |first=Tom |title=The Scribes of Pylos |year=1988 |location=Rome |publisher=Edizioni dell'Ateneo |series=Incunabula Graeca |volume=87}}
• {{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Leonard R. |year=1980 |title=The Greek language |location=London |publisher=Faber & Faber}}
• Risch, Ernst. Grammatik des mykenischen Griechisch. Ed. & expanded by Ivo Hajnal. 2006. online [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514121722/http://www.uibk.ac.at/sprachen-literaturen/sprawi/mykgr.html here] and [https://www.academia.edu/62532264/Hajnal_and_Risch_Grammatik_des_mykenischen_Griechisch_Vol_1 here].
• {{Cite journal |last=Smodlaka Vitas |first=Sanja |date=7 January 2019 |title=Indoeuropsko naslijeđe u mikenskoj pomorskoj onomastici |trans-title=Indo-European Heritage in Mycenaean Maritime Onomastics |journal=Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea |volume=5 |pages=9–30 |doi=10.15291/misc.2744|doi-access=free |language=hr, en}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Rupert |year=2006 |title=Special vs. Normal Mycenaean Revisited |journal=Minos |volume=37–38 |pages=337–369}}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Killen |editor-first=John |chapter=The Mycenaean Language |first=Rupert |last=Thompson |title=The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek |pages=232–254 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2024 |doi=10.1017/9781139029049.009 |isbn=978-1-139-02904-9}}
• {{Cite book |last=van Beek |first=Lucien |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52 |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-108-49979-8 |editor-last=Olander |editor-first=Thomas |pages=173–201 |chapter=Greek |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf |s2cid=161016819}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Ventris |first1=Michael |last2=Chadwick |first2=John |year=1953 |title=Evidence for Greek dialect in the Mycenaean archives |journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=73 |pages=84–103 |doi=10.2307/628239 |jstor=628239 |s2cid=163873642}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Ventris |first1=Michael |title=Documents in Mycenaean Greek |last2=Chadwick |first2=John |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1973 |isbn=0-521-08558-6 |edition=2nd |author-link=Michael Ventris |orig-year=1956}}
• {{Cite book |last=Wiseman |first=Rob |date=2010 |title=A Mycenaean Iliad: A linguistic reconstruction of the opening one hundred lines of the Iliad in Normal Mycenaean |location=London, United Kingdom}}

{{refend}}

{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Mycenaean Greek

|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20030906231827/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/bib/25bib.html Jeremy B. Rutter, "Bibliography: The Linear B Tablets and Mycenaean Social, Political, and Economic Organization"]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027144053/http://geocities.com/yongmax/linb_eng.htm The writing of the Mycenaeans] (contains an image of the Kafkania pebble)
• [http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/ Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory (PASP)]
• [http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ Palaeolexicon], Word study tool of ancient languages
• [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/16096/ Studies in Mycenaean Inscriptions and Dialect, glossaries of individual Mycenaean terms, tablet, and series citations]
• [https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-grc.html glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammar online], an online collection of video lectures on Ancient Indo-European languages, including some information about Mycenaean Greek

{{Ancient Greece topics}}

{{Greek language}}

{{Greek language periods}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mycenaean Greek Language}}

Language

Category:Varieties of Ancient Greek

Category:Ancient Greek

Category:Languages of ancient Thessaly

Category:Languages of ancient Crete

Category:Languages attested from the 16th century BC

Category:Languages extinct in the 12th century BC