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Mycoplasma mycoides

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}

{{Speciesbox

| image =

| image_alt =

| image_caption =

| genus = Mycoplasma

| species = mycoides

| parent = Mycoplasma mycoides group

| authority = (Borrel et al., 1910) Freundt, 1955

| synonyms =

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| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

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}}

Mycoplasma mycoides is a bacterial species of the genus Mycoplasma in the class Mollicutes.

This microorganism is a parasite that lives in ruminants. Mycoplasma mycoides comprises two subspecies, mycoides and capri, which infect cattle and small ruminants such as goats respectively.

File:JCVI-syn3A Minimal Cell, 2022.tif of JCVI-syn3A during cell division made by David Goodsell in 2022. JCVI-syn3A is a genetically modified version of Mycoplasma mycoides created by the J. Craig Venter Institute.]]

''Mycoplasma mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides''

The subspecies "Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm)", previously named "Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (SC) type (MmmSC)", is known as the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a contagious lung disease of cattle. It was first isolated in 1898 by Edmond Nocard et al. and the first mycoplasma to be isolated at all.Nocard, E.I.E. & Roux, E.; Le microbe de la péripneumonie; Ann Inst Pasteur 12, 240-262. (Translated as ‘The microbe of pleuropneumonia' in Rev Infect Dis 12, 354-358 (1990)){{cite journal |author=Cheng X |display-authors=4 |author2=Nicolet J |author3=Poumarat F |author4=Regalla J |author5=Thiaucourt F, Frey J |title=Insertion element IS1296 in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony identifies a European clonal line distinct from African and Australian strains |journal=Microbiology |volume=141 |issue=Pt 12 |pages=3221–3228 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8574413 |doi=10.1099/13500872-141-12-3221|doi-access=free }}

Formerly, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides was known as Asterococcus mycoides.{{cite journal |author=Plackett P |author2=Buttery SH |title=A galactan from Mycoplasma mycoides |journal=Nature |volume=182 |issue=4644 |pages=1236–1237 |date=November 1958 |pmid=13590288 |doi=10.1038/1821236a0|bibcode=1958Natur.182.1236P |s2cid=4247709 }}

The ''Mycoplasma mycoides'' cluster

Mycoplasma mycoides belongs to the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, or Mycoplasma mycoides group, a group of closely related infectious mycoplasmas, first named by Weisburg et al.{{cite journal |author=Weisburg WG |title=A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=171 |issue=12 |pages=6455–67 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2592342 |pmc=210534 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Tully JG |author3=Rose DL |display-authors=3 |last4=Petzel |first4=JP |last5=Oyaizu |first5=H |last6=Yang |first6=D |last7=Mandelco |first7=L |last8=Sechrest |first8=J |last9=Lawrence |first9=TG|doi=10.1128/jb.171.12.6455-6467.1989 }}

The cluster sensu stricto contains the genera Mycoplasma mycoides and Mycoplasma capricolum and comprises six species and subspecies:

The last one is disputed with respect to the question of being a separate species.{{cite journal |author=Manso-Silván L |display-authors=4 |author2=Vilei EM |author3=Sachse K |author4=Djordjevic SP |author5=Thiaucourt F, Frey J |title=Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. as a new species designation for Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, and reclassification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC as a serovar of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri |journal=Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. |volume=59 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=1353–1358 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19502315 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.005546-0|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |author=Thiaucourt F |author2=Lorenzon S, David A |author3=Breard A |title=Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as shown by sequencing of a putative membrane protein gene |journal=Vet. Microbiol. |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=251–268 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10727835 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00204-7}}

In 2009, L. Manso-Silván et al. proposed to consider M. mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Large Colony as equal with M. mycoides subsp. capri. Furthermore, they proposed the name Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. for Mycoplasma sp. 'bovine group 7' as a separate species.

Genome

The first genome of Mycoplasma mycoides to be sequenced was that of strain PG1T, the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP). It has a single circular chromosome of 1,211,703 bp and contains 985 putative genes, of which 72 are part of insertion sequences and encode transposases. This was the highest density of insertion sequences (13% of the genome size) of all sequenced bacterial genomes at the time of its publication (2004).{{Cite journal |last1=Westberg |first1=Joakim |last2=Persson |first2=Anja |last3=Holmberg |first3=Anders |last4=Goesmann |first4=Alexander |last5=Lundeberg |first5=Joakim |last6=Johansson |first6=Karl-Erik |last7=Pettersson |first7=Bertil |last8=Uhlén |first8=Mathias |date=February 2004 |title=The Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Type Strain PG1 T , the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) |journal=Genome Research |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1101/gr.1673304 |issn=1088-9051 |pmc=327097 |pmid=14762060}}

Minimal genome project

In 2010, as part of the Minimal Genome Project, a team of the J. Craig Venter Institute synthesized a modified version (JCVI-syn1.0) of the 1,000,000 base pair M. mycoides genome and implanted it into a DNA-free bacterial shell of Mycoplasma capricolum;{{Cite web|url = http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/genetic/worlds-first-genome-transplant-a-step-forward-towards-creating-synthetic-life-forms/|title = World's first genome transplant – a step forward towards creating synthetic life forms|first = Mara|last = Bujor|publisher = ZME Science|date = 2009-05-13}} the resulting organism was shown to be self-replicating.{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/news.2010.255 |date=May 2010 |title=Sizing up the 'synthetic cell' |journal=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100520/full/news.2010.255.html |doi-access=free }}{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/biology_evolution/article7132299.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522020701/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/biology_evolution/article7132299.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2010|title=Scientists create artificial life in laboratory|date=May 21, 2010 |newspaper=The Times| location=London | first=Mark | last=Henderson}}

In 2016, the Venter Institute used genes from the JCVI-syn1.0 to synthesize an even smaller genome they call JCVI-syn3.0, that contains 531,560 base pairs and 473 genes.{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchison|first1=Clyde A.|last2=Chuang|first2=Ray-Yuan|last3=Noskov|first3=Vladimir N.|last4=Assad-Garcia|first4=Nacyra|last5=Deerinck|first5=Thomas J.|last6=Ellisman|first6=Mark H.|last7=Gill|first7=John|last8=Kannan|first8=Krishna|last9=Karas|first9=Bogumil J.|date=2016-03-25|title=Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome|journal=Science|language=en|volume=351|issue=6280|pages=aad6253|doi=10.1126/science.aad6253|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27013737|bibcode=2016Sci...351.....H|doi-access=free}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/147056 Type strain of Mycoplasma mycoides at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

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Category:Cryozoa

Category:Bacteria described in 1929

mycoides