NGC 1316

In the late 1970s, François Schweizer studied NGC 1316 extensively and found that the galaxy appeared to look like an elliptical galaxy with some unusual dust lanes embedded within a much larger envelope of stars. The outer envelope contained many ripples, loops, and arcs. He also identified the presence of a compact disk of gas near the center that appeared inclined relative to the stars and that appeared to rotate faster than the stars (the mass-to-light ratio run in the center of NGC 1316 resembles that of many other giant ellipticals).{{Cite journal|last1=Shaya|first1=E. J.|last2=Dowling|first2=D. M.|last3=Currie|first3=D. G.|last4=Faber|first4=S. M.|last5=Ajhar|first5=E. A.|last6=Lauer|first6=T. R.|last7=Groth|first7=E. J.|last8=Grillmair|first8=C. J.|last9=Lynd|first9=R.|last10=O'Neil|first10=E. J. Jr.|date=1 June 1996|title=Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera Images of NGC 1316 (Fornax A)|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.2212S|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=111|page=2212|doi=10.1086/117955|issn=0004-6256|arxiv=astro-ph/9603056|bibcode=1996AJ....111.2212S|s2cid=119337718}} Based on these results, Schweizer considered that NGC 1316 was built up through the merger of several smaller galaxies. Such merger events may have fueled the central supermassive black hole, that has a mass estimated in 130–150 million of solar masses with gas, causing the galaxy to become a radio galaxy. He also states that NGC 1316 is comparable to the giant elliptical galaxies found in the centers of other clusters of galaxies. Using spectroscopy of its brightest globular clusters, the merger is estimated to have occurred ~3 billion years ago. NGC 1316 spans about 50 000 light-years. It has been proposed too that NGC 1316 may be a galaxy in evolution that eventually will become a Sombrero-like system dominated by a large bulge.

File:ESO Fornax Galaxy Cluster.jpg

NGC 1316 is located within the Fornax Cluster, a cluster of galaxies in the constellation Fornax. However, in contrast to Messier 87, which is a similar elliptical galaxy that is located in the center of the Virgo Cluster, NGC 1316 is located at the edge of the Fornax Cluster.

NGC 1316 appears to be interacting with NGC 1317, a small spiral galaxy to the north. However, that small spiral galaxy does not appear to be sufficiently large enough to cause the distortions seen in the structure of this galaxy.

At least two methods have been used to estimate the distance to NGC 1316: surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) in 2003 and planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) in 2006. Being a lenticular galaxy, it is not suitable to apply the cepheid variable method{{why|date=December 2022}}. Using SBF, a distance estimate of 20.0 ± 1.6 Mpc was computed. Using PNLF, 45 planetary nebula candidates were located and a distance estimate of 17.9 {{±|0.8|0.9}} Mpc was computed. Averaged together, these two distance measurements give a combined distance estimate of 62.0 ± 2.9 Mly (19.0 ± 0.9 Mpc).{{Ref_label|A|a|none}}

NGC 1316 has hosted four supernovae:

• SN 1980N (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 14) was discovered by Marina Wischnjewsky on 30 November 1980.{{cite journal | bibcode=1980IAUC.3548....1M| title=Supernova in NGC 1316| last1=Maza| first1=J.| last2=Wischnjewsky| first2=M.| journal=International Astronomical Union Circular| date=1980| issue=3548| page=1}}{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1980N | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1980N | publisher = IAU | access-date=4 December 2024}} This is sometimes referred to as "Wischnjewsky's Supernova."
• SN 1981D (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 12.7) was discovered by Robert Evans on 9 March 1981.{{cite journal | bibcode=1981IAUC.3583....1C| title=Supernova in NGC 1316| last1=Cragg| first1=T.| last2=Evans| first2=R.| last3=Maza| first3=J.| journal=International Astronomical Union Circular| date=1981| issue=3583| page=1}}{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1981D | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1981D | publisher = IAU | access-date=4 December 2024}}
• SN 2006dd (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 15) was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 19 June 2006.{{cite journal | bibcode=2006CBET..553....1M| title=Supernova 2006dd in NGC 1316| last1=Monard| first1=L. A. G.| journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams| date=2006| issue=553| page=1}}{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2006dd | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006dd | publisher = IAU | access-date=4 December 2024}}
• SN 2006mr (type{{nbsp}}Ia, mag. 15.6) was discovered by Libert "Berto" Monard on 5 November 2006.{{cite journal | bibcode=2006CBET..723....1M| title=Supernova 2006mr in NGC 1316| last1=Monard| first1=L. A. G.| last2=Folatelli| first2=G.| journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams| date=2006| issue=723| page=1}}{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2006mr | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006mr | publisher = IAU | access-date=4 December 2024}} For a brief period, both SN 2006dd and SN 2006mr were visible at the same time.{{cite web

| url = https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2006/index.html

| title = Bright Supernovae - 2006

| last = Bishop

| first = David

| website = Rochester Astronomy

| access-date = 8 December 2024

}}

• Centaurus A
• Messier 87
• NGC 1097

{{Refbegin}}

1. {{Note_label|A|a|none}}average(20.0 ± 1.6, 17.9 {{±|0.8|0.9}}) = ((20.0 + 17.9) / 2) ± ((1.6² + 0.8²)^0.5 / 2) = 19.0 ± 0.9

{{Refend}}

{{reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite web

| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database

| work=Results for NGC 1316

| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/

| access-date=2006-07-10 }}

{{cite journal

| author=F. Schweizer

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| journal=Astrophysical Journal

| date=1980

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{{cite journal

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| bibcode = 2008MNRAS.391.1629N

| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13960.x|doi-access=free |arxiv = 0809.0696 |s2cid=16677289 }}

{{cite journal

| author=Goudfrooij, Paul | author2=Alonso, M. Victoria | author3=Maraston, Claudia | author4=Minniti, Dante

| title=The star cluster system of the 3-Gyr-old merger remnant NGC 1316: clues from optical and near-infrared photometry

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

|date=November 2001

| volume=328

| issue=1

| pages=237–256

| bibcode=2001MNRAS.328..237G

| doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04860.x| doi-access=free |arxiv = astro-ph/0107533 | s2cid=11981354 }}

{{cite journal

| author= McNeil-Moylan, E. K. | author2=Freeman, K. C. | author3=Arnaboldi, M. | author4=Gerhard, O. E..

| title= Planetary nebula kinematics in NGC 1316: a young Sombrero

| journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics

| date=2012

| volume=539

| bibcode = 2012A&A...539A..11M

| doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117875 | pages=A11|arxiv = 1201.6010 | s2cid=54215156 }}

{{Cite web|url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2006/sn2006dd.html|title=Supernova 2006dd and 2006mr in NGC 1316|website=www.rochesterastronomy.org|access-date=2020-02-03}}

{{cite journal

| author=H. C. Ferguson

| title=Population studies in groups and clusters of galaxies. II – A catalog of galaxies in the central 3.5 deg of the Fornax Cluster

| journal=Astronomical Journal

| date=1989

| volume=98

| pages=367–418

| bibcode=1989AJ.....98..367F

| doi=10.1086/115152

| doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

| author=Feldmeier, John J. | author2=Jacoby, George H. | author3=Phillips, Mark M.

| title=Calibrating Type Ia Supernovae using the Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function I. Initial Results

| journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|date=2007

| bibcode=2007ApJ...657...76F

| doi=10.1086/510897

| volume=657

| issue=1

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|arxiv = astro-ph/0611231 | s2cid=17109095 }}

{{cite journal

| author=Jensen, Joseph B. |display-authors=4 | author2=Tonry, John L. | author3=Barris, Brian J. | author4=Thompson, Rodger I. | author5=Liu, Michael C. | author6=Rieke, Marcia J. | author7=Ajhar, Edward A. | author8=Blakeslee, John P.

| title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations

| journal=Astrophysical Journal

|date=February 2003

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|arxiv = astro-ph/0210129 |s2cid=551714 }}

{{APOD|date=25 January 2021|title=Central NGC 1316: After Galaxies Collide}}

}}

{{commonscat}}

• {{APOD |date=25 January 2021 |title=Central NGC 1316: After Galaxies Collide}}
• {{APOD |date=22 February 1999 |title=After Galaxies Collide}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184654/http://www.spacetelescope.org/bin/images.pl?searchtype=freesearch&string=+1316 NGC 1316 at ESA/Hubble]

{{Sky|03|22|41.7|-|37|12|30|67000000}}

{{ngc15}}

{{Fornax}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NGC 1316}}

Category:Lenticular galaxies

Category:Shell galaxies

Category:Fornax Cluster

Category:Fornax

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