NOTS-EV-1 Pilot
{{Short description|U.S. expendable launch system}}
{{Infobox rocket
|image = Project Pilot launch.jpg
|caption = Pilot rocket after launch
|function = Expendable launch system
Anti-satellite weapon
|manufacturer = United States Navy
|country-origin= United States
|height = {{convert|4.4|m}}
|diameter = {{convert|0.76|m}}
|mass = {{convert|950|kg}}
|stages = Five
|capacities =
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload
|location = LEO
}}
|status = Retired
|sites = China Lake LC-G2
Point Mugu NAS
|launches = 4 Pilot-1
6 Pilot-2
|success = 0
|fail = 10
|first = Pilot-1: 1958-07-04
Pilot-2: 1958-07-25
|last = Pilot-1: 1958-08-17
Pilot-2: 1958-08-28
|payloads = Pilot
|stagedata =
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = booster
|diff = Pilot-2
|name = F4D Skyray
|number = 1
|engines = 1 J57-8
|thrust = {{convert|71.14|kN}}
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|stageno = First
|engines = 2 HOTROC
|thrust = {{convert|63.2|kN}}
|burntime = 4.9 seconds
|fuel = Solid
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Second
|engines = 2 HOTROC
|thrust = {{convert|63.2|kN}}
|burntime = 4.9 seconds
|fuel = Solid
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Third
|engines = 1 X-241
|thrust = {{convert|12.1|kN}}
|burntime = 36 seconds
|fuel = Solid
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Fourth
|engines = 1 NOTS-8
|thrust = {{convert|5.1|kN}}
|burntime = 5.7 seconds
|fuel = Solid
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Fifth
|engines = 1 NOTS-3SM
|thrust = {{convert|700|N}}
|burntime = 1 second
|fuel = Solid
}}
}}
The NOTS-EV-1 Pilot, better known as NOTSNIK (pronounced notsnik a play on "sputnik") was an expendable launch system and anti-satellite weapon developed by the United States Navy's United States Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS).{{cite web|url=http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/q0271.shtml|title=NOTSNIK, Project Pilot & Project Caleb|last=Scott|first=Jeff|date=2006-04-23|publisher=Aerospaceweb.org|access-date=2009-01-17}} NOTSNIK began as an in-house project using available NOTS funds. The Advanced Research Projects Agency later supplied some funds for the program.Babcock 2008, p. 438. The program involved creating transistorized sensors to detect nuclear explosions from the Operation Argus tests. Ten were launched during July and August 1958, all of which failed. It was the first air-launched rocket to be used for an orbital launch attempt; however, none was recorded as having reached orbit. Following the third orbital launch attempt a NOTS engineer at the tracking station in Christchurch, New Zealand reported receiving a weak signal from the spacecraft;Babcock 2008, p. 441. This was never confirmed,{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/nots1.htm|title=Pilot (NOTS-EV-1, NOTSNIK)|last=Krebs|first=Gunter|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2009-01-17}} and the launches were not catalogued as having reached orbit.{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/lvdb/lis/F.lis|title=Orbital Launch Failures|last=McDowell|first=Jonathan|work=Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database|publisher=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=2009-01-17|archive-date=2012-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820161707/http://planet4589.org/space/lvdb/lis/F.lis|url-status=dead}} The Pilot rocket was part of Project Pilot.{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/projectpilot.html|title=Project Pilot|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2018-02-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230070244/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/propilot.htm|archive-date=2008-12-30}}
Overview
Two variants of the Pilot rocket were built; the Pilot-1, with battleship second to fifth stages,{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pilot_1st.htm|title=Pilot 1 stage (NOTS-EV-1)|last=Krebs|first=Gunter|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2009-01-17}} was used for ground-launched atmospheric tests from China Lake, and the Pilot-2, an air-launched version, was used for orbital launch attempts. Orbital launches were conducted from a stripped–down jet carrier aircraft, an F4D–1 Skyray, flying from Point Mugu Naval Air Station,{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pilot.htm|title=Pilot (NOTS-EV-1)|last=Krebs|first=Gunter|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2009-01-17}} and releasing the rocket over the Santa Barbara Channel Drop Zone. Of the ten launches, four were of Pilot-1s, and the rest Pilot-2s.
The first air–launch was performed on 25 July 1958 by NOTS research pilot William West, a career US Navy officer. The flight originated from China Lake's airstrip at Inyokern. The jet fighter was placed into a steep climb. The rocket released automatically at {{convert|41,000|ft|m}}, and three seconds later the first two HOTROCs ignited. The first flight was a failure. The second air–launch, in August, ended in a HOTROC explosion. On the third attempt the F4D pilot reported that the missile exploded, just like the first two had. Radio contact with the ground was lost during the second–stage burn, but the rocket appeared on film, departing over the horizon. Though objects believed to be the nozzle seal, and perhaps missile or fin skin were seen departing the disappearing missile.Babcock 2008, p. 441. A NOTS engineer, Frank St. George at the tracking station at Christchurch New Zealand alone of the four stations which remained listening reported a faint single beep at the predicted time during the first orbital windows.Babcock 2008, p. 441. No further signal was received, so the mission was also declared a failure.
Project Pilot was cancelled in August 1958, and replaced by the NOTS-EV-2 Caleb;{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/notsnik.html|title=NOTS NOTS-EV-1 Pilot (NOTSNIK)|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|date=2003-10-17|work=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles, Appendix 4|publisher=Designation-Systems.Net|access-date=2009-01-17}} The project remained classified until 1994. Following this series of tests, and the follow-on Caleb program being riddled with multiple failures, US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided to terminate the Navy's space program and assign all responsibility to the US Air Force.
Launch history
| class="wikitable" border="1" |
| Date
! Configuration ! Payload ! Function ! Cause of failure |
|---|
| 1958-07-04
| Pilot-1 | N/A | Test |
| 1958-07-18
| Pilot-1 | N/A | Test |
| 1958-07-25
| Pilot-2 | Pilot-1 | Test |
| 1958-08-12
| Pilot-2 | Pilot-2 | Test |
| 1958-08-16
| Pilot-1 | N/A | Test |
| 1958-08-17
| Pilot-1 | N/A | Test |
| 1958-08-22
| Pilot-2 | Pilot-3 | Test |
| 1958-08-25
| Pilot-2 | Pilot-4 | Radiation research |
| 1958-08-26
| Pilot-2 | Pilot-5 | Radiation research |
| 1958-08-28
| Pilot-2 | Pilot-6 | Radiation research |
See also
- Jaguar, sounding rocket launched from B-57
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book|last1=Babcock|first1=Elisabeth|title=Magnificent Mavericks: transition of the Naval Ordnance Test Station from Rocket station to research, development, test, and evaluation center 1948-58|date=2008|publisher=Naval Historical Center and the Naval Air Systems Command|location= Washington D.C.}}
- Babcock (1961) Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program Vol 1. ABMA unclassified report, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
External links
{{commonscat-inline|Project Pilot}}
{{USN missiles}}
{{Air-launched launchers}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{US launch systems}}
Category:Equipment of the United States Navy