NOX2

The CYBB gene encode cytochrome b-245, beta chain. This protein is subunit of a group of proteins that forms an enzyme complex called NADPH oxidase, which plays an essential role in the immune system. Within this complex, the cytochrome b-245, beta chain has an alpha chain partner (produced from the CYBA gene). Both alpha and beta chains are required for either to function and the NADPH oxidase complex requires both chains in order to be functional. It has been proposed as a primary component of the microbicidal oxidase system of phagocytes.

Nox2 is the catalytic, membrane-bound subunit of NADPH oxidase. It is inactive until it binds to the membrane-anchored p22phox, forming the heterodimer known as flavocytochrome b558.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hervé C, Tonon T, Collén J, Corre E, Boyen C | title = NADPH oxidases in Eukaryotes: red algae provide new hints! | journal = Current Genetics | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 190–204 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16344959 | doi = 10.1007/s00294-005-0044-z | s2cid = 19791715 }} After activation, the regulatory subunits p67phox, p47phox, p40phox and a GTPase, typically Rac, are recruited to the complex to form NADPH oxidase on the plasma membrane or phagosomal membrane.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawahara T, Lambeth JD | title = Molecular evolution of Phox-related regulatory subunits for NADPH oxidase enzymes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 178 | date = September 2007 | issue = 1 | pmid = 17900370 | pmc = 2121648 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-178 | bibcode = 2007BMCEE...7..178K | doi-access = free }} Nox2 itself is composed of an N-terminal transmembrane domain that binds two heme groups, and a C-terminal domain that is able to bind to FAD and NADPH.{{cite journal | vauthors = Aguirre J, Lambeth JD | title = Nox enzymes from fungus to fly to fish and what they tell us about Nox function in mammals | journal = Free Radical Biology & Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 1342–1353 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20696238 | pmc = 2981133 | doi = 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.027 }}

Evidence has shown that it plays an important role in atherosclerotic lesion development in the aortic arch, thoracic, and abdominal aorta. {{cite journal | vauthors = Sorescu D, Weiss D, Lassègue B, Clempus RE, Szöcs K, Sorescu GP, Valppu L, Quinn MT, Lambeth JD, Vega JD, Taylor WR, Griendling KK | display-authors = 6 | title = Superoxide production and expression of nox family proteins in human atherosclerosis | journal = Circulation | volume = 105 | issue = 12 | pages = 1429–1435 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11914250 | doi = 10.1161/01.cir.0000012917.74432.66 | doi-access = free }}

{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaubey S, Jones GE, Shah AM, Cave AC, Wells CM | title = Nox2 is required for macrophage chemotaxis towards CSF-1 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e54869 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23383302 | pmc = 3562318 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0054869 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...854869C }}

It has also been shown to play a part in determining the size of a myocardial infarction due to its connection to ROS, which play a role in myocardial reperfusion injury. This was a result of the relation between Nox2 and signaling necessary for neutrophil recruitment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Braunersreuther V, Montecucco F, Asrih M, Ashri M, Pelli G, Galan K, Frias M, Burger F, Quinderé AL, Montessuit C, Krause KH, Mach F, Jaquet V | display-authors = 6 | title = Role of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | journal = Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology | volume = 64 | pages = 99–107 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24051369 | doi = 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.007 | s2cid = 20225141 | url = https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/22584 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163014/https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/22584 | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 15, 2020 }}

Furthermore, it increases global post-reperfusion oxidative stress, likely due to decreased STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation.

In addition, it appears that hippocampal oxidative stress is increased in septic animals due to the actions of Nox2. This connection also came about through the actions of the chemically active ROS, which work as one of the main components that help in the development of neuroinflammation associated with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).{{cite journal | vauthors = Hernandes MS, D'Avila JC, Trevelin SC, Reis PA, Kinjo ER, Lopes LR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Cunha FQ, Britto LR, Bozza FA | display-authors = 6 | title = The role of Nox2-derived ROS in the development of cognitive impairment after sepsis | journal = Journal of Neuroinflammation | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 36 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24571599 | pmc = 3974031 | doi = 10.1186/1742-2094-11-36 | doi-access = free }} Endothelial Nox2 limits NF-κB activation and TLR4 expression, which in turn attenuates the severity of hypotension and systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).{{cite journal | vauthors = Trevelin SC, Sag CM, Zhang M, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, Santos CX, Sawyer G, Murray T, Brewer A, Laurindo FR, Protti A, Lopes LR, Ivetic A, Cunha FQ, Shah AM | display-authors = 6 | title = Endothelial Nox2 Limits Systemic Inflammation and Hypotension in Endotoxemia by Controlling Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 | journal = Shock | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 268–277 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34276040 | pmc = 8284354 | doi = 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001706 }}

It seems that Nox2 also plays an important role in angiotensin II-mediated inward remodelling in cerebral arterioles due to the emittance of superoxides from Nox2-containing NADPH oxidases.{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan SL, Baumbach GL | title = Deficiency of Nox2 prevents angiotensin II-induced inward remodeling in cerebral arterioles | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 4 | pages = 133 | date = 26 June 2013 | pmid = 23805104 | pmc = 3693079 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2013.00133 | doi-access = free }}

CYBB deficiency is one of five described biochemical defects associated with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).{{Cite web |title=CYBB cytochrome b-245 beta chain [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1536 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}} CGD is characterized by recurrent, severe infections to pathogens that are normally harmless to humans, such as the common mold Aspergillus niger, and can result from point mutations in the gene encoding Nox2. In this disorder, there is decreased activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase; neutrophils are able to phagocytize bacteria but cannot kill them in the phagocytic vacuoles. The cause of the killing defect is an inability to increase the cell's respiration and consequent failure to deliver activated oxygen into the phagocytic vacuole. At least 34 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.{{cite journal | vauthors = Šimčíková D, Heneberg P | title = Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 18577 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31819097 | pmc = 6901466 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...918577S }}

Since Nox2 was shown to play an essential role in determining the size of a myocardial infarction, the protein can be a potential target for drug medication due to its negative effect on myocardial reperfusion.

Recent evidence highly suggests that Nox2 generates ROS which contribute to reduce flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with periphery artery disease (PAD). Scientists have gone to conclude that administering an antioxidant helps with inhibiting Nox2 activity and allowing in the improvement of arterial dilation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Cangemi R, Angelico F, Augelletti T, Di Santo S, Calabrese CM, Della Volpe L, Pignatelli P, Perri L, Basili S, Violi F | display-authors = 6 | title = NOX2 up-regulation is associated with artery dysfunction in patients with peripheral artery disease | journal = International Journal of Cardiology | volume = 165 | issue = 1 | pages = 184–192 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 22336250 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.069 }}

Lastly, targeting Nox2 in the bone marrow could be a great therapeutic attempt at treating vascular injury during diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina), because the Nox2-generated ROS which are produced by the bone-marrow derived cells & local retinal cells are accumulating the vascular injury in the diabetic retina area.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rojas M, Zhang W, Xu Z, Lemtalsi T, Chandler P, Toque HA, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB | display-authors = 6 | title = Requirement of NOX2 expression in both retina and bone marrow for diabetes-induced retinal vascular injury | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | pages = e84357 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24358357 | pmc = 3866146 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0084357 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...884357R }}

CYBB transcript levels are upregulated in the lung parenchyma of smokers. {{cite journal | vauthors = Pintarelli G, Noci S, Maspero D, Pettinicchio A, Dugo M, De Cecco L, Incarbone M, Tosi D, Santambrogio L, Dragani TA, Colombo F | display-authors = 6 | title = Cigarette smoke alters the transcriptome of non-involved lung tissue in lung adenocarcinoma patients | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 13039 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31506599 | pmc = 6736939 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-49648-2 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...913039P }}

Nox2 has been shown to interact directly with podocyte TRPC6 channels.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim EY, Anderson M, Wilson C, Hagmann H, Benzing T, Dryer SE | title = NOX2 interacts with podocyte TRPC6 channels and contributes to their activation by diacylglycerol: essential role of podocin in formation of this complex | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 305 | issue = 9 | pages = C960–C971 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23948707 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2013 }}

{{Reflist}}

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{{refend}}

• {{MeshName|gp91phox+protein,+human}}
• {{UCSC gene info|CYBB}}
• {{PDBe-KB2|P04839|Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain}}

{{NADH or NADPH oxidoreductases}}