Naboth

According to 1 Kings 21:1–16, Naboth owned a vineyard that was close to Ahab's palace in Jezreel. Ahab asked Naboth if he could buy the vineyard so that he could use it as a vegetable (or herb) garden.[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/463996/jewish/Murder-of-Naboth.htm Isaacs, Jacob. "The Murder of Naboth", Chabad.org.][http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11263-naboth Hirsch, Emil G. and Seligsohn, M., "Naboth", Jewish Encyclopedia] Naboth refused because the land was ancestral inheritance.[https://www.christianpost.com/news/archaeologist-discovers-proof-for-biblical-vineyard-of-naboth-191868/ Zaimov, Stoyan. "Archaeologist Discovers Proof for Biblical Vineyard of Naboth", The Christian Post, July 13, 2017] Some theorize that Naboth was also fearful of disobeying the Mosaic law which forbade the permanent selling of land.[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/1_kings/21.htm Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary on 1 Kings 21], accessed 5 November 2017

Jezebel resolved the issue by writing a letter, under Ahab's name, to the elders and nobles of Jezreel. In the letter, the elders and nobles were instructed to organize a religious fast and exalt Naboth and bring forth two witnesses to (falsely) accuse Naboth of cursing God and the king. Afterwards, they were to stone Naboth to death outside the city. Commentators observe that these instructions deliberately adhered to the Biblical guidelines of criminal justice so that the public would not suspect foul play.{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=1 Kings 21: Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/kad/1_kings/21.htm |website=Biblehub}} That said, Jezebel explicitly calls the two witnesses "sons of Belial," which may be descriptive of their willingness to do anything to get paid.{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=1 Kings 21: Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Commentary |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_kings/21.htm |website=Biblehub}}

The conspiracy succeeded, with Naboth's corpse being licked by stray dogs.{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=1 Kings 21: Coffman's Commentaries on the Bible |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bcc/1-kings-21.html#verse-11 |website=StudyLight.org}}

Emil G. Hirsch points out that "It seems from II Kings ix. 26 that Naboth's sons perished with their father, probably being killed soon afterward by order of Jezebel in order that they might not claim the vineyard as their inheritance." The executions also had precedent in the execution of Achan's family, as recorded in the Book of Joshua, which Jezebel was most likely inspired by. After Naboth and his sons were executed, Jezebel told Ahab that he could possess the vineyard.

Johannes Pedersen said that "The story teaches us that the king is bound to respect the proprietary rights of families..." According to rabbinic literature, Naboth's soul was the lying spirit that was permitted to deceive Ahab to his death.[https://www.aish.com/atr/The-Lying-Spirit-Which-Deceived-Ahab.html Aish.com The Lying spirt which deceived Ahab] Naboth's death was further avenged after Jehu fatally shot Ahab's son Jehoram in the back with an arrow and threw his body in Naboth's former vineyard. Jezebel met a similar fate after she was thrown off a building, with her corpse devoured by dogs. According to the Bible, all of this was prophesized by prophet Elijah, who fiercely condemned Naboth's execution.2 Kings 9:35-37

File:Weltchronik Fulda Aa88 335v detail.jpg

Archaeological exploration conducted by the University of Haifa and the University of Evansville discovered an ancient winery in the vicinity of an Iron Age IIB (900–700 B.C.E.) military enclosure at the foot of Tel Jezreel. While not definitely identifying the site as the location for the story of Naboth, archaeologist Dr. Norma Franklin, of the University of Haifa said that the vineyard appears to have been established sometime prior to 300 BCE, which would not be inconsistent with the time frame for Naboth. Franklin further noted, "Owning a vineyard would make him wealthy since wine was an important commodity. I reckon that since he was from the aristocracy he probably lived in Samaria and had more than one vineyard. This would give a slightly different picture than the Bible, which implies, though does not state explicitly, that he was a poor man being abused by the wealthy king."

Based on the dates of Ahab's death, which occurred three years after Naboth's death,{{bibleverse|1 Kings|16:29|NIV}} it is presumed that Naboth died on 855-856BC.{{cite book |last=Thiele |first=Edwin R. |title=The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings |edition=2nd |date=1965 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Eerdmans }}{{pn|date=December 2023}}

Francis Andersen observed that "Commentators have seen in the episode a clash of Israelite and Canaanite ideas of kingship, of citizenship, and of property."[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264356?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Andersen, Francis I. "The Socio-Juridical Background of the Naboth Incident." Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 85, no. 1, 1966, pp. 46–57. JSTOR]

Jewish medieval scholars sometimes used Elijah's words to Ahab "You have killed and also taken possession" ("הֲרָצַחְתָּ וְגַם יָרָשְׁתָּ") or the expression "Naboth's vineyard" to hint at double injustice (or crime committed with indecency, as opposed to "simply committed" crime). The Talmud also sees here a link to the prohibition of mixtures of milk and meat in Jewish law.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Roger Williams, the founder of the American colony of Rhode Island and the co-founder of the First Baptist Church in America, wrote about Naboth's story in The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience as an example of how God disfavored Christians from using government force in religious matters, such as the religious decrees by Jezebel and Ahab. Williams believed using force in the name of religion would lead to political persecution contrary to the Bible.James P. Byrd, The challenges of Roger Williams: religious liberty, violent persecution, and the Bible (Mercer University Press, 2002)[https://books.google.com/books?id=M4FK-j35yFYC] (accessed on Google Books on July 20, 2009)

File:Nuremberg chronicles f 50v 3.png]]

There are a number of artistic, dramatic, musical and literary works that are based on, or inspired by, the story of Naboth and his vineyard. These are less common now than was once the case, as the use of the expression as a cultural reference appears to have declined.

The 17th century Baroque pulpit in the late Gothic church of Sint Michiel, Roeselare in Belgium depicts the story of Naboth's Vineyard.{{Cite web|url=https://openchurches.eu/en/churches/sint-michiel-roeselare|title=Open Churches: Sint Michiel Roeselare|access-date=4 December 2020}}

Naboth in his Vineyard, (1856) an oil painting by James Smetham held by Tate Britain.{{Cite news|url=https://www.tate-images.com/preview.asp?item=n03203|title=Tate: Naboth in his Vineyard|newspaper=Tate Images |access-date=2 December 2020}}

Elijah confronting Ahab and Jezebel in Naboth's Vineyard, (1875) by Sir Frank Dicksee, a gold medal winner from the Royal Academy.{{Cite web|url=http://victorian-era.org/frank-dicksee-biography.html|title=Victorian Era: Frank Dicksee|access-date=5 December 2020}} The original is untraced since having been sold at auction in 1919 from the collection of Sir Merton Russell-Cotes; the British Museum holds a black & white print.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_2006-0730-2|title=British Museum: Elijah meeting Ahab and Jezebel in Naboth's Vineyard|access-date=5 December 2020}}

King Ahab's Coveting – Naboth Refuses Ahab his Vineyard, (1879){{Cite web|url= https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/ahab-covets-naboths-vineyards-58499/search/actor:rooke-thomas-matthews-18421942/page/1/view_as/grid|title=Art UK: King Ahab's Coveting – Naboth Refuses Ahab his Vineyard|access-date=5 December 2020}} and Jezebel Promises Ahab to Obtain it by False Witness, (1879){{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/jezebel-promises-ahab-to-obtain-it-by-false-witness-58501/search/actor:rooke-thomas-matthews-18421942/page/1/view_as/grid|title=Art UK: Jezebel Promises Ahab to Obtain it by False Witness|access-date=5 December 2020}} both by Thomas Matthews Rooke (Sir Edward Burne-Jones's studio assistant), and held by the Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum, Bournemouth.

Naboth (1886, in book form 1891), by Rudyard Kipling; Kipling sympathises with Ahab, and treats Naboth as being unreasonable in refusing his demands.{{Cite web|url= http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_naboth1.htm|title=Kipling Society: Naboth|access-date=5 December 2020}}

Naboth's Vineyard. A novel (1891), by E ΠSomerville and Martin Ross (Somerville and Ross).{{Cite book|title=World Cat: Naboth's Vineyard: a novel|oclc=852772774}}

Naboth's Vineyard (1928), a short horror story by the English novelist EF Benson.{{Cite web|url= https://www.steve-calvert.co.uk/public-domain-texts/e-f-benson-naboths-vineyard.html|title=Steve Calvert: Naboth's Vineyard by Edward Frederic Benson|access-date=5 December 2020}}

Naboth's Vineyard (1928), a detective short story by Melville Davisson Post.

Naboth's Vineyard: Or, The Innocent Traytor, (1679) a mock-Biblical verse satire by the Jacobite peer John Caryll whilst imprisoned in the Tower of London.{{Cite web|url= https://collections.folger.edu/detail/Caryll-John-Naboth-27s-vinyard:-or-The-innocent-traytor-:-copied-from-the-original-of-Holy-Scripture-in-heroick-verse/8dd9df53-9c4e-494a-9d65-e4264a63d9f6|title=Folger: John Caryll, Naboth's Vineyard|access-date=5 December 2020}}

The Garden Plot, (1709) a sonnet by the Anglo-Irish satirist Jonathan Swift.{{Cite web|url=http://www.online-literature.com/swift/3500/|title=The Literature Network: Jonathan Swift, the Political Poems|access-date=2 December 2020}}

Naboth, the Jezreelite, (1844) a dramatic poem by Anne Flinders (the daughter of the explorer Matthew Flinders and the mother of the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie).{{Cite web|url=http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100045204862.0x000001#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&xywh=-809%2C-110%2C2876%2C2197|title=British Library: Naboth, the Jezreelite; and other poems|access-date=5 December 2020}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Naboth, (1702) an oratorio by Domenico Filippo Bottari.{{Cite web|url= https://exhibits.stanford.edu/operadata/catalog/183-62472|title=Stanford Libraries: Naboth|access-date=4 December 2020}}

Sinfonia a quattro No 11 in D minor ("Naboth"), (1729) a symphony by the Italian Baroque composer Antonio Caldara.{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/performance/sinfonia-a-quattro-no-11-in-d-minor-naboth-mq0001328128|title=All Music: Antonio Caldara, XII Sinfonie a Quattro|website=AllMusic|access-date=2 December 2020}}

Naboth's Weinbert, (1781) an oratorio by Romano Reutter.{{Cite web|url= https://exhibits.stanford.edu/operadata/catalog/183-62474|title=Stanford Libraries: Naboth's Weinbert|access-date=4 December 2020}}

Naboth's Vineyard, (1968) a madrigal for three voices, forming the first part of a trilogy by the English composer Alexander Goehr.{{Cite web|url=https://en.schott-music.com/shop/naboth-s-vineyard-no173242.html|title=Schott Music: Naboth's Vineyard|access-date=2 December 2020}}

La vigne de Naboth: pièce en cinq actes et un épilogue, (1981) by the Belgian composer André Laporte.{{Cite book|title=World Cat: La vigne de Naboth|oclc=715357978}}

Naboth's Vineyard, (1983) a work for recorders, cello and harpsichord by the English composer Malcolm Lipkin.{{Cite web|url= https://www.malcolmlipkin.org/works|title=Malcolm Lipkin: Works|access-date=4 December 2020}}

Custodian – An Ex Parte Oratorio, (2018) a protest oratorio for an a cappella choir by the Israeli composer Uri Agnon combining the stories of Naboth's Vineyard and the eviction of the Palestinian Sumreen family from their home in Silwan.{{Cite web|url= https://www.uriagnon.com/oratorio|title=Uri Agnon: Custodian|access-date=4 December 2020}}

‘’Faust: Part Two, Act One’’ Faust re-enacts the story and Mephisto cites it

Naboth's Vineyard; a stage piece, (1925) a play in three acts by the English novelist and playwright Clemence Dane.{{Cite book|title=World Cat: Naboth's Vineyard; a stage piece|oclc=2651014}}

La Vigne de Nabot, (lost date) a piece of black theatre (a form of puppetry making use of shadows) by the French puppeteer Georges Lafaye (puppeteer).{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://wepa.unima.org/en/black-theatre/|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts |title=Black theatre|date=28 July 2016 |access-date=2 December 2020}}

Eating, (1979){{Cite web|url= https://www.ithl.org.il/page_14614 |title=The Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature: Yaakov Shabtai|access-date=2 December 2020}} a retelling of the story of Naboth, focusing on the gluttony of Ahab, by the Israeli playwright Yaakov Shabtai.{{Cite web|url=https://www.midnighteast.com/mag/?p=12772|title=Midnight East: Eating|date=6 June 2011 |access-date=2 December 2020}}

Naboth's Vineyard (1953), a ballet by the Austrian-born American composer Eric Zeisl,{{Cite web|url=https://www.lajewishsymphony.com/eric_zeisl_recording/|title=Los Angeles Jewish Symphony: The Music of Eric Zeisl|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205141600/https://www.lajewishsymphony.com/eric_zeisl_recording/}} although it has not been produced or choreographed in full.{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/eric-zeisl/|title=Milken Archive: Eric Zeisl|access-date=2 December 2020}}

Sins of Jezebel, (1953) a drama film directed by the Austrian-born American director Reginald Le Borg; Ludwig Donath played Naboth.{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046320/|title=IMDB: The Sins of Jezebel|website=IMDb|access-date=4 December 2020}}

Leviathan, (2014) a drama film directed by the Russian filmmaker Andrey Zvyagintsev, partly based on the story of Marvin Heemeyer, and partly on the Biblical stories of Job and Naboth's Vineyard.

The Confederation of Canada,

celebrated July 1, 1867, was largely motivated by Canadians' fear that the United States would annex and absorb these northern British colonies. "An indication of just how seriously John A. Macdonald

(Canada's First Prime Minister) took this mood is contained in a letter he wrote shortly before leaving England.... 'I sail in four days for Canada with the act uniting all British America in my pocket. A brilliant future would certainly await us were it not for those wretched Yankees who hunger & thirst for Naboth's field - War will come some day between England & the United States.'"John A. : the man who made us : the life and times of John A. Macdonald by Gwyn, Richard J. (2008) p.433 {{Cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/johnamanwhomadeu0000gwyn/page/433/mode/1up|access-date=20 March 2023|title=the life and times of John A. Macdonald|isbn=978-0-679-31476-9 |last1=Gwyn |first1=Richard J. |date=28 October 2008 |publisher=Random House of Canada }}

Naboth's Vineyard, (1870) a speech by the Congressman Charles Sumner strongly opposing President Ulysses S. Grant's proposed annexation of the Dominican Republic (then called San Domingo).{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/12008348/|title=Library of Congress: Naboth's Vineyard|website=Library of Congress|access-date=4 December 2020}}

Lt Gen Sir William Butler undertook a visit of South Africa in 1907 and reported his findings as From Naboth's Vineyard.{{Cite web|url= https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/9258/000FrontInfo.pdf?sequence=7|title=Repository: From Naboth's Vineyard|access-date=5 December 2020}}

The Israeli anti-settlement NGO Kerem Navot ("Naboth's Vineyard"), founded in 2012, takes its name from the story.

• Legal plunder

{{reflist}}

{{eastons|Naboth}}

{{refbegin|40em}}

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• {{cite journal |last=Kruger |first=P. A. |date=2003 |title=Ahab's "slowly" walking about: another look at 1 Kings 21:27b |journal=SS. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages |volume=29 |number=2 |pages=133–142 |hdl=10520/EJC101276}}
• {{cite journal |last=Love |first=Mark |date=1990 |title=Blessed Are the Meek: The Land and Economic Justice |journal=Leaven |volume=1 |number=2 |pages=6ff}}
• {{cite book |last=Nzimande |first=Makhosazana K. |date=2008 |chapter=Reconfiguring Jezebel: A postcolonial Imbokodo1 reading of the story of Naboth'S vineyard (I Kings 21:1–16) |pages=223–258 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004166561.i-434.92 |editor-last1=West |editor-first1=Gerald O. |editor-last2=de Wit |editor-first2=Hans J. H. |title=African and European readers of the Bible in dialogue: In quest of a shared meaning |publisher=Brill |publication-place=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-16656-1 |oclc=714879958}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Marie |first=Rowanne Sarojini |date=2004 |title=Land, power and justice in South Africa in dialogue with the biblical story of Naboth's vineyard |type=Doctoral dissertation |hdl=10413/2142}}
• {{cite journal |last=Martinachard |first=R. |date=1991 |title=The vineyard of Naboth, Current research on the theology and ethics of 1-Kings-21 |journal=Études Théologiques et Religieuses |volume=66 |number=1 |pages=1–16}}
• {{cite journal |last=Merecz |first=Robert J. |title=Ahab of LXX: Making Sense of the Swap of 1 Kgs/3 Kgdms 20-21 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=27 |issue=2 |year=2013 |issn=0901-8328 |doi=10.1080/09018328.2013.839106 |pages=170–184|s2cid=162291440 }}
• {{cite book |last=Magdalene |first=F. Rachel |pages= 167–245 |chapter=Trying the Crime of Abuse of Royal Authority in the Divine Courtroom and the Incident of Naboth's Vineyard |doi=10.1163/9789004281646_011 |editor-last=Mermelstein |editor-first=Ari |editor-last2=Holtz |editor-first2=Shalom E. |title=The divine courtroom in comparative perspective |publisher=Brill |publication-place=Leiden Boston |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-28163-9 |oclc=893333654}}
• {{cite journal |last=Mtshiselwa |first=Ndikho |date=2014 |title=A Re-Reading of 1 Kings 21:1-29 and Jehu's revolution in Dialogue with Farisani and Nzimande: Negotiating socio-economic redress in South Africa |journal=Old Testament Essays |volume=27 |number=1 |pages=205–230 |hdl=10520/EJC152824}}
• {{cite journal |last=Mtshiselwa |first=Ndikho |date=2016 |title=Narratology and Orality in African Biblical Hermeneutics: Reading the story of Naboth's vineyard and Jehu's revolution in light of Intsomi yamaXhosa |journal=Verbum et Ecclesia |publisher=AOSIS |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |issn=2074-7705 |doi=10.4102/ve.v37i1.1563 |hdl=10520/EJC-4d17b6e9a|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite book |last=Humphrey |first=M. |date=2016 |chapter=A pipeline runs through Naboth's vineyard |pages=121ff |editor-last=Myers |editor-first=Ched |editor-last2=Nadeau |editor-first2=D. M. |title=Watershed discipleship: Reinhabiting bioregional faith and practice |publisher=Cascade Books |isbn=978-1-4982-8076-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jNQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA121}}
• {{cite journal |last=Na'aman |first=Nadav |title=Naboth's vineyard and the foundation of Jezreel |journal=Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=13 November 2008 |issn=0309-0892 |doi=10.1177/0309089208099256 |pages=197–218|s2cid=170327708 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Nel |first=P. |date=2006 |title=Deuteronomistic ideology of land: from experience to abstract metaphor |journal=Old Testament Essays |volume=19 |number=1 |pages=171–182 |hdl=10520/EJC85763}}
• {{cite book |last=Ojwang |first=Gilbert Okuro |date=2016 |chapter=Juridical impotence in the Naboth story in the context of Kenya's new land laws |pages=65ff |editor-last=Brenner-Idan |editor-first=A. |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=A. C. C. |title=Samuel, Kings and Chronicles I |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=Texts @ Contexts |isbn=978-0-567-67117-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuWtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Paczári |first=A. |date=2017 |title="He looked for justice, but behold, oppression": Socio-economic and political aspects of viticulture and viniculture in the Judean and Israelite kingdoms |type=Doctoral dissertation}}
• {{cite journal |last=Pani |first=Giancarlo |date=2018 |title=The tyrannical king and poor Naboth: A never-ending story |journal=La Civiltà Cattolica, English Edition |volume=2 |number=11 |pages=1–13}}
• {{cite book |last=Cronauer |first=Patrick T. |title=The stories about Naboth the Jezreelite: A source, composition and redaction investigation of 1 Kings 21 and passages in 2 Kings 9 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-567-50858-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL4_lW5ZaB4C}}
• {{cite journal |last=Pierson |first=Chris |title='Naboth is stoned': A Bible story |journal=The British Journal of Politics and International Relations |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=2010 |issn=1369-1481 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-856x.2009.00394.x |pages=72–87|s2cid=144271604 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Poggioli |first=Renato |date=1963 |title=Naboth's vineyard or the pastoral view of the social order |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–24|doi=10.2307/2707856 |jstor=2707856 }}
• {{cite book |last=Poggioli |first=Renato |date=1975 |chapter=Naboth's Vineyard: The pastoral view of the social order |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674421585.c12 |title=The Oaten Flute: Essays on Pastoral Poetry and the Pastoral Ideal |pages=194–219 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-42157-8}} {{ISBN |0-674-62950-7}}
• {{cite journal |last=Resane |first=K. T. |title=Naboth's vineyard: Theological lessons for the South African land issue |journal=Acta Theologica |publisher=Sun Media Bloemfontein Pty Ltd |volume=35 |issue=1 |date= 2016 |issn=1015-8758 |doi=10.4314/actat.v35i1.10 |page=174|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite book |last=Rice |first=G. |chapter=Naboth's vineyard: 1 Kings 21:1-29 |title=Nations Under God: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Kings |publisher=Eerdmans |series=International theological commentary |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8028-0492-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2gp1QxmSB8C&pg=PA175 |pages=175ff}}
• {{cite journal |last=Rofé |first=Alexander |date=1988 |title=The vineyard of Naboth: The origin and message of the story |journal=Vetus Testamentum |volume=38 |pages=89–104|doi=10.1163/156853388X00517 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Stephen C. |date=2014 |title=The Hierarchy of Estates in Land and Naboth's Vineyard |journal=Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=38 |issue=4 |issn=0309-0892 |doi=10.1177/0309089214536489 |pages=453–469|s2cid=145293433 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Stephen C. |date=2014 |title=Ideologies of Attachment in the Story of Naboth's Vineyard |journal=Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=44 |issue=1 |issn=0146-1079 |doi=10.1177/0146107913514201 |pages=29–39|s2cid=145216138 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Stephen C. |date=2016 |title=Space, Land, Territory, and the Study of the Bible |journal=Brill Research Perspectives in Biblical Interpretation |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |issue=4 |issn=2405-7649 |doi=10.1163/24057657-12340004 |pages=1–64}}
• {{cite book |last=Sarna |first=Nahum M. |date= 1997 |chapter=Naboth's vineyard revisited (1 Kings 21) |doi=10.1515/9781575065052-016 |editor-last=Greenberg |editor-first=Moshe |title=Tehillah le-Moshe: Biblical and Judaic studies in honor of Moshe Greenberg |pages=119–126 |publisher=Eisenbrauns / Penn State University Press |publication-place=Winona Lake, Indiana |isbn=978-1-57506-505-2 |oclc=747412013}}
• {{cite book | last=Sarna | first=Nahum M. | year=2000 |chapter=Naboth's vineyard revisited (1 Kings 21) |pages=271–280| title=Studies in biblical interpretation | publisher=Jewish Publication Society | publication-place=Philadelphia | isbn=0-8276-0689-3 | oclc=43114277}}
• {{cite journal |last=Scheffler |first=E. |date=2017 |title=Royal care for the poor in Israel's first history: the royal law Deuteronomian 17:14-20), Hannah's song (1 Samuel 2: 1-10), Samuel's warning (1 Samuel 8: 10-18), David's attitude (2 Samuel 24: 10-24) and Ahab and Naboth (1 Kings 21) in intertext |journal=Scriptura: Journal for Contextual Hermeneutics in Southern Africa |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=160–174 |hdl=10520/EJC-d63298edc}}
• {{cite book |last=Silver |first=Morris |title=Prophets and markets |chapter=The Market for Factors of Production: Commercial Loans, Slavery, and Land Consolidation |publisher=Springer Netherlands |publication-place=Dordrecht |year=1983 |pages=65–81 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-7418-0_6|isbn=978-94-009-7420-3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Berry |first=W. |date=2020 |chapter=A native hill (1 Kings 20–22). Life, Land, and Elijah in the Book of Kings |pages=87ff |editor-last=Stulac |editor-first=D.J.D. |title=Life, land, and Elijah in the Book of Kings |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Society for Old Testament Study Monographs |isbn=978-1-108-92207-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhIMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87}}
• {{cite book |last=Vaka'uta |first=Nasili |chapter=Voices of the Whenua: Engaging 1 Kings 21 through a Māori Lens |pages=213–225 |editor-last=Sugirtharajah |editor-first=Rasiah S. |title=Voices From the Margin: Interpreting the Bible in the Third World 25th Anniversary Edition |publisher=Orbis Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-60833-670-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnoSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT213}}
• {{cite journal |last=Vandagriff |first=Matthew |title=A modern rendering of Naboth's vineyard |journal=Review & Expositor |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=116 |issue=1 |year=2019 |issn=0034-6373 |doi=10.1177/0034637319830083 |pages=38–41|s2cid=150729817 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last=Varga |first=Cătălin |date=2019 |title=The relationship of the Old Testament prophets with civil authorities from the perspective of human rights |journal=Diakrisis Yearbook of Theology and Philosophy |volume=2 |number=1 |pages=87–107|doi=10.24193/diakrisis.2019.6 |s2cid=191779754 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite book |last=Vengeyi |first=O. |date=2014 |title=Land as an inalienable asset: lessons from 1 Kings 21: 1-29 |publisher=University of Zimbabwe Publications}}
• {{cite journal |last=Vitório |first=J. |date=2005 |title=Monarquia e profetismo: duas instituições em conflito; 1 Rs 21, 1-29-a vinha de Nabot |journal=Estudos bíblicos |number=88 |pages=84–95 |language=es}}
• {{cite book |last=Wallis |first=Louis |chapter=Land and Mishpat |title=The Bible is human: A study in secular history |doi=10.7312/wall93136-022 |publisher=Columbia University Press |publication-place=New York, NY |year=1942 |pages=267–270 |isbn=978-0-231-93136-6}}
• {{cite book |last=West |first=Gerald O. |date=2020 |chapter=A trans-textual and trans-sectoral gender-economic reading of the rape of Tamar (2 Sam 13) and the expropriation of Naboth's land (1 Kgs 21) |pages=105ff |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5E4TEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |editor-last=Choi |editor-first=J.Y. |editor-last2=Rieger |editor-first2=J. |title=Faith, Class, and Labor: Intersectional Approaches in a Global Context |publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers |series=Intersectionality and Theology Series |isbn=978-1-72525-716-0}}
• {{cite journal |last1=West |first1=Gerald O. |last2=Zwane |first2=Sithembiso |date=2020 |title=Re-reading 1 Kings 21:1-16 between community-based activism and university-based pedagogy |journal=Journal for Interdisciplinary Biblical Studies |issn=2633-0695 |volume=2 |number=1 |pages=179–207 |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:32448/datastreams/CONTENT/content}}
• {{cite journal |last=White |first=M. |date=1994 |title=Naboth's vineyard and Jehu's coup: the legitimation of a dynastic extermination |journal=Vetus Testamentum |volume=44 |number=1 |pages=66–76|doi=10.1163/156853394X00060 }}
• Williamson, H. G. M. (2007). The Stories about Naboth the Jezreelite: A Source, Composition, and Redaction Investigation of 1 Kings 21 and Passages in 2 Kings 9.
• {{cite journal |last=Wolff |first=Hans Walter |title=Masters and Slaves |journal=Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=1973 |issn=0020-9643 |doi=10.1177/002096437302700301 |pages=259–272|s2cid=170523771 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Yafé |first=Felipe C. |date=1989 |title=The case of Naboth's vineyard (1 Kings 21): An historical, sociological and literary study |publisher=The Jewish Theological Seminary of America |type=PhD dissertation}}
• {{cite book |last=Yee |first=G. A. |date=2016 |chapter=Coveting the Vineyard: An Asian American reading of 1 Kings 21 |editor-last=Brenner-Idan |editor-first=A. |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=A. C. C. |title=Samuel, Kings and Chronicles I |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=Texts @ Contexts |isbn=978-0-567-67117-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuWtDQAAQBAJ}}

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Biblical murder victims

Category:9th-century BCE Hebrew people

Category:Books of Kings people

Category:Elijah

Category:Deaths by stoning

Category:People executed for blasphemy

Category:Jezebel